Fully nonlinear stochastic and rough PDEs: Classical and viscosity solutions

Rainer Buckdahn; Christian Keller; Jin Ma; Jianfeng Zhang

doi:10.1186/s41546-020-00049-8

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January 2020, 5: 7 doi: 10.1186/s41546-020-00049-8

Fully nonlinear stochastic and rough PDEs: Classical and viscosity solutions

Rainer Buckdahn ^1, , Christian Keller ^2,, , Jin Ma ^3, and Jianfeng Zhang ^3,

1. Univ Brest, UMR CNRS 6205, Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Bretagne Atlantique, Brest, France, and Shandong University, Jinan, China

2. Department of Mathematics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States

3. Department of Mathematics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States

Received March 11, 2020 Published November 2020

Abstract
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We study fully nonlinear second-order (forward) stochastic PDEs. They can also be viewed as forward path-dependent PDEs and will be treated as rough PDEs under a unified framework. For the most general fully nonlinear case, we develop a local theory of classical solutions and then define viscosity solutions through smooth test functions. Our notion of viscosity solutions is equivalent to the alternative using semi-jets. Next, we prove basic properties such as consistency, stability, and a partial comparison principle in the general setting. If the diffusion coefficient is semilinear (i.e, linear in the gradient of the solution and nonlinear in the solution; the drift can still be fully nonlinear), we establish a complete theory, including global existence and a comparison principle.

Keywords: Stochastic PDEs, path-dependent PDEs, rough PDEs, rough paths, viscosity solutions, comparison principle, functional Itô formula, characteristics, rough Taylor expansion.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 60H07;15;30;35R60;34F05.

Citation: Rainer Buckdahn, Christian Keller, Jin Ma, Jianfeng Zhang. Fully nonlinear stochastic and rough PDEs: Classical and viscosity solutions. Probability, Uncertainty and Quantitative Risk, 2020, 5 (0) : 7-. doi: 10.1186/s41546-020-00049-8

References:

[1]	Buckdahn, R., I. Bulla, and J. Ma. (2011). On Pathwise Stochastic Taylor Expansions, Math. Control Relat. Fields 1, no. 4, 437-468. Google Scholar
[2]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Li. (2008). Stochastic differential games and viscosity solutions of Hamilton-JacobiBellman-Isaacs equations, SIAM J. Control Optim. 47, no. 1, 444-475. Google Scholar
[3]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Ma. (2001). Stochastic viscosity solutions for nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations. I, Stoch. Process. Appl. 93, no. 2, 181-204. Google Scholar
[4]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Ma. (2001). Stochastic viscosity solutions for nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations. II, Stoch. Process. Appl. 93, no. 2, 205-228. Google Scholar
[5]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Ma. (2002). Pathwise stochastic Taylor expansions and stochastic viscosity solutions for fully nonlinear stochastic PDEs, Ann. Probab. 30, no. 3, 1131-1171. Google Scholar
[6]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Ma. (2007). Pathwise stochastic control problems and stochastic HJB equations, SIAM J. Control Optim. 45, no. 6, 2224-2256. Google Scholar
[7]	Buckdahn, R., J. Ma, and J. Zhang. (2015). Pathwise Taylor expansions for random fields on multiple dimensional paths, Stoch. Process. Appl. 125, 2820-2855. Google Scholar
[8]	Caruana, M., P. Friz, and H. Oberhauser. (2011). A (rough) pathwise approach to a class of non-linear stochastic partial differential equations, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire 28, 27-46. Google Scholar
[9]	Crandall, M.G., H. Ishii, and P.-L. Lions. (1992). User's guide to viscosity solutions of second order partial differential equations, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 27, no. 1, 1-67. Google Scholar
[10]	Da Prato, G. and L. Tubaro. (1996). Fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 27, no. 1, 40-55. Google Scholar
[11]	Davis, M. and G. Burstein. (1992). A Deterministic Approach To Stochastic Optimal Control With Application To Anticipative Control, Stochast. Stoch. Rep. 40, no. 3-4, 203-256. Google Scholar
[12]	Diehl, J. and P. Friz. (2012). Backward stochastic differential equations with rough drivers, Ann. Prob. 40, 1715-1758. Google Scholar
[13]	Diehl, J., P. Friz, and P. Gassiat. (2017). Stochastic control with rough paths, Appl. Math. Optim. 75, no. 2, 285-315. Google Scholar
[14]	Diehl, J., P. Friz, and H. Oberhauser. (2014). Regularity theory for rough partial differential equations and parabolic comparison revisited, Springer, Cham. Google Scholar
[15]	Diehl, J., H. Oberhauser, and S. Riedel. (2015). A Lévy area between Brownian motion and rough paths with applications to robust nonlinear filtering and rough partial differential equations, Stoch. Process. Appl. 125, no. 1, 161-181. Google Scholar
[16]	Dupire, B. (2019). Functional Itô calculus, Quant. Finan. 19, no. 5, 721-729. Google Scholar
[17]	Ekren, I., C. Keller, N. Touzi, and J. Zhang. (2014). On viscosity solutions of path dependent PDEs, Ann. Probab. 42, 204-236. Google Scholar
[18]	Ekren, I., N. Touzi, and J. Zhang. (2016). Viscosity Solutions of Fully Nonlinear Parabolic Path Dependent PDEs:Part I, Ann. Probab. 44, 1212-1253. Google Scholar
[19]	Ekren, I., N. Touzi, and J. Zhang. (2016). Viscosity Solutions of Fully Nonlinear Parabolic Path Dependent PDEs:Part II, Ann. Probab. 44, 2507-2553. Google Scholar
[20]	Friz, P., P. Gassiat, P.L. Lions, and P.E. Souganidis. (2017). Eikonal equations and pathwise solutions to fully non-linear SPDEs, Stochast. Partial Differ. Equ. Anal. Comput. 5, 256-277. Google Scholar
[21]	Friz, P. and M. Hairer. (2014). A course on rough paths:With an introduction to regularity structures, Universitext, Springer, Cham. Google Scholar
[22]	Friz, P. and H. Oberhauser. (2011). On the splitting-up method for rough (partial) differential equations, J. Differ. Equ. 251, no. 2, 316-338. Google Scholar
[23]	Friz, P. and H. Oberhauser. (2014). Rough path stability of (semi-)linear SPDEs, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 158, 401-434. Google Scholar
[24]	Gilbarg, D. and N. Trudinger. (1983). Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of second order, second edition, Springer-Verlag, Germany. Google Scholar
[25]	Gubinelli, M. (2004). Controlling rough paths, J. Funct. Anal. 216, no. 1, 86-140. Google Scholar
[26]	Gubinelli, M., S. Tindel, and I. Torrecilla. (2014). Controlled viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear rough PDEs. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1403.2832. Google Scholar
[27]	Keller, C. and J. Zhang. (2016). Pathwise Itô calculus for rough paths and rough PDEs with path dependent coefficients, Stoch. Process. Appl. 126, 735-766. Google Scholar
[28]	Krylov, N.V. (1999). An analytic approach to SPDEs, Stoch. Partial Differ. Equ. Six Perspect. Math. Surv. Monogr. Amer. Math. Soc. Providence RI 64, 185-242. Google Scholar
[29]	Kunita, H. (1997). Stochastic flows and stochastic differential equations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
[30]	Lieberman, G. (1996). Second order parabolic differential equations, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., River Edge. Google Scholar
[31]	Lions, P.-L. and P. E. Souganidis. (1998). Fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 326, no. 9, 1085-1092. Google Scholar
[32]	Lions, P.-L. and P. E. Souganidis. (1998). Fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations:nonsmooth equations and applications, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 327, no. 8, 735-741. Google Scholar
[33]	Lions, P.-L. and P. E. Souganidis. (2000). Fully nonlinear stochastic PDE with semilinear stochastic dependence, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 331, no. 8, 617-624. Google Scholar
[34]	Lions, P.-L. and P.E. Souganidis. (2000). Uniqueness of weak solutions of fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, C. R. l'Acad. Sci.-Ser. I-Math. 331, no. 10, 783-790. Google Scholar
[35]	Lunardi, A. (1995). Analytic semigroups and optimal regularity in parabolic problems, Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and their Applications 16, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. Google Scholar
[36]	Lyons, T. (1998). Differential equations driven by rough signals, Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 14, no. 2, 215-310. Google Scholar
[37]	Matoussi, A., D. Possamai, and W. Sabbagh. (2018). Probabilistic interpretation for solutions of Fully Nonlinear Stochastic PDEs, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-018-0859-4. Google Scholar
[38]	Mikulevicius, R. and G. Pragarauskas. (1994). Classical solutions of boundary value problems for some nonlinear integro-differential equations, Lithuanian Math. J. 34, no. 3, 275-287. Google Scholar
[39]	Musiela, M. and T. Zariphopoulou. (2010). Stochastic partial differential equations and portfolio choice, Contemporary Quantitative Finance, Springer, Berlin. Google Scholar
[40]	Nadirashvili, N. and S. Vladut. (2007). Nonclassical solutions of fully nonlinear elliptic equations, Geom. Funct. Anal. 17, no. 4, 1283-1296. Google Scholar
[41]	Pardoux, E. and S. Peng. (1994). Backward doubly stochastic differential equations and systems of quasilinear SPDEs, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 98, 209-227. Google Scholar
[42]	Peng, S. (1992). Stochastic Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations, SIAM J. Control Optim 30, no. 2, 284- 304. Google Scholar
[43]	Pham, T. and J. Zhang. (2014). Two Person Zero-sum Game in Weak Formulation and Path Dependent Bellman-Isaacs Equation, SIAM J. Control. Optim. 52, 2090-2121. Google Scholar
[44]	Rozovskii, B.L. (1990). Stochastic Evolution Systems:Linear Theory and Applications to Non-linear Filtering, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. Google Scholar
[45]	Safonov, M.V. (1988). Boundary value problems for second-order nonlinear parabolic equations, (Russian), Funct. Numer. Methods Math. Phys. "Naukova Dumka" Kiev. 274, 99-203. Google Scholar
[46]	Safonov, M.V. (1989). Classical solution of second-order nonlinear elliptic equations, Math. USSR-Izv 33, no. 3, 597-612. Google Scholar
[47]	Seeger, B. (2018). Perron's method for pathwise viscosity solutions, Commun. Partial Differ. Equ. 43, no. 6, 998-1018. Google Scholar
[48]	Seeger, B. (2018). Homogenization of pathwise Hamilton-Jacobi equations, J. Math. Pures Appl. 110, 1-31. Google Scholar
[49]	Seeger, B. (2020). Approximation schemes for viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, Ann. Appl. Probab. 30, no. 4, 1784-1823. Google Scholar
[50]	Souganidis, P.E. (2019). Pathwise solutions for fully nonlinear first- and second-order partial differential equations with multiplicative rough time dependence, Singular random dynamics, Lecture Notes in Math. vol. 2253, Springer, Cham. Google Scholar
[51]	Zhang, J. (2017). Backward Stochastic Differential Equations-from linear to fully nonlinear theory, Springer, New York. Google Scholar

show all references

References:

[1]	Buckdahn, R., I. Bulla, and J. Ma. (2011). On Pathwise Stochastic Taylor Expansions, Math. Control Relat. Fields 1, no. 4, 437-468. Google Scholar
[2]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Li. (2008). Stochastic differential games and viscosity solutions of Hamilton-JacobiBellman-Isaacs equations, SIAM J. Control Optim. 47, no. 1, 444-475. Google Scholar
[3]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Ma. (2001). Stochastic viscosity solutions for nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations. I, Stoch. Process. Appl. 93, no. 2, 181-204. Google Scholar
[4]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Ma. (2001). Stochastic viscosity solutions for nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations. II, Stoch. Process. Appl. 93, no. 2, 205-228. Google Scholar
[5]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Ma. (2002). Pathwise stochastic Taylor expansions and stochastic viscosity solutions for fully nonlinear stochastic PDEs, Ann. Probab. 30, no. 3, 1131-1171. Google Scholar
[6]	Buckdahn, R. and J. Ma. (2007). Pathwise stochastic control problems and stochastic HJB equations, SIAM J. Control Optim. 45, no. 6, 2224-2256. Google Scholar
[7]	Buckdahn, R., J. Ma, and J. Zhang. (2015). Pathwise Taylor expansions for random fields on multiple dimensional paths, Stoch. Process. Appl. 125, 2820-2855. Google Scholar
[8]	Caruana, M., P. Friz, and H. Oberhauser. (2011). A (rough) pathwise approach to a class of non-linear stochastic partial differential equations, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire 28, 27-46. Google Scholar
[9]	Crandall, M.G., H. Ishii, and P.-L. Lions. (1992). User's guide to viscosity solutions of second order partial differential equations, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 27, no. 1, 1-67. Google Scholar
[10]	Da Prato, G. and L. Tubaro. (1996). Fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 27, no. 1, 40-55. Google Scholar
[11]	Davis, M. and G. Burstein. (1992). A Deterministic Approach To Stochastic Optimal Control With Application To Anticipative Control, Stochast. Stoch. Rep. 40, no. 3-4, 203-256. Google Scholar
[12]	Diehl, J. and P. Friz. (2012). Backward stochastic differential equations with rough drivers, Ann. Prob. 40, 1715-1758. Google Scholar
[13]	Diehl, J., P. Friz, and P. Gassiat. (2017). Stochastic control with rough paths, Appl. Math. Optim. 75, no. 2, 285-315. Google Scholar
[14]	Diehl, J., P. Friz, and H. Oberhauser. (2014). Regularity theory for rough partial differential equations and parabolic comparison revisited, Springer, Cham. Google Scholar
[15]	Diehl, J., H. Oberhauser, and S. Riedel. (2015). A Lévy area between Brownian motion and rough paths with applications to robust nonlinear filtering and rough partial differential equations, Stoch. Process. Appl. 125, no. 1, 161-181. Google Scholar
[16]	Dupire, B. (2019). Functional Itô calculus, Quant. Finan. 19, no. 5, 721-729. Google Scholar
[17]	Ekren, I., C. Keller, N. Touzi, and J. Zhang. (2014). On viscosity solutions of path dependent PDEs, Ann. Probab. 42, 204-236. Google Scholar
[18]	Ekren, I., N. Touzi, and J. Zhang. (2016). Viscosity Solutions of Fully Nonlinear Parabolic Path Dependent PDEs:Part I, Ann. Probab. 44, 1212-1253. Google Scholar
[19]	Ekren, I., N. Touzi, and J. Zhang. (2016). Viscosity Solutions of Fully Nonlinear Parabolic Path Dependent PDEs:Part II, Ann. Probab. 44, 2507-2553. Google Scholar
[20]	Friz, P., P. Gassiat, P.L. Lions, and P.E. Souganidis. (2017). Eikonal equations and pathwise solutions to fully non-linear SPDEs, Stochast. Partial Differ. Equ. Anal. Comput. 5, 256-277. Google Scholar
[21]	Friz, P. and M. Hairer. (2014). A course on rough paths:With an introduction to regularity structures, Universitext, Springer, Cham. Google Scholar
[22]	Friz, P. and H. Oberhauser. (2011). On the splitting-up method for rough (partial) differential equations, J. Differ. Equ. 251, no. 2, 316-338. Google Scholar
[23]	Friz, P. and H. Oberhauser. (2014). Rough path stability of (semi-)linear SPDEs, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 158, 401-434. Google Scholar
[24]	Gilbarg, D. and N. Trudinger. (1983). Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of second order, second edition, Springer-Verlag, Germany. Google Scholar
[25]	Gubinelli, M. (2004). Controlling rough paths, J. Funct. Anal. 216, no. 1, 86-140. Google Scholar
[26]	Gubinelli, M., S. Tindel, and I. Torrecilla. (2014). Controlled viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear rough PDEs. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1403.2832. Google Scholar
[27]	Keller, C. and J. Zhang. (2016). Pathwise Itô calculus for rough paths and rough PDEs with path dependent coefficients, Stoch. Process. Appl. 126, 735-766. Google Scholar
[28]	Krylov, N.V. (1999). An analytic approach to SPDEs, Stoch. Partial Differ. Equ. Six Perspect. Math. Surv. Monogr. Amer. Math. Soc. Providence RI 64, 185-242. Google Scholar
[29]	Kunita, H. (1997). Stochastic flows and stochastic differential equations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
[30]	Lieberman, G. (1996). Second order parabolic differential equations, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., River Edge. Google Scholar
[31]	Lions, P.-L. and P. E. Souganidis. (1998). Fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 326, no. 9, 1085-1092. Google Scholar
[32]	Lions, P.-L. and P. E. Souganidis. (1998). Fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations:nonsmooth equations and applications, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 327, no. 8, 735-741. Google Scholar
[33]	Lions, P.-L. and P. E. Souganidis. (2000). Fully nonlinear stochastic PDE with semilinear stochastic dependence, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 331, no. 8, 617-624. Google Scholar
[34]	Lions, P.-L. and P.E. Souganidis. (2000). Uniqueness of weak solutions of fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, C. R. l'Acad. Sci.-Ser. I-Math. 331, no. 10, 783-790. Google Scholar
[35]	Lunardi, A. (1995). Analytic semigroups and optimal regularity in parabolic problems, Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and their Applications 16, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. Google Scholar
[36]	Lyons, T. (1998). Differential equations driven by rough signals, Rev. Mat. Iberoam. 14, no. 2, 215-310. Google Scholar
[37]	Matoussi, A., D. Possamai, and W. Sabbagh. (2018). Probabilistic interpretation for solutions of Fully Nonlinear Stochastic PDEs, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00440-018-0859-4. Google Scholar
[38]	Mikulevicius, R. and G. Pragarauskas. (1994). Classical solutions of boundary value problems for some nonlinear integro-differential equations, Lithuanian Math. J. 34, no. 3, 275-287. Google Scholar
[39]	Musiela, M. and T. Zariphopoulou. (2010). Stochastic partial differential equations and portfolio choice, Contemporary Quantitative Finance, Springer, Berlin. Google Scholar
[40]	Nadirashvili, N. and S. Vladut. (2007). Nonclassical solutions of fully nonlinear elliptic equations, Geom. Funct. Anal. 17, no. 4, 1283-1296. Google Scholar
[41]	Pardoux, E. and S. Peng. (1994). Backward doubly stochastic differential equations and systems of quasilinear SPDEs, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 98, 209-227. Google Scholar
[42]	Peng, S. (1992). Stochastic Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations, SIAM J. Control Optim 30, no. 2, 284- 304. Google Scholar
[43]	Pham, T. and J. Zhang. (2014). Two Person Zero-sum Game in Weak Formulation and Path Dependent Bellman-Isaacs Equation, SIAM J. Control. Optim. 52, 2090-2121. Google Scholar
[44]	Rozovskii, B.L. (1990). Stochastic Evolution Systems:Linear Theory and Applications to Non-linear Filtering, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. Google Scholar
[45]	Safonov, M.V. (1988). Boundary value problems for second-order nonlinear parabolic equations, (Russian), Funct. Numer. Methods Math. Phys. "Naukova Dumka" Kiev. 274, 99-203. Google Scholar
[46]	Safonov, M.V. (1989). Classical solution of second-order nonlinear elliptic equations, Math. USSR-Izv 33, no. 3, 597-612. Google Scholar
[47]	Seeger, B. (2018). Perron's method for pathwise viscosity solutions, Commun. Partial Differ. Equ. 43, no. 6, 998-1018. Google Scholar
[48]	Seeger, B. (2018). Homogenization of pathwise Hamilton-Jacobi equations, J. Math. Pures Appl. 110, 1-31. Google Scholar
[49]	Seeger, B. (2020). Approximation schemes for viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, Ann. Appl. Probab. 30, no. 4, 1784-1823. Google Scholar
[50]	Souganidis, P.E. (2019). Pathwise solutions for fully nonlinear first- and second-order partial differential equations with multiplicative rough time dependence, Singular random dynamics, Lecture Notes in Math. vol. 2253, Springer, Cham. Google Scholar
[51]	Zhang, J. (2017). Backward Stochastic Differential Equations-from linear to fully nonlinear theory, Springer, New York. Google Scholar

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