Figure 1.
$4$ -ary partial erasure channel (QPEC) with $M=2$ . Here, the binary representation of each $4$ -ary symbol is shown.
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On the spectrum for the genera of maximal curves over small fields
February
2018, 12(1): 151-168.
doi: 10.3934/amc.2018010
Channel decomposition for multilevel codes over multilevel and partial erasure channels
| 1. | Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0130, USA |
| 2. | Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA |
We introduce the Multilevel Erasure Channel (MEC) for binary extension field alphabets. The channel model is motivated by applications such as non-volatile multilevel read storage channels. Like the recently proposed $q$-ary partial erasure channel (QPEC), the MEC is designed to capture partial erasures. The partial erasures addressed by the MEC are determined by erasures at the bit level of the $q$-ary symbol representation. In this paper we derive the channel capacity of the MECand give a multistage decoding scheme on the MEC using binary codes. We also present a low complexity multistage $p$-ary decoding strategy for codes on the QPEC when $q = p^k$.We show that for appropriately chosen component codes, capacity on the MEC and QPEC may be achieved.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
Primary: 94A40, 94B35; Secondary: 94A15.
Citation:
Carolyn Mayer, Kathryn Haymaker, Christine A. Kelley. Channel decomposition for multilevel codes over multilevel and partial erasure channels. Advances in Mathematics of Communications,
2018, 12
(1)
: 151-168.
doi: 10.3934/amc.2018010
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References:
| [1] |
K. A. S. Abdel-Ghaffar and M. Hassner, Multilevel error-control codes for data storage channels, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 37 (1991), 735-741. Google Scholar |
| [2] |
S. Borade, B. Nakiboğlu and L. Zheng,
Unequal error protection: an information-theoretic perspective, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 55 (2009), 5511-5539.
|
| [3] |
Y. Cai, E. F. Haratsch, O. Mutlu and K. Mai, Error patterns in MLC NAND flash memory: Measurement, characterization and analysis in Des. Autom. Test Europ. Conf. Exhib. (DATE), 2012. Google Scholar |
| [4] |
A. R. Calderbank and N. Seshadri, Multilevel codes for unequal error protection, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 39 (1993), 1234-1248. Google Scholar |
| [5] |
R. Cohen and Y. Cassuto,
Iterative decoding of LDPC codes over the $q$-ary partial erasure channel, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 62 (2016), 2658-2672.
|
| [6] |
D. Declercq and M. Fossorier, Decoding algorithms for nonbinary LDPC codes over $\text{GF}(q)$, IEEE Trans. Commun., 55 (2007), 633-643. Google Scholar |
| [7] |
R. Gabrys, E. Yaakobi and L. Dolecek,
Graded bit-error-correcting codes with applications to flash memory, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 59 (2013), 2315-2327.
|
| [8] |
R. Gabrys, E. Yaakobi, L. Grupp, S. Swanson and L. Dolecek, Tackling intracell variability in TLC flash through tensor product codes in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory, Cambridge, 2012. Google Scholar |
| [9] |
R. G. Gallager, Low Density Parity Check Codes, MIT Press, 1963. Google Scholar |
| [10] |
K. Haymaker and C. A. Kelley, Structured bit-interleaved LDPC codes for MLC flash memory, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 32 (2014), 870-879. Google Scholar |
| [11] |
J. Huber, U. Wachsmann and R. Fischer,
Coded modulation by multilevel-codes: Overview and state of the art
in ITG-Fachberichte Conf. Rec., Aachen, 1998. |
| [12] |
H. Imai and S. Hirakawa, A new multilevel coding method using error-correcting codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 23 (1977), 371-377. Google Scholar |
| [13] |
M. Moser and P. Chen,
A Student's Guide to Coding and Information Theory,
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2012. |
| [14] |
T. Richardson, A. Shokrollahi and R. Urbanke,
Design of capacity-approaching irregular low-density parity-check codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 47 (2001), 619-637.
|
| [15] |
T. J. Richardson and R. L. Urbanke,
The capacity of low-density parity-check codes under message passing decoding, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 47 (2001), 599-618.
|
| [16] |
R. M. Tanner,
A recursive approach to low complexity codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 27 (1981), 533-547.
|
| [17] |
T. Tao and V. H. Vu,
Additive Combinatorics,
Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006. |
| [18] |
U. Wachsmann, R. F. H. Fischer and J. B. Huber,
Multilevel codes: Theoretical concepts and practical design rules, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 45 (1999), 1361-1391.
|
| [19] |
Z. Zhang, W. Xiao, N. Park and D. J. Lilja, Memory module-level testing and error behaviors for phase change memory in IEEE 30th Int. Conf. Comp. Des. (ICCD), 2012. Google Scholar |
show all references
References:
| [1] |
K. A. S. Abdel-Ghaffar and M. Hassner, Multilevel error-control codes for data storage channels, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 37 (1991), 735-741. Google Scholar |
| [2] |
S. Borade, B. Nakiboğlu and L. Zheng,
Unequal error protection: an information-theoretic perspective, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 55 (2009), 5511-5539.
|
| [3] |
Y. Cai, E. F. Haratsch, O. Mutlu and K. Mai, Error patterns in MLC NAND flash memory: Measurement, characterization and analysis in Des. Autom. Test Europ. Conf. Exhib. (DATE), 2012. Google Scholar |
| [4] |
A. R. Calderbank and N. Seshadri, Multilevel codes for unequal error protection, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 39 (1993), 1234-1248. Google Scholar |
| [5] |
R. Cohen and Y. Cassuto,
Iterative decoding of LDPC codes over the $q$-ary partial erasure channel, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 62 (2016), 2658-2672.
|
| [6] |
D. Declercq and M. Fossorier, Decoding algorithms for nonbinary LDPC codes over $\text{GF}(q)$, IEEE Trans. Commun., 55 (2007), 633-643. Google Scholar |
| [7] |
R. Gabrys, E. Yaakobi and L. Dolecek,
Graded bit-error-correcting codes with applications to flash memory, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 59 (2013), 2315-2327.
|
| [8] |
R. Gabrys, E. Yaakobi, L. Grupp, S. Swanson and L. Dolecek, Tackling intracell variability in TLC flash through tensor product codes in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory, Cambridge, 2012. Google Scholar |
| [9] |
R. G. Gallager, Low Density Parity Check Codes, MIT Press, 1963. Google Scholar |
| [10] |
K. Haymaker and C. A. Kelley, Structured bit-interleaved LDPC codes for MLC flash memory, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., 32 (2014), 870-879. Google Scholar |
| [11] |
J. Huber, U. Wachsmann and R. Fischer,
Coded modulation by multilevel-codes: Overview and state of the art
in ITG-Fachberichte Conf. Rec., Aachen, 1998. |
| [12] |
H. Imai and S. Hirakawa, A new multilevel coding method using error-correcting codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 23 (1977), 371-377. Google Scholar |
| [13] |
M. Moser and P. Chen,
A Student's Guide to Coding and Information Theory,
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2012. |
| [14] |
T. Richardson, A. Shokrollahi and R. Urbanke,
Design of capacity-approaching irregular low-density parity-check codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 47 (2001), 619-637.
|
| [15] |
T. J. Richardson and R. L. Urbanke,
The capacity of low-density parity-check codes under message passing decoding, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 47 (2001), 599-618.
|
| [16] |
R. M. Tanner,
A recursive approach to low complexity codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 27 (1981), 533-547.
|
| [17] |
T. Tao and V. H. Vu,
Additive Combinatorics,
Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006. |
| [18] |
U. Wachsmann, R. F. H. Fischer and J. B. Huber,
Multilevel codes: Theoretical concepts and practical design rules, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 45 (1999), 1361-1391.
|
| [19] |
Z. Zhang, W. Xiao, N. Park and D. J. Lilja, Memory module-level testing and error behaviors for phase change memory in IEEE 30th Int. Conf. Comp. Des. (ICCD), 2012. Google Scholar |
Figure 2.
$4$ -ary multilevel erasure channel with erasure probability $\varepsilon$ and bit error probability $\gamma$ .
Figure 4.
Subchannel for $X_1$ on $4$ -ary multilevel erasure channel with parameters $\varepsilon,\gamma$ .
Figure 5.
Subchannel for $X_2$ on $4$ -ary multilevel erasure channel with parameters $\varepsilon,\gamma$ .
Figure 6.
Subchannel for $X_1$ on 4-ary partial erasure channel (QPEC) with erasure probability $\varepsilon$ .
Figure 7.
Subchannel for $X_2$ on 4-ary partial erasure channel (QPEC) with erasure probability $\varepsilon$ .
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