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August  2012, 6(3): 273-285. doi: 10.3934/amc.2012.6.273

Wet paper codes and the dual distance in steganography

Carlos Munuera 1, and  Morgan Barbier 2,

1. 

Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Valladolid, Avda Salamanca SN, 47014 Valladolid, Castilla
2. 

Computer Science Laboratory, École Polytechnique, 91 128 Palaiseau CEDEX, INRIA Saclay, ÎIle de France

Received  March 2011 Revised  January 2012 Published  August 2012

In 1998 Crandall introduced a method based on coding theory to secretly embed a message in a digital support such as an image. Later, in 2005, Fridrich et al. improved this method to minimize the distortion introduced by the embedding; a process called wet paper. However, as previously emphasized in the literature, this method can fail during the embedding step. Here we find sufficient and necessary conditions to guarantee a successful embedding, by studying the dual distance of a linear code. Since these results are essentially of combinatorial nature, they can be generalized to systematic codes, a large family containing all linear codes. We also compute the exact number of embedding solutions and point out the relationship between wet paper codes and orthogonal arrays.
Keywords: dual distance., Steganography, wet paper code, error-correcting code.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 94A60; Secondary: 94B6.
Citation: Carlos Munuera, Morgan Barbier. Wet paper codes and the dual distance in steganography. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2012, 6 (3) : 273-285. doi: 10.3934/amc.2012.6.273
References:
[1]

D. Augot, M. Barbier and C. Fontaine, Ensuring message embedding in wet paper steganography, in "Transactions on Thirteenth IMA International Conference on Cryptography and Coding,'' Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2011), 244-258. Google Scholar

[2]

J. Brierbrauer and J. Fridrich, Constructing good covering codes for applications in steganography, in "Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security III,'' Springer-Verlag, (2008), 1-22. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-69019-1_1.  Google Scholar

[3]

F. Chai, X. S. Gao and C. Yuan, A characteristic set method for solving Boolean equations and applications in cryptanalysis of stream ciphers, J. Sys. Sci. Compl., 21 (2008), 191-208. doi: 10.1007/s11424-008-9103-0.  Google Scholar

[4]

C. Cooper, On the rank of random matrices, Random Struc. Algor., 16 (2000), 209-232. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2418(200003)16:2<209::AID-RSA6>3.0.CO;2-1.  Google Scholar

[5]

R. Crandall, Some notes on steganography,, \url{http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/ westfeld}, ().   Google Scholar

[6]

C. Fontaine and F. Galand, How Reed-Solomon codes can improve steganographic schemes, in "Information Hiding 9th International Workshop,'' Springer-Verlag, (2007), 130-144. Google Scholar

[7]

J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, P. Lisonek and D. Soukal, Writing on wet paper, IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., 53 (2005), 3923-3935. doi: 10.1109/TSP.2005.855393.  Google Scholar

[8]

J. Fridrich, M. Goljan and D. Soukal, Efficient wet paper codes, in "Proceedings of Information Hiding,'' Springer-Verlag, 2005. doi: 10.1007/b104759.  Google Scholar

[9]

J. Fridrich, M. Goljan and D. Soukal, Steganography via codes for memory with defective cells, in "Proceedings of the Forty-Third Annual Allerton Conference On Communication, Control and Computing,'' (2005), 1521-1538. Google Scholar

[10]

J. Fridrich, M. Goljan and D. Soukal, Wet paper codes with improved embedding efficiency, IEEE Trans. Inform. Forens. Secur., 1 (2006), 102-110. doi: 10.1109/TIFS.2005.863487.  Google Scholar

[11]

B. J. Hamilton, SINCGARS system improvement program (SIP) specific radio improvement, in "Proceedings of 1996 Tactical Communications Conference,'' (1996), 397-406. Google Scholar

[12]

R. W. Hamming, "The Art of Probability for Scientists and Engineers,'' Westview Press, New York, 1994. Google Scholar

[13]

A. S. Hedayat, N. J. A. Sloane and J. Stufken, "Orthogonal Arrays: Theory and Applications,'' Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999.  Google Scholar

[14]

M. Keinänen, "Techniques for Solving Boolean Equation Systems,'' Ph.D thesis, Espoo, Finland, 2006. Google Scholar

[15]

V. F. Kolchin, "Random Graphs,'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.  Google Scholar

[16]

F. J. MacWilliams and N. J. Sloane, "The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes,'' North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1977.  Google Scholar

[17]

MinT, Online database for optimal parameters of $(t, m, s)$-nets, $(t, s)$-sequences, orthogonal arrays, linear codes, and OOAs,, available at \url{http://mint.sbg.ac.at/}, ().   Google Scholar

[18]

C. Munuera, On the generalized Hamming weights of geometric Goppa codes, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 40 (1994), 2092-2099. doi: 10.1109/18.340488.  Google Scholar

[19]

M. Nadler, A 32-point $n=12$, $d=5$ code, IRE Trans. Inform. Theory, 8 (1962), 58. doi: 10.1109/TIT.1962.1057670.  Google Scholar

[20]

D. Schönfeld and A. Winkler, Embedding with syndrome coding based on BCH codes, in "Proceedings 8th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security,'' (2006), 214-223. Google Scholar

[21]

D. Schönfeld and A. Winkler, Reducing the complexity of syndrome coding for embedding, in "Proceedings 10th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding,'' Springer-Verlag, (2007), 145-158. Google Scholar

[22]

B.-Z. Shen, A Justesen construction of binary concatenated codes that asymptotically meet the Zyablov bound for low rate, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 39 (1993), 239-242. doi: 10.1109/18.179365.  Google Scholar

[23]

D. Stinson, Resilient functions and large sets of orthogonal arrays, Congressus Numerantium, 92 (1993), 105-110.  Google Scholar

[24]

C. Studholme and I. F. Blake, Random matrices and codes for the erasure channel, Algoritmica, 56 (2010), 605-620. doi: 10.1007/s00453-008-9192-0.  Google Scholar

[25]

J. H. van Lint, A new description of the Nadler code, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 18 (1972), 825-826. doi: 10.1109/TIT.1972.1054904.  Google Scholar

[26]

J. H. van Lint, "Introduction to Coding Theory,'' Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982. Google Scholar

[27]

V. K. Wei, Generalized Hamming weights for linear codes, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 37 (1991), 1412-1418. doi: 10.1109/18.133259.  Google Scholar

[28]

W. Zhang, X. Zhang and S. Wang, Maximizing embedding efficiency by combining Hamming codes and wet paper codes, in "Proceedings 10th International Workshop on Information Hiding,'' Springer-Verlag, (2008), 60-71. Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

D. Augot, M. Barbier and C. Fontaine, Ensuring message embedding in wet paper steganography, in "Transactions on Thirteenth IMA International Conference on Cryptography and Coding,'' Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2011), 244-258. Google Scholar

[2]

J. Brierbrauer and J. Fridrich, Constructing good covering codes for applications in steganography, in "Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security III,'' Springer-Verlag, (2008), 1-22. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-69019-1_1.  Google Scholar

[3]

F. Chai, X. S. Gao and C. Yuan, A characteristic set method for solving Boolean equations and applications in cryptanalysis of stream ciphers, J. Sys. Sci. Compl., 21 (2008), 191-208. doi: 10.1007/s11424-008-9103-0.  Google Scholar

[4]

C. Cooper, On the rank of random matrices, Random Struc. Algor., 16 (2000), 209-232. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2418(200003)16:2<209::AID-RSA6>3.0.CO;2-1.  Google Scholar

[5]

R. Crandall, Some notes on steganography,, \url{http://os.inf.tu-dresden.de/ westfeld}, ().   Google Scholar

[6]

C. Fontaine and F. Galand, How Reed-Solomon codes can improve steganographic schemes, in "Information Hiding 9th International Workshop,'' Springer-Verlag, (2007), 130-144. Google Scholar

[7]

J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, P. Lisonek and D. Soukal, Writing on wet paper, IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., 53 (2005), 3923-3935. doi: 10.1109/TSP.2005.855393.  Google Scholar

[8]

J. Fridrich, M. Goljan and D. Soukal, Efficient wet paper codes, in "Proceedings of Information Hiding,'' Springer-Verlag, 2005. doi: 10.1007/b104759.  Google Scholar

[9]

J. Fridrich, M. Goljan and D. Soukal, Steganography via codes for memory with defective cells, in "Proceedings of the Forty-Third Annual Allerton Conference On Communication, Control and Computing,'' (2005), 1521-1538. Google Scholar

[10]

J. Fridrich, M. Goljan and D. Soukal, Wet paper codes with improved embedding efficiency, IEEE Trans. Inform. Forens. Secur., 1 (2006), 102-110. doi: 10.1109/TIFS.2005.863487.  Google Scholar

[11]

B. J. Hamilton, SINCGARS system improvement program (SIP) specific radio improvement, in "Proceedings of 1996 Tactical Communications Conference,'' (1996), 397-406. Google Scholar

[12]

R. W. Hamming, "The Art of Probability for Scientists and Engineers,'' Westview Press, New York, 1994. Google Scholar

[13]

A. S. Hedayat, N. J. A. Sloane and J. Stufken, "Orthogonal Arrays: Theory and Applications,'' Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999.  Google Scholar

[14]

M. Keinänen, "Techniques for Solving Boolean Equation Systems,'' Ph.D thesis, Espoo, Finland, 2006. Google Scholar

[15]

V. F. Kolchin, "Random Graphs,'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.  Google Scholar

[16]

F. J. MacWilliams and N. J. Sloane, "The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes,'' North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1977.  Google Scholar

[17]

MinT, Online database for optimal parameters of $(t, m, s)$-nets, $(t, s)$-sequences, orthogonal arrays, linear codes, and OOAs,, available at \url{http://mint.sbg.ac.at/}, ().   Google Scholar

[18]

C. Munuera, On the generalized Hamming weights of geometric Goppa codes, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 40 (1994), 2092-2099. doi: 10.1109/18.340488.  Google Scholar

[19]

M. Nadler, A 32-point $n=12$, $d=5$ code, IRE Trans. Inform. Theory, 8 (1962), 58. doi: 10.1109/TIT.1962.1057670.  Google Scholar

[20]

D. Schönfeld and A. Winkler, Embedding with syndrome coding based on BCH codes, in "Proceedings 8th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security,'' (2006), 214-223. Google Scholar

[21]

D. Schönfeld and A. Winkler, Reducing the complexity of syndrome coding for embedding, in "Proceedings 10th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding,'' Springer-Verlag, (2007), 145-158. Google Scholar

[22]

B.-Z. Shen, A Justesen construction of binary concatenated codes that asymptotically meet the Zyablov bound for low rate, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 39 (1993), 239-242. doi: 10.1109/18.179365.  Google Scholar

[23]

D. Stinson, Resilient functions and large sets of orthogonal arrays, Congressus Numerantium, 92 (1993), 105-110.  Google Scholar

[24]

C. Studholme and I. F. Blake, Random matrices and codes for the erasure channel, Algoritmica, 56 (2010), 605-620. doi: 10.1007/s00453-008-9192-0.  Google Scholar

[25]

J. H. van Lint, A new description of the Nadler code, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 18 (1972), 825-826. doi: 10.1109/TIT.1972.1054904.  Google Scholar

[26]

J. H. van Lint, "Introduction to Coding Theory,'' Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982. Google Scholar

[27]

V. K. Wei, Generalized Hamming weights for linear codes, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, 37 (1991), 1412-1418. doi: 10.1109/18.133259.  Google Scholar

[28]

W. Zhang, X. Zhang and S. Wang, Maximizing embedding efficiency by combining Hamming codes and wet paper codes, in "Proceedings 10th International Workshop on Information Hiding,'' Springer-Verlag, (2008), 60-71. Google Scholar

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