# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

April  2017, 11(2): 107-116. doi: 10.1007/s13351-017-6088-4

## How the “Best” CMIP5 Models Project Relations of Asian–Pacific Oscillation to Circulation Backgrounds Favorable for Tropical Cyclone Genesis over the Western North Pacific

 1 National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081 2 Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044

zhoubt@cma.gov.cn

Received  May 24, 2016 Published  February 2017

Based on the simulations of 32 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), the present study assesses their capacity to simulate the relationship of the summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) with the vertical zonal wind shear, low-level atmospheric vorticity, mid-level humidity, atmospheric divergence in the lower and upper troposphere, and western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) that are closely associated with the genesis of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific. The results indicate that five models can simultaneously reproduce the observed pattern with the positive APO phase accompanied by weak vertical zonal wind shear, strengthened vorticity in the lower troposphere, increased mid-level humidity, intensified low-level convergence and high-level divergence, and a northward-located WPSH over the western North Pacific. These five models are further used to project their potential relationship under the RCP8.5 scenario during 2050–2099. Compared to 1950–1999, the relationship between the APO and the vertical zonal wind shear is projected to weaken by both the multi-model ensemble and the individual models. Its linkage to the low-level vorticity, mid-level humidity, atmospheric divergence in the lower and upper troposphere, and the northward–southward movement of the WPSH would also reduce slightly but still be significant. However, the individual models show relatively large differences in projecting the linkage between the APO and the mid-level humidity and low-level divergence.
Citation: Botao ZHOU, Ying XU. How the “Best” CMIP5 Models Project Relations of Asian–Pacific Oscillation to Circulation Backgrounds Favorable for Tropical Cyclone Genesis over the Western North Pacific. Inverse Problems and Imaging, 2017, 11 (2) : 107-116. doi: 10.1007/s13351-017-6088-4
##### References:
 [1] ﻿Chen, L. S., and Y. H. Ding, 1979: Summary of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific. Science Press, Beijing, 491 pp. (in Chinese) [2] Chen, Interdecadal variation of tropical cyclone activity in association with summer monsoon, sea surface temperature over the western North Pacific Chen,G., 2009: Interdecadal variation of tropical cyclone activity in association with summer monsoon, sea surface temperature over the western North Pacific. Chinese Sci. Bull., 54, 1417-1421, doi: 10.1007/s11434-008-0564-2. doi: 10.1007/s11434-008-0564-2. [3] Cui%$%Zhou%$%Fan, Linkage between Asian-Pacific oscillation and the large-scale atmospheric circulations related to the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific in Bergen climate model Cui, X., B. T. Zhou, and K. Fan, 2010: Linkage between Asian-Pacific oscillation and the large-scale atmospheric circulations related to the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific in Bergen climate model. Climatic Environ. Res., 15, 120–128. (in Chinese) [4] Ding%$%Reiter, Large-scale circulation influencing the typhoon formation over the western Pacific Ding Yihui, and E. R. Reiter, 1983: Large-scale circulation influencing the typhoon formation over the Western Pacific. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 5, 561-574. (in Chinese) [5] Fan, New predictors and a new prediction model for the typhoon frequency over western North Pacific Fan Ke, 2007: New predictors and a new prediction model for the typhoon frequency over western North Pacific. Sci. China Ser. D: Earth Sci., 50, 1417-1423, doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0105-x. doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0105-x. [6] Fan%$%Wang, A new approach to forecasting typhoon frequency over the western North Pacific Fan, K., and H. J. Wang, , 2009: A new approach to forecasting typhoon frequency over the western North Pacific. Wea. Forecasting, 24, 974-986, doi: 10.1175/2009WAF2222194.1. doi: 10.1175/2009WAF2222194.1. [7] Gray, Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700. [8] Ho%$%Kim%$%Kim, Possible influence of the Antarctic Oscillation on tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific Ho, C. H., J. H. Kim, H. S. Kim, et al., 2005: Possible influence of the Antarctic Oscillation on tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19104, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005766. doi: 10.1029/2005JD005766. [9] IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G. K. Plattner, et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. [10] Kalnay%$%Kanamitsu%$%Kistler, The NCEP/NCAR 40-yr reanalysis project Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, et al., 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471. [11] Kidston%$%Gerber, Intermodel variability of the poleward shift of the austral jet stream in the CMIP3 integrations linked to biases in 20th century climatology Kidston, J., and E. P. Gerber, 2010: Intermodel variability of the poleward shift of the austral jet stream in the CMIP3 integrations linked to biases in 20th century climatology. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09708, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042873. doi: 10.1029/2010GL042873. [12] Lander, Specific tropical cyclone track types and unusual tropical cyclone motions associated with a reverse-oriented monsoon trough in the western North Pacific Lander, M. A., 1996: Specific tropical cyclone track types and unusual tropical cyclone motions associated with a reverse-oriented monsoon trough in the western North Pacific. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 170-186. [13] Liebmann%$%Hendon%$%Glick, The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Madden–Julian oscillation Liebmann, B., H. H. Hendon, and J. D. Glick, 1994: The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 401-412. [14] Moss%$%Edmonds%$%Hibbard, The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment Moss, R. H., J. A. Edmonds, K. A. Hibbard, et al., 2010: The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463, 747-756, doi: 10.1038/nature08823. doi: 10.1038/nature08823. [15] Sun%$%Chen, Predictability of western North Pacific typhoon activity and its factors using DEMETER coupled models Sun Jianqi and Chen Huopo, 2011: Predictability of western North Pacific typhoon activity and its factors using DEMETER coupled models. Chinese Sci. Bull., 56, 3474-3479, doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4640-7. doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4640-7. [16] Taylor%$%Stouffer%$%Meehl, An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design Taylor, K. E., B. J. Stouffer, G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485-498, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1. [17] Wang%$%Fan, Relationship between the Antarctic Oscillation in the western North Pacific and typhoon frequency Wang Huijun and Fan Ke, 2007: Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation in the western North Pacific and typhoon frequency. Chinese Sci. Bull., 52, 561-565, doi: 10.1007/s11434-007-0040-4. doi: 10.1007/s11434-007-0040-4. [18] Wang%$%Sun%$%Fan, Relationships between the North Pacific Oscillation and the typhoon/hurricane frequencies Wang Huijun, Sun Jianqi, and Fan Ke, 2007: Relationships between the North Pacific Oscillation and the typhoon/hurricane frequencies. Sci. China, Ser. D: Earth Sci., 50, 1409-1416, doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0097-6. doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0097-6. [19] Zhang%$%Peng, The interannual and interdecadal variations of East Asian summer circulation and its impact on the landing typhoon frequency over China during summer Zhang Qingyun and Peng Jingbei, 2003: The interannual and interdecadal variations of East Asian summer circulation and its impact on the landing typhoon frequency over China during summer. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 97-106. (in Chinese) [20] Zhang%$%Tao%$%Chen, The inter-annual variability of East Asian summer monsoon indices and its association with the pattern of general circulation over East Asia Zhang Qingyun, Tao Shiyan, and Chen Lieting, 2003: The inter-annual variability of East Asian summer monsoon indices and its association with the pattern of general circulation over East Asia. Acta Meteor. Sinica, 61, 559-568. (in Chinese) [21] Zhao%$%Zhu%$%Zhang, An Asian–Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability Zhao, P., Y. N. Zhu, and R. H. Zhang, 2007: An Asian-Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability. Climate Dyn., 29, 293-303, doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0236-y. doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0236-y. [22] Zhou, The Asian–Pacific Oscillation pattern in CMIP5 simulations of historical and future climate Zhou B. T., 2016: The Asian-Pacific Oscillation pattern in CMIP5 simulations of historical and future climate. Int. J. Climatol., 36: 4778-4789, doi: 10.1002/joc.4668. doi: 10.1002/joc.4668. [23] Zhou%$%Cui, Hadley circulation signal in the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific Zhou, B. T., and X. Cui, 2008: Hadley circulation signal in the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16107, doi: 10. 1029/2007JD009156. doi: 10.1029/2007JD009156. [24] Zhou%$%Cui, Interdecadal change of the linkage between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific Zhou Botao, and Cuixuan, 2014: Interdecadal change of the linkage between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific. Sci. China: Earth Sci., 57: 2148-2155, doi: 10.1007/s11430-014-4862-z. doi: 10.1007/s11430-014-4862-z. [25] Zhou%$%Cui%$%Zhao, Relationship between the Asian–Pacific Oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency in the western North Pacific Zhou Botao, Cui Xuan, and Zhao Ping, 2008: Relationship between the Asian-Pacific oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency in the western North Pacific. Sci. China Ser. D: -Earth Sci., 51, 380-385, doi: 10.1007/s11430-008-0014-7. doi: 10.1007/s11430-008-0014-7.

show all references

##### References:
 [1] ﻿Chen, L. S., and Y. H. Ding, 1979: Summary of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific. Science Press, Beijing, 491 pp. (in Chinese) [2] Chen, Interdecadal variation of tropical cyclone activity in association with summer monsoon, sea surface temperature over the western North Pacific Chen,G., 2009: Interdecadal variation of tropical cyclone activity in association with summer monsoon, sea surface temperature over the western North Pacific. Chinese Sci. Bull., 54, 1417-1421, doi: 10.1007/s11434-008-0564-2. doi: 10.1007/s11434-008-0564-2. [3] Cui%$%Zhou%$%Fan, Linkage between Asian-Pacific oscillation and the large-scale atmospheric circulations related to the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific in Bergen climate model Cui, X., B. T. Zhou, and K. Fan, 2010: Linkage between Asian-Pacific oscillation and the large-scale atmospheric circulations related to the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific in Bergen climate model. Climatic Environ. Res., 15, 120–128. (in Chinese) [4] Ding%$%Reiter, Large-scale circulation influencing the typhoon formation over the western Pacific Ding Yihui, and E. R. Reiter, 1983: Large-scale circulation influencing the typhoon formation over the Western Pacific. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 5, 561-574. (in Chinese) [5] Fan, New predictors and a new prediction model for the typhoon frequency over western North Pacific Fan Ke, 2007: New predictors and a new prediction model for the typhoon frequency over western North Pacific. Sci. China Ser. D: Earth Sci., 50, 1417-1423, doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0105-x. doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0105-x. [6] Fan%$%Wang, A new approach to forecasting typhoon frequency over the western North Pacific Fan, K., and H. J. Wang, , 2009: A new approach to forecasting typhoon frequency over the western North Pacific. Wea. Forecasting, 24, 974-986, doi: 10.1175/2009WAF2222194.1. doi: 10.1175/2009WAF2222194.1. [7] Gray, Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700. [8] Ho%$%Kim%$%Kim, Possible influence of the Antarctic Oscillation on tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific Ho, C. H., J. H. Kim, H. S. Kim, et al., 2005: Possible influence of the Antarctic Oscillation on tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19104, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005766. doi: 10.1029/2005JD005766. [9] IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G. K. Plattner, et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. [10] Kalnay%$%Kanamitsu%$%Kistler, The NCEP/NCAR 40-yr reanalysis project Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, et al., 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471. [11] Kidston%$%Gerber, Intermodel variability of the poleward shift of the austral jet stream in the CMIP3 integrations linked to biases in 20th century climatology Kidston, J., and E. P. Gerber, 2010: Intermodel variability of the poleward shift of the austral jet stream in the CMIP3 integrations linked to biases in 20th century climatology. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09708, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042873. doi: 10.1029/2010GL042873. [12] Lander, Specific tropical cyclone track types and unusual tropical cyclone motions associated with a reverse-oriented monsoon trough in the western North Pacific Lander, M. A., 1996: Specific tropical cyclone track types and unusual tropical cyclone motions associated with a reverse-oriented monsoon trough in the western North Pacific. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 170-186. [13] Liebmann%$%Hendon%$%Glick, The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Madden–Julian oscillation Liebmann, B., H. H. Hendon, and J. D. Glick, 1994: The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 401-412. [14] Moss%$%Edmonds%$%Hibbard, The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment Moss, R. H., J. A. Edmonds, K. A. Hibbard, et al., 2010: The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463, 747-756, doi: 10.1038/nature08823. doi: 10.1038/nature08823. [15] Sun%$%Chen, Predictability of western North Pacific typhoon activity and its factors using DEMETER coupled models Sun Jianqi and Chen Huopo, 2011: Predictability of western North Pacific typhoon activity and its factors using DEMETER coupled models. Chinese Sci. Bull., 56, 3474-3479, doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4640-7. doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4640-7. [16] Taylor%$%Stouffer%$%Meehl, An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design Taylor, K. E., B. J. Stouffer, G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485-498, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1. [17] Wang%$%Fan, Relationship between the Antarctic Oscillation in the western North Pacific and typhoon frequency Wang Huijun and Fan Ke, 2007: Relationship between the Antarctic oscillation in the western North Pacific and typhoon frequency. Chinese Sci. Bull., 52, 561-565, doi: 10.1007/s11434-007-0040-4. doi: 10.1007/s11434-007-0040-4. [18] Wang%$%Sun%$%Fan, Relationships between the North Pacific Oscillation and the typhoon/hurricane frequencies Wang Huijun, Sun Jianqi, and Fan Ke, 2007: Relationships between the North Pacific Oscillation and the typhoon/hurricane frequencies. Sci. China, Ser. D: Earth Sci., 50, 1409-1416, doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0097-6. doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0097-6. [19] Zhang%$%Peng, The interannual and interdecadal variations of East Asian summer circulation and its impact on the landing typhoon frequency over China during summer Zhang Qingyun and Peng Jingbei, 2003: The interannual and interdecadal variations of East Asian summer circulation and its impact on the landing typhoon frequency over China during summer. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 97-106. (in Chinese) [20] Zhang%$%Tao%$%Chen, The inter-annual variability of East Asian summer monsoon indices and its association with the pattern of general circulation over East Asia Zhang Qingyun, Tao Shiyan, and Chen Lieting, 2003: The inter-annual variability of East Asian summer monsoon indices and its association with the pattern of general circulation over East Asia. Acta Meteor. Sinica, 61, 559-568. (in Chinese) [21] Zhao%$%Zhu%$%Zhang, An Asian–Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability Zhao, P., Y. N. Zhu, and R. H. Zhang, 2007: An Asian-Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability. Climate Dyn., 29, 293-303, doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0236-y. doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0236-y. [22] Zhou, The Asian–Pacific Oscillation pattern in CMIP5 simulations of historical and future climate Zhou B. T., 2016: The Asian-Pacific Oscillation pattern in CMIP5 simulations of historical and future climate. Int. J. Climatol., 36: 4778-4789, doi: 10.1002/joc.4668. doi: 10.1002/joc.4668. [23] Zhou%$%Cui, Hadley circulation signal in the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific Zhou, B. T., and X. Cui, 2008: Hadley circulation signal in the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16107, doi: 10. 1029/2007JD009156. doi: 10.1029/2007JD009156. [24] Zhou%$%Cui, Interdecadal change of the linkage between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific Zhou Botao, and Cuixuan, 2014: Interdecadal change of the linkage between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific. Sci. China: Earth Sci., 57: 2148-2155, doi: 10.1007/s11430-014-4862-z. doi: 10.1007/s11430-014-4862-z. [25] Zhou%$%Cui%$%Zhao, Relationship between the Asian–Pacific Oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency in the western North Pacific Zhou Botao, Cui Xuan, and Zhao Ping, 2008: Relationship between the Asian-Pacific oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency in the western North Pacific. Sci. China Ser. D: -Earth Sci., 51, 380-385, doi: 10.1007/s11430-008-0014-7. doi: 10.1007/s11430-008-0014-7.
Observed correlations of vertical zonal wind shear with (a) tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific and (b) Asian–Pacific Oscillation. Heavy (Light) shading indicates areas above the 95% (90%) confidence level. The dashed rectangle represents the key regions selected.
Observed correlations of (a, b) 850-hPa vorticity and (c, d) 700–500-hPa averaged specific humidity with tropical cyclone frequency over the (a, c) western North Pacific and (b, d) Asian–Pacific Oscillation. Heavy (light) shading indicates areas above the 95% (90%) confidence level.
Observed correlations of atmospheric divergence at (a, b) 1000 hPa and (c, d) 150 hPa with TC frequency over the (a, c) western North Pacific and (b, d) Asian–Pacific Oscillation. Heavy (light) shading indicates areas above the 95% (90%) confidence level.
Observed correlations of 850-hPa horizontal winds with (a) tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific and (b) Asian–Pacific Oscillation, which are shown as arrows. Heavy (light) shading indicates areas above the 95% (90%) confidence level.
Correlation coefficients of the Asian–Pacific Oscillation with (a) VWS, (b) VOR850, (c) HUM, (d) DIV1000, (e) DIV150, and (f) UV850 (see Section 3, paragraph 3, of the main text for definitions of these indices) in the historical simulation and observation. Correlations of tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific with the six indices are also shown.
MME simulated correlations between the Asian–Pacific Oscillation and vertical zonal wind shear in the (a) historical and (b) RCP8.5 simulations. Heavy (light) shading indicates areas above the 95% (90%) confidence level.
MME simulated correlations between the Asian–Pacific Oscillation and (a, b) vorticity at 850 hPa and (c, d) specific humidity averaged from 700 to 500 hPa, in the (a, c) historical and (b, d) RCP8.5 simulations. Heavy (light) shading indicates areas above the 95% (90%) confidence level.
MME simulated correlations between the Asian–Pacific Oscillation and atmospheric divergence at (a, b) 1000 and (c, d) 150 hPa, in the (a, c) historical and (b, d) RCP8.5 simulations. Heavy (light) shading indicates areas above the 95% (90%) confidence level.
MME simulated correlation between the Asian–Pacific Oscillation and 850-hPa horizontal winds (shown as arrows) in the (a) historical and (b) RCP8.5 simulations. Heavy (light) shading indicates areas above the 95% (90%) confidence level.
Correlation coefficients of the Asian–Pacific Oscillation with (a) VWS, (b) VOR850, (c) HUM, (d) DIV1000, (e) DIV150, and (f) UV850 (see Section 3, paragraph 3, of the main text for definitions of these indices). Red bars represent 2050–2099 under RCP8.5 and blue bars represent 1950–1999 in the historical simulation.
Basic information on the 32 CMIP5 models used in this study
 Model Modeling group Atmospheric resolution (lon. × lat.) ACCESS1.0 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), Australia 192 × 145 ACCESS1.3 CSIRO and BoM, Australia 192 × 145 BCC_CSM1.1 Beijing Climate Center (BCC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), China 128 × 64 BCC_CSM1.1(m) BCC, CMA, China 320 × 160 BNU-ESM Beijing Normal University, China 128 × 64 CanESM2 Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Canada 128 × 64 CCSM4 National Center for Atmosphere Research, United States 288 × 192 CMCC-CM Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Italy 480 × 240 CMCC-CMS CMCC, Italy 192 × 96 CNRM-CM5 Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques–Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, France 256 × 128 CSIRO Mk3.6.0 Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence and CSIRO, Australia 192 × 96 FGOALS-g2 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 128 × 60 FIO-ESM First Institute of Oceanography, China 128 × 64 GFDL CM3 NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), United States 144 × 90 GFDL-ESM2G NOAA GFDL, United States 144 × 90 GFDL-ESM2M NOAA GFDL, United States 144 × 90 GISS-E2-H NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), United States 144 × 90 GISS-E2-R NASA GISS, United States 144 × 90 HadGEM2-AO UK Met Office (UKMO) Hadley Centre, United Kingdom 192 × 144 HadGEM2-CC UKMO Hadley Centre, United Kingdom 192 × 144 HadGEM2-ES UKMO Hadley Centre, United Kingdom 192 × 144 INM-CM4.0 Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia 180 × 120 IPSL-CM5A-LR Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), France 96 × 96 IPSL-CM5A-MR IPSL, France 144 × 143 IPSL-CM5B-LR IPSL, France 96 × 96 MIROC5 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan 256 × 128 MIROC-ESM Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan 128 × 64 MIROC-ESM-CHEM Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan 128 × 64 MPI-ESM-LR Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany 192 × 96 MRI-CGCM3 Meteorological Research Institute, Japan 320 × 160 NorESM1-M Norwegian Climate Centre, Norway 144 × 96 NorESM1-ME Norwegian Climate Centre, Norway 144 × 96
 Model Modeling group Atmospheric resolution (lon. × lat.) ACCESS1.0 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), Australia 192 × 145 ACCESS1.3 CSIRO and BoM, Australia 192 × 145 BCC_CSM1.1 Beijing Climate Center (BCC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), China 128 × 64 BCC_CSM1.1(m) BCC, CMA, China 320 × 160 BNU-ESM Beijing Normal University, China 128 × 64 CanESM2 Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Canada 128 × 64 CCSM4 National Center for Atmosphere Research, United States 288 × 192 CMCC-CM Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Italy 480 × 240 CMCC-CMS CMCC, Italy 192 × 96 CNRM-CM5 Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques–Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, France 256 × 128 CSIRO Mk3.6.0 Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence and CSIRO, Australia 192 × 96 FGOALS-g2 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 128 × 60 FIO-ESM First Institute of Oceanography, China 128 × 64 GFDL CM3 NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), United States 144 × 90 GFDL-ESM2G NOAA GFDL, United States 144 × 90 GFDL-ESM2M NOAA GFDL, United States 144 × 90 GISS-E2-H NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), United States 144 × 90 GISS-E2-R NASA GISS, United States 144 × 90 HadGEM2-AO UK Met Office (UKMO) Hadley Centre, United Kingdom 192 × 144 HadGEM2-CC UKMO Hadley Centre, United Kingdom 192 × 144 HadGEM2-ES UKMO Hadley Centre, United Kingdom 192 × 144 INM-CM4.0 Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia 180 × 120 IPSL-CM5A-LR Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), France 96 × 96 IPSL-CM5A-MR IPSL, France 144 × 143 IPSL-CM5B-LR IPSL, France 96 × 96 MIROC5 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan 256 × 128 MIROC-ESM Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan 128 × 64 MIROC-ESM-CHEM Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan 128 × 64 MPI-ESM-LR Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany 192 × 96 MRI-CGCM3 Meteorological Research Institute, Japan 320 × 160 NorESM1-M Norwegian Climate Centre, Norway 144 × 96 NorESM1-ME Norwegian Climate Centre, Norway 144 × 96
 [1] Chanh Kieu, Quan Wang. On the scale dynamics of the tropical cyclone intensity. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2018, 23 (8) : 3047-3070. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2017196 [2] Chien-Wen Chao, Shu-Cherng Fang, Ching-Jong Liao. A tropical cyclone-based method for global optimization. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2012, 8 (1) : 103-115. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2012.8.103 [3] Tian Ma, Shouhong Wang. Tropical atmospheric circulations: Dynamic stability and transitions. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2010, 26 (4) : 1399-1417. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2010.26.1399 [4] Aurea Martínez, Francisco J. Fernández, Lino J. Alvarez-Vázquez. Water artificial circulation for eutrophication control. Mathematical Control and Related Fields, 2018, 8 (1) : 277-313. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2018012 [5] Yifei Lou, Sung Ha Kang, Stefano Soatto, Andrea L. Bertozzi. Video stabilization of atmospheric turbulence distortion. Inverse Problems and Imaging, 2013, 7 (3) : 839-861. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2013.7.839 [6] Xingchun Wang, Yongjin Wang. Hedging strategies for discretely monitored Asian options under Lévy processes. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2014, 10 (4) : 1209-1224. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2014.10.1209 [7] Nikita Kalinin, Mikhail Shkolnikov. Introduction to tropical series and wave dynamic on them. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2018, 38 (6) : 2827-2849. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018120 [8] Simion Filip. Tropical dynamics of area-preserving maps. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2019, 14: 179-226. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2019007 [9] Chao Xing, Ping Zhou, Hong Luo. The steady state solutions to thermohaline circulation equations. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2016, 21 (10) : 3709-3722. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2016117 [10] Daniela Saxenhuber, Ronny Ramlau. A gradient-based method for atmospheric tomography. Inverse Problems and Imaging, 2016, 10 (3) : 781-805. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2016021 [11] Wu Chanti, Qiu Youzhen. A nonlinear empirical analysis on influence factor of circulation efficiency. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2019, 12 (4&5) : 929-940. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2019062 [12] Hongjun Gao, Jinqiao Duan. Dynamics of the thermohaline circulation under wind forcing. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2002, 2 (2) : 205-219. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2002.2.205 [13] Carsten Burstedde. On the numerical evaluation of fractional Sobolev norms. Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis, 2007, 6 (3) : 587-605. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2007.6.587 [14] María Teresa V. Martínez-Palacios, Adrián Hernández-Del-Valle, Ambrosio Ortiz-Ramírez. On the pricing of Asian options with geometric average of American type with stochastic interest rate: A stochastic optimal control approach. Journal of Dynamics and Games, 2019, 6 (1) : 53-64. doi: 10.3934/jdg.2019004 [15] Marissa Condon, Alfredo Deaño, Arieh Iserles. On systems of differential equations with extrinsic oscillation. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2010, 28 (4) : 1345-1367. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2010.28.1345 [16] Caochuan Ma, Zaihong Jiang, Renhui Wan. Local well-posedness for the tropical climate model with fractional velocity diffusion. Kinetic and Related Models, 2016, 9 (3) : 551-570. doi: 10.3934/krm.2016006 [17] Jinkai Li, Edriss Titi. Global well-posedness of strong solutions to a tropical climate model. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2016, 36 (8) : 4495-4516. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016.36.4495 [18] David Ginzburg and Joseph Hundley. The adjoint $L$-function for $GL_5$. Electronic Research Announcements, 2008, 15: 24-32. doi: 10.3934/era.2008.15.24 [19] Jianbo Wang. Remarks on 5-dimensional complete intersections. Electronic Research Announcements, 2014, 21: 28-40. doi: 10.3934/era.2014.21.28 [20] David Aulicino, Chaya Norton. Shimura–Teichmüller curves in genus 5. Journal of Modern Dynamics, 2020, 16: 255-288. doi: 10.3934/jmd.2020009

2021 Impact Factor: 1.483