American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
November  2015, 9(4): 471-514. doi: 10.3934/amc.2015.9.471

FORSAKES: A forward-secure authenticated key exchange protocol based on symmetric key-evolving schemes

Mohammad Sadeq Dousti 1, and  Rasool Jalili 1,

1. 

Data & Network Security Lab, Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Iran

Received  March 2014 Revised  March 2015 Published  November 2015

This paper suggests a model and a definition for forward-secure authenticated key exchange (AKE) protocols, which can be satisfied without depending on the Diffie--Hellman assumption. The basic idea is to use key-evolving schemes (KES), where the long-term keys of the system get updated regularly and irreversibly. Protocols conforming to our model can be highly efficient, since they do not require the resource-intensive modular exponentiations of the Diffie--Hellman protocol. We also introduce a protocol, called FORSAKES, and prove rigorously that it is a forward-secure AKE protocol in our model. FORSAKES is a very efficient protocol, and can be implemented by merely using hash functions.
Keywords: provable security, security model., Authenticated key exchange protocol, forward security, key evolving schemes.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 94A62; Secondary: 68M12, 94A6.
Citation: Mohammad Sadeq Dousti, Rasool Jalili. FORSAKES: A forward-secure authenticated key exchange protocol based on symmetric key-evolving schemes. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2015, 9 (4) : 471-514. doi: 10.3934/amc.2015.9.471
References:
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show all references

References:
[1]

A. Banerjee, C. Peikert and A. Rosen, Pseudorandom functions and lattices,, in Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2012, 7237 (2012), 719.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-29011-4_42.  Google Scholar

[2]

D. Basin, C. Cremers and S. Meier, Provably repairing the ISO/IEC 9798 standard for entity authentication,, in Principles of Security and Trust, 7215 (2012), 129.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-28641-4_8.  Google Scholar

[3]

M. Bellare, R. Canetti and H. Krawczyk, Keying hash functions for message authentication,, in Advances in Cryptology-CRYPTO '96, 1109 (1996), 1.  doi: 10.1007/3-540-68697-5_1.  Google Scholar

[4]

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[5]

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[6]

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[7]

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[8]

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[9]

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[10]

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[12]

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[13]

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[14]

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[15]

C. Boyd, Hidden assumptions in cryptographic protocols,, IEE Proceedings of Computers and Digital Techniques, 137 (1990), 433.  doi: 10.1049/ip-e.1990.0054.  Google Scholar

[16]

C. Boyd and A. Mathuria, Protocols for authentication and key establishment,, Springer, (2003).  doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-09527-0.  Google Scholar

[17]

C. Brzuska, M. Fischlin, N. P. Smart, B. Warinschi and S. C. Williams, Less is more: Relaxed yet composable security notions for key exchange,, International Journal of Information Security, 12 (2013), 267.  doi: 10.1007/s10207-013-0192-y.  Google Scholar

[18]

C. Brzuska, M. Fischlin, B. Warinschi and S. C. Williams, Composability of Bellare-Rogaway key exchange protocols,, in Proceedings of the $18^{th}$ ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2011), (2011), 51.  doi: 10.1145/2046707.2046716.  Google Scholar

[19]

J. Camenisch, A. Lysyanskaya and G. Neven, Practical yet universally composable two-server password-authenticated secret sharing,, in Proceedings of the $19^{th}$ ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2012), (2012), 525.  doi: 10.1145/2382196.2382252.  Google Scholar

[20]

R. Canetti, Universally composable security: A new paradigm for cryptographic protocols (extended abstract),, in Proceedings of the $42^{nd}$ Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS '01), (2001), 136.   Google Scholar

[21]

R. Canetti, Universally composable security: A new paradigm for cryptographic protocols,, Cryptology ePrint Archive, (2000).  doi: 10.1109/SFCS.2001.959888.  Google Scholar

[22]

R. Canetti, S. Halevi and J. Katz, A forward-secure public-key encryption scheme,, in Advances in Cryptology-Eurocrypt 2003, 2656 (2003), 255.  doi: 10.1007/3-540-39200-9_16.  Google Scholar

[23]

R. Canetti, S. Halevi and J. Katz, A forward-secure public-key encryption scheme,, Journal of Cryptology, 20 (2007), 265.  doi: 10.1007/s00145-006-0442-5.  Google Scholar

[24]

R. Canetti, S. Halevi, J. Katz, Y. Lindell and P. MacKenzie, Universally composable password-based key exchange,, in Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2005, 3494 (2005), 404.  doi: 10.1007/11426639_24.  Google Scholar

[25]

R. Canetti and H. Krawczyk, Analysis of key-exchange protocols and their use for building secure channels,, in Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT '01, 2045 (2001), 453.  doi: 10.1007/3-540-44987-6_28.  Google Scholar

[26]

R. Canetti and H. Krawczyk, Universally composable notions of key exchange and secure channels (extended abstract),, in Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT '02, 2332 (2002), 337.  doi: 10.1007/3-540-46035-7_22.  Google Scholar

[27]

T. Cao, E. Bertino and H. Lei, Security analysis of the SASI protocol,, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 6 (2009), 73.  doi: 10.1109/TDSC.2008.32.  Google Scholar

[28]

H.-Y. Chien, SASI: A new ultralightweight RFID authentication protocol providing strong authentication and strong integrity,, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 4 (2007), 337.  doi: 10.1109/TDSC.2007.70226.  Google Scholar

[29]

K.-K. R. Choo, Secure key establishment,, Springer, (2009).  doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-87969-7.  Google Scholar

[30]

K.-K. R. Choo, C. Boyd and Y. Hitchcock, Examining indistinguishability-based proof models for key establishment protocols,, in Advances in Cryptology-ASIACRYPT '05, 3788 (2005), 585.  doi: 10.1007/11593447_32.  Google Scholar

[31]

K.-K. R. Choo, C. Boyd, Y. Hitchcock and G. Maitland, On session identifiers in provably secure protocols: The Bellare-Rogaway three-party key distribution protocol revisited,, in Security in Communication Networks (SCN 2004), 3352 (2005), 351.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-30598-9_25.  Google Scholar

[32]

J. Clark and J. Jacob, On the security of recent protocols,, Information Processing Letters (IPL), 56 (1995), 151.  doi: 10.1016/0020-0190(95)00136-Z.  Google Scholar

[33]

J. Clark and J. Jacob, A survey of authentication protocol literature: Version 1.0, 1997,, Available from , ().   Google Scholar

[34]

S. Contini and Y. L. Yin, Fast software-based attacks on SecurID,, in Fast Software Encryption (FSE 2004), 3017 (2004), 454.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-25937-4_29.  Google Scholar

[35]

C. Cremers, Examining indistinguishability-based security models for key exchange protocols: The case of CK, CK-HMQV, and eCK,, in Proceedings of the $6^{th}$ ACM Symposium on Information, (2011), 80.  doi: 10.1145/1966913.1966925.  Google Scholar

[36]

C. J. Cremers, Session-state reveal is stronger than ephemeral key reveal: Attacking the NAXOS authenticated key exchange protocol,, in Proceedings of the $7^{th}$ International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security (ACNS '09), 5536 (2009), 20.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-01957-9_2.  Google Scholar

[37]

D. E. Denning and G. M. Sacco, Timestamps in key distribution protocols,, Communications of the ACM, 24 (1981), 533.  doi: 10.1145/358722.358740.  Google Scholar

[38]

W. Diffie and M. E. Hellman, New directions in cryptography,, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IT-22 (1976), 644.  doi: 10.1109/TIT.1976.1055638.  Google Scholar

[39]

W. Diffie, P. C. Oorschot and M. J. Wiener, Authentication and authenticated key exchanges,, Designs, 2 (1992), 107.  doi: 10.1007/BF00124891.  Google Scholar

[40]

M. S. Dousti and R. Jalili, Efficient Statistical Zero-Knowledge Authentication Protocols for Smart Cards Secure Against Active & Concurrent Attacks,, Cryptology ePrint Archive, (2013).   Google Scholar

[41]

M. S. Dousti and R. Jalili, An efficient statistical zero-knowledge authentication protocol for smart cards,, International Journal of Computer Mathematics, ().  doi: 10.1080/00207160.2015.1011629.  Google Scholar

[42]

U. Feige, A. Fiat and A. Shamir, Zero-knowledge proofs of identity (extended abstract),, in Proceedings of the $19^{th}$ Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC '87), (1987), 210.  doi: 10.1007/BF02351717.  Google Scholar

[43]

U. Feige, A. Fiat and A. Shamir, Zero-knowledge proofs of identity,, Journal of Cryptology, 1 (1988), 77.  doi: 10.1007/BF02351717.  Google Scholar

[44]

O. Goldreich, S. Goldwasser and S. Micali, How to construct random functions,, Journal of the ACM (JACM), 33 (1986), 792.  doi: 10.1145/6490.6503.  Google Scholar

[45]

C. G. Günther, An identity-based key-exchange protocol,, in Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT '89, (1989), 29.  doi: 10.1007/3-540-46885-4_5.  Google Scholar

[46]

D. Hofheinz, J. Müller-Quade and R. Steinwandt, Initiator-resilient universally composable key exchange,, in Proceedings of the $8^{th}$ European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS 2003), 2908 (2003), 61.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-39650-5_4.  Google Scholar

[47]

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