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August  2020, 14(3): 437-453. doi: 10.3934/amc.2020047

A construction of $ \mathbb{F}_2 $-linear cyclic, MDS codes

Sara D. Cardell 1, , Joan-Josep Climent 2, , Daniel Panario 3, and  Brett Stevens 3,

1. 

Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
2. 

Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat d'Alacant, Alacant, Spain
3. 

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

Received  November 2018 Revised  June 2019 Published  August 2020 Early access  November 2019

Fund Project: The first author was supported by CAPES (Brazil). The work of the second author was partially supported by Spanish grants AICO/2017/128 of the Generalitat Valenciana and VIGROB-287 of the Universitat d'Alacant. The third and fourth authors were supported by NSERC (Canada). The first, third and fourth authors acknowledge support from FAPESP SPRINT grant 2016/50476-0

In this paper we construct $ \mathbb{F}_2 $-linear codes over $ \mathbb{F}_{2}^{b} $ with length $ n $ and dimension $ n-r $ where $ n = rb $. These codes have good properties, namely cyclicity, low density parity-check matrices and maximum distance separation in some cases. For the construction, we consider an odd prime $ p $, let $ n = p-1 $ and utilize a partition of $ \mathbb{Z}_n $. Then we apply a Zech logarithm to the elements of these sets and use the results to construct an index array which represents the parity-check matrix of the code. These codes are always cyclic and the density of the parity-check and the generator matrices decreases to $ 0 $ as $ n $ grows (for a fixed $ r $). When $ r = 2 $ we prove that these codes are always maximum distance separable. For higher $ r $ some of them retain this property.

Keywords: $ \mathbb{F}_2 $-linear code, cyclicity, MDS codes, low density parity-check matrix, index array.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 94B05, 94B15; Secondary: 94B60.
Citation: Sara D. Cardell, Joan-Josep Climent, Daniel Panario, Brett Stevens. A construction of $ \mathbb{F}_2 $-linear cyclic, MDS codes. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2020, 14 (3) : 437-453. doi: 10.3934/amc.2020047
References:
[1]

M. Barbier, C. Chabot and G. Quintin, On quasi-cyclic codes as a generalization of cyclic codes, Finite Fields and Their Applications, 18 (2012), 904-919.  doi: 10.1016/j.ffa.2012.06.003.  Google Scholar

[2]

R. Barbulescu, C. Bouvier, J. Detrey, P. Gaudry, H. Jeljeli, E. Thomé, M. Videau and P. Zimmermann, Discrete logarithm in $GF(2^{809})$ with FFS, PKC 2014: Public-Key Cryptography-PKC 2014, (2014), 221–238, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54631-0_13. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-54631-0.  Google Scholar

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M. Blaum and J. Bruck, Decoding the Golay code with Venn diagrams, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 36 (1990), 906-910.  doi: 10.1109/18.53756.  Google Scholar

[5]

M. Blaum, J. Bruck and A. Vardy, MDS array codes with independent parity symbols, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 42 (1995), 529-542.  doi: 10.1109/ISIT.1995.535761.  Google Scholar

[6]

M. Blaum, P. G. Farrell and H. C. A. van Tilborg, Array codes, in Handbook of Coding Theory, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1/2 (1998), 1855–1909.  Google Scholar

[7]

M. Blaum and R. M. Roth, New array codes for multiple phased burst correction, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 39 (1993), 66-77.  doi: 10.1109/18.179343.  Google Scholar

[8]

M. Blaum and R. M. Roth, On lowest density MDS codes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 45 (1999), 46-59.  doi: 10.1109/18.746771.  Google Scholar

[9]

S. D. Cardell, Constructions of MDS Codes over Extension Alphabets, PhD thesis, Departamento de Ciencia de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España, 2012. Google Scholar

[10]

S. D. Cardell, J.-J. Climent and V. Requena, A construction of MDS array codes, WIT Transactions on Information and Communication Technologies, 45 (2013), 47-58.  doi: 10.2495/DATA130051.  Google Scholar

[11]

S. D. Cardell and A. Fúster-Sabater, Recovering decimation-based cryptographic sequences by means of linear CAs, (2018), https://arXiv.org/abs/1802.02206. Google Scholar

[12] G. A. Gibson, Redundant Disk Arrays: Reliable, Parallel Secondary Storage, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.   Google Scholar
[13]

K. Huber, Some comments on Zech's logarithms, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 36 (1990), 946-950.  doi: 10.1109/18.53764.  Google Scholar

[14]

A. Kotzig, Hamilton graphs and Hamilton circuits, Theory of Graphs and its Applications, Publ. House Czechoslovak Acad. Sci., Prague, (1964), 63–82.  Google Scholar

[15]

E. Louidor and R. M. Roth, Lowest density MDS codes over extension alphabets, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52 (2006), 3186-3197.  doi: 10.1109/TIT.2006.876235.  Google Scholar

[16]

F. J. MacWilliams and N. J. A. Sloane, The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes. I, North-Holland Mathematical Library, Vol. 16. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, 1977.  Google Scholar

[17]

E. Mendelsohn and A. Rosa, One-factorizations of the complete graph-A survey, Journal of Graph Theory, 9 (1985), 43-65.  doi: 10.1002/jgt.3190090104.  Google Scholar

[18]

M. Sudan, Algorithmic Introduction to Coding Theory, 2002, https://people.csail.mit.edu/madhu/FT02/scribe/lect16.ps. Google Scholar

[19]

L. H. Xu and J. Bruck, X-code: MDS array codes with optimal encoding, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 45 (1999), 272-276.  doi: 10.1109/18.746809.  Google Scholar

[20]

G. V. Zaitzev, V. A. Zinov'ev and N. V. Semakov, Minimum-check-density codes for correcting bytes of errors, erasures, or defects, Problems of Information Transmission, 19 (1983), 197-204.   Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

M. Barbier, C. Chabot and G. Quintin, On quasi-cyclic codes as a generalization of cyclic codes, Finite Fields and Their Applications, 18 (2012), 904-919.  doi: 10.1016/j.ffa.2012.06.003.  Google Scholar

[2]

R. Barbulescu, C. Bouvier, J. Detrey, P. Gaudry, H. Jeljeli, E. Thomé, M. Videau and P. Zimmermann, Discrete logarithm in $GF(2^{809})$ with FFS, PKC 2014: Public-Key Cryptography-PKC 2014, (2014), 221–238, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54631-0_13. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-54631-0.  Google Scholar

[3]

M. Blaum, J. Brady, J. Bruck and J. Menon, EVENODD: An efficient scheme for tolerating double disk failures in RAID architectures, IEEE Transactions on Computers, 44 (1995), 192-202.  doi: 10.1109/12.364531.  Google Scholar

[4]

M. Blaum and J. Bruck, Decoding the Golay code with Venn diagrams, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 36 (1990), 906-910.  doi: 10.1109/18.53756.  Google Scholar

[5]

M. Blaum, J. Bruck and A. Vardy, MDS array codes with independent parity symbols, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 42 (1995), 529-542.  doi: 10.1109/ISIT.1995.535761.  Google Scholar

[6]

M. Blaum, P. G. Farrell and H. C. A. van Tilborg, Array codes, in Handbook of Coding Theory, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1/2 (1998), 1855–1909.  Google Scholar

[7]

M. Blaum and R. M. Roth, New array codes for multiple phased burst correction, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 39 (1993), 66-77.  doi: 10.1109/18.179343.  Google Scholar

[8]

M. Blaum and R. M. Roth, On lowest density MDS codes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 45 (1999), 46-59.  doi: 10.1109/18.746771.  Google Scholar

[9]

S. D. Cardell, Constructions of MDS Codes over Extension Alphabets, PhD thesis, Departamento de Ciencia de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España, 2012. Google Scholar

[10]

S. D. Cardell, J.-J. Climent and V. Requena, A construction of MDS array codes, WIT Transactions on Information and Communication Technologies, 45 (2013), 47-58.  doi: 10.2495/DATA130051.  Google Scholar

[11]

S. D. Cardell and A. Fúster-Sabater, Recovering decimation-based cryptographic sequences by means of linear CAs, (2018), https://arXiv.org/abs/1802.02206. Google Scholar

[12] G. A. Gibson, Redundant Disk Arrays: Reliable, Parallel Secondary Storage, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.   Google Scholar
[13]

K. Huber, Some comments on Zech's logarithms, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 36 (1990), 946-950.  doi: 10.1109/18.53764.  Google Scholar

[14]

A. Kotzig, Hamilton graphs and Hamilton circuits, Theory of Graphs and its Applications, Publ. House Czechoslovak Acad. Sci., Prague, (1964), 63–82.  Google Scholar

[15]

E. Louidor and R. M. Roth, Lowest density MDS codes over extension alphabets, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52 (2006), 3186-3197.  doi: 10.1109/TIT.2006.876235.  Google Scholar

[16]

F. J. MacWilliams and N. J. A. Sloane, The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes. I, North-Holland Mathematical Library, Vol. 16. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-New York-Oxford, 1977.  Google Scholar

[17]

E. Mendelsohn and A. Rosa, One-factorizations of the complete graph-A survey, Journal of Graph Theory, 9 (1985), 43-65.  doi: 10.1002/jgt.3190090104.  Google Scholar

[18]

M. Sudan, Algorithmic Introduction to Coding Theory, 2002, https://people.csail.mit.edu/madhu/FT02/scribe/lect16.ps. Google Scholar

[19]

L. H. Xu and J. Bruck, X-code: MDS array codes with optimal encoding, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 45 (1999), 272-276.  doi: 10.1109/18.746809.  Google Scholar

[20]

G. V. Zaitzev, V. A. Zinov'ev and N. V. Semakov, Minimum-check-density codes for correcting bytes of errors, erasures, or defects, Problems of Information Transmission, 19 (1983), 197-204.   Google Scholar

Table 1.  Index array constructed in Section 3
$0 $ $1 $ $2 $ $\cdots$ $p-3 $ $p-2 $
$D_0 $ $ D_0+1 $ $ D_0+2 $ $\cdots$ $ D_0+p-3 $ $D_0+p-2 $
$ D_1 $ $ D_1+1 $ $ D_1+2 $ $\cdots$ $ D_1+p-3 $ $D_1+p-2$
$\vdots$ $\vdots$ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{u-1} $ $D_{u-1}+1$ $D_{u-1}+2 $ $\cdots$ $ D_{u-1}+p-3 $ $D_{u-1}+p-2 $
$D_{u+1}$ $ D_{u+1}+1 $ $D_{u+1}+2$ $\cdots$ $ D_{u+1}+p-3 $ $D_{u+1}+p-2 $
$\vdots$ $\vdots$ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{b-1} $ $ D_{b-1}+1 $ $D_{b-1}+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{b-1}+p-3 $ $D_{b-1}+p-2 $
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$0 $ $1 $ $2 $ $\cdots$ $p-3 $ $p-2 $
$D_0 $ $ D_0+1 $ $ D_0+2 $ $\cdots$ $ D_0+p-3 $ $D_0+p-2 $
$ D_1 $ $ D_1+1 $ $ D_1+2 $ $\cdots$ $ D_1+p-3 $ $D_1+p-2$
$\vdots$ $\vdots$ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{u-1} $ $D_{u-1}+1$ $D_{u-1}+2 $ $\cdots$ $ D_{u-1}+p-3 $ $D_{u-1}+p-2 $
$D_{u+1}$ $ D_{u+1}+1 $ $D_{u+1}+2$ $\cdots$ $ D_{u+1}+p-3 $ $D_{u+1}+p-2 $
$\vdots$ $\vdots$ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{b-1} $ $ D_{b-1}+1 $ $D_{b-1}+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{b-1}+p-3 $ $D_{b-1}+p-2 $
Table 2.  Index array representing the parity-check matrix when $ r = 2 $
$0 $ $1 $ $2 $ $\cdots $ $p-3 $ $p-2 $
$ D_1 $ $ D_1+1 $ $ D_1+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_1+p-3 $ $D_1+p-2$
$ D_2 $ $ D_2+1 $ $ D_2+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_2+p-3 $ $D_2+p-2 $
$ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{b-1} $ $ D_{b-1}+1 $ $D_{b-1}+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{b-1}+p-3 $ $D_{b-1}+p-2 $
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$0 $ $1 $ $2 $ $\cdots $ $p-3 $ $p-2 $
$ D_1 $ $ D_1+1 $ $ D_1+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_1+p-3 $ $D_1+p-2$
$ D_2 $ $ D_2+1 $ $ D_2+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_2+p-3 $ $D_2+p-2 $
$ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{b-1} $ $ D_{b-1}+1 $ $D_{b-1}+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{b-1}+p-3 $ $D_{b-1}+p-2 $
Table 3.  Index array representing the generator matrix computed from the index array in Table 2
$B $ $ B+(b-1) $ $ B+2(b-1) $ $ B+3(b-1) $ $ B+4(b-1) $ $ \cdots $ $ B+(n-1)(b-1) $
$ 0 $ $ b-1 $ $ 2(b-1) $ $ 3(b-1) $ $ 4(b-1) $ $ \cdots $ $(n-1)(b-1) $
$ 1 $ $ b $ $ 2(b-1)+1 $ $ 3(b-1)+1 $ $ 4(b-1)+1 $ $ \cdots $ $(n-1)(b-1)+1 $
$ 2 $ $ b+1 $ $ 2(b-1)+2 $ $ 3(b-1)+2 $ $ 4(b-1)+2 $ $ \cdots $ $(n-1)(b-1)+2 $
$ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \cdots $ $ \vdots $ $ $ $\vdots $
$ b-2 $ $ 2b-3 $ $ 3(b-1)-1 $ $ 4(b-1)-1 $ $ 5(b-1)-1 $ $ \ldots $ $n(b-1)-1 $
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$B $ $ B+(b-1) $ $ B+2(b-1) $ $ B+3(b-1) $ $ B+4(b-1) $ $ \cdots $ $ B+(n-1)(b-1) $
$ 0 $ $ b-1 $ $ 2(b-1) $ $ 3(b-1) $ $ 4(b-1) $ $ \cdots $ $(n-1)(b-1) $
$ 1 $ $ b $ $ 2(b-1)+1 $ $ 3(b-1)+1 $ $ 4(b-1)+1 $ $ \cdots $ $(n-1)(b-1)+1 $
$ 2 $ $ b+1 $ $ 2(b-1)+2 $ $ 3(b-1)+2 $ $ 4(b-1)+2 $ $ \cdots $ $(n-1)(b-1)+2 $
$ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \cdots $ $ \vdots $ $ $ $\vdots $
$ b-2 $ $ 2b-3 $ $ 3(b-1)-1 $ $ 4(b-1)-1 $ $ 5(b-1)-1 $ $ \ldots $ $n(b-1)-1 $
Table 4.  Index array obtained by subtracting $ 1 $ modulo $ n $ to every set in the array given in Table 1
$p-2 $ $0 $ $1 $ $2 $ $\cdots $ $p-3 $
$ D_0+p-2 $ $D_0 $ $D_0+1 $ $ D_0+2 % $ $ \cdots $ $ D_0+p-3 $
$ D_1+p-2 $ $D_1 $ $D_1 +1 $ $ D_1+2 % $ $ \cdots $ $ D_1+p-3$
$ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{u-1}+p-2 $ $D_{u-1} $ $D_{u-1}+1 $ $ D_{u-1}+2 % $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{u-1}+p-3 $
$ D_{u+1}+p-2 $ $D_{u+1} $ $D_{u+1} +1 $ $ D_{u+1}+2 % $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{u+1}+p-3 $
$ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{b-1}+p-2 $ $D_{b-1} $ $D_{b-1} +1 $ $ D_{b-1}+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{b-1}+p-3 $
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$p-2 $ $0 $ $1 $ $2 $ $\cdots $ $p-3 $
$ D_0+p-2 $ $D_0 $ $D_0+1 $ $ D_0+2 % $ $ \cdots $ $ D_0+p-3 $
$ D_1+p-2 $ $D_1 $ $D_1 +1 $ $ D_1+2 % $ $ \cdots $ $ D_1+p-3$
$ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{u-1}+p-2 $ $D_{u-1} $ $D_{u-1}+1 $ $ D_{u-1}+2 % $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{u-1}+p-3 $
$ D_{u+1}+p-2 $ $D_{u+1} $ $D_{u+1} +1 $ $ D_{u+1}+2 % $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{u+1}+p-3 $
$ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ \vdots $ $ $ $ \vdots $
$ D_{b-1}+p-2 $ $D_{b-1} $ $D_{b-1} +1 $ $ D_{b-1}+2 $ $ \cdots $ $ D_{b-1}+p-3 $
Table 5.  MDS property of $ C(p, r, \alpha) $ for different values of $ p $ and $ r $
$p $
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43
$ r $ 2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
3 × √ √ √ √ √
4 × × √ √ ×
5 × × ×
6 × × × × ×
7 × ×
8 × ×
9 × ×
10 × ×
11 ×
12 ×
13
14 × ×
15 ×
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$p $
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43
$ r $ 2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
3 × √ √ √ √ √
4 × × √ √ ×
5 × × ×
6 × × × × ×
7 × ×
8 × ×
9 × ×
10 × ×
11 ×
12 ×
13
14 × ×
15 ×
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