-
Previous Article
Expressing the minimum distance, weight distribution and covering radius of codes by means of the algebraic and numerical normal forms of their indicators
- AMC Home
- This Issue
-
Next Article
Binary self-dual codes of various lengths with new weight enumerators from a modified bordered construction and neighbours
Online First articles are published articles within a journal that have not yet been assigned to a formal issue. This means they do not yet have a volume number, issue number, or page numbers assigned to them, however, they can still be found and cited using their DOI (Digital Object Identifier). Online First publication benefits the research community by making new scientific discoveries known as quickly as possible.
Readers can access Online First articles via the “Online First” tab for the selected journal.
A coercion-resistant blockchain-based E-voting protocol with receipts
Department of Mathematics, University Of Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy |
- Abstract
- Full Text(HTML)
- Related Papers
Under a Creative Commons license
We propose a decentralized e-voting protocol that is coercion-resistant and vote-selling resistant, while being also completely transparent and not receipt-free. We achieve decentralization using blockchain technology. Because of the properties such as transparency, decentralization, and non-repudiation, blockchain is a fundamental technology of great interest in its own right, and it also has large potential when integrated into many other areas. We prove the security of the protocol under the standard DDH assumption on the underlying prime-order cyclic group (e.g. the group of points of an elliptic curve), as well as under standard assumptions on blockchain robustness.
References:
| [1] |
B. Adida,
Helios: Web-based open-audit voting, USENIX Security Symposium, 17 (2008), 335-348.
|
| [2] |
R. Alyoshkin, Polys Whitepaper, Available from: https://docs.polys.me/en/collections/699457-technology-whitepaper. |
| [3] |
E. Androulaki, A. Barger, V. Bortnikov, C. Cachin, K. Christidis, A. De Caro, D. Enyeart, C. Ferris, G. Laventman, Y. Manevich et al., Hyperledger fabric: A distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains, in Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, ACM, (2018), 1–15.
doi: 10.1145/3190508.3190538. |
| [4] |
L. Babai and S. Moran,
Arthur-merlin games: A randomized proof system, and a hierarchy of complexity class, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 36 (1988), 254-276.
doi: 10.1016/0022-0000(88)90028-1. |
| [5] |
M. Blum, P. Feldman and S. Micali, Non-interactive zero-knowledge and its applications, in Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC, ACM, (1988), 103–112.
doi: 10.1145/62212.62222. |
| [6] |
J.-M. Bohli, J. Müller-Quade and S. Röhrich, Bingo voting: Secure and coercion-free voting using a trusted random number generator, in Proceedings of International Conference on E-Voting and Identity, Springer, 2007,111–124.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77493-8_10. |
| [7] |
G. Brassard, D. Chaum and C. Crépeau,
Minimum disclosure proofs of knowledge, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 37 (1988), 156-189.
doi: 10.1016/0022-0000(88)90005-0. |
| [8] |
A. Cardillo, N. Akinyokun and A. Essex, Online voting in ontario municipal elections: A conflict of legal principles and technology?, in Electronic Voting (eds. R. Krimmer, M. Volkamer, V. Cortier, B. Beckert, R. Küsters, U. Serdült and D. Duenas-Cid), Springer International Publishing, Cham, (2019), 67–82.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30625-0_5. |
| [9] |
M. R. Clarkson, S. Chong and A. C. Myers, Civitas: Toward a secure voting system, in Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP, IEEE Computer Society, (2008), 354–368
doi: 10.1109/SP.2008.32. |
| [10] |
D. Costa, F. Fiori, P. Milan, M. Sala, A. Vitale and M. Vitale, Quadrans Whitepaper, 2019. Available from: https://quadrans.io/content/files/quadrans-white-paper-rev01.pdf. |
| [11] |
L. Fouard, M. Duclos and P. Lafourcade, Survey on Electronic Voting Schemes, 2007. |
| [12] |
F. Fusco, M. I. Lunesu, F. Pani and A. Pinna, Crypto-voting, a blockchain based e-voting system, in 10th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Sharing, (2018), 223–227.
doi: 10.5220/0006962102230227. |
| [13] |
N. Gailly, P. Jovanovic, B. Ford, J. Lukasiewicz and L. Gammar, Agora: Bringing our Voting Systems into the 21st Century, 2018. |
| [14] |
D. Goswami, United States Postal Service Secure Voting System, US Patent Application Publication, 2020 |
| [15] |
G. Grewal, M. Ryan, S. Bursuc and P. Ryan, Caveat Coercitor: Coercion-Evidence in Electronic Voting, in Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE, (2013), 367–381.
doi: 10.1109/SP.2013.32. |
| [16] |
S. B. Khairnar, P. S. Naidu and R. Kharat, Secure authentication for online voting system, in 2016 International Conference on Computing Communication Control and automation (ICCUBEA), (2016), 1–4. |
| [17] |
K. Koštál, R. Bencel, M. Ries and I. Kotuliak, Blockchain e-voting done right: Privacy and transparency with public blockchain, in 2019 IEEE 10th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), IEEE, (2019), 592–595. |
| [18] |
H. Li, A. Kankanala and X. Zou, A taxonomy and comparison of remote voting schemes, in Proceedings - International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, ICCCN, IEEE, (2014), 1–8.
doi: 10.1109/ICCCN.2014.6911807. |
| [19] |
Y. Lindell, Tutorials on the Foundations of Cryptography, Chapter How to Simulate It – A Tutorial on the Simulation Proof Technique, Springer, 2017. |
| [20] |
R. Longo, Formal Proofs of Security for Privacy-Preserving Blockchains and other Cryptographic Protocols, PhD thesis, University Of Trento, Department of Mathematics, 2018. |
| [21] |
P. McCorry, S. Shahandashti and F. Hao, A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy, in 21st International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC17), Sliema, Malta, (2017), 357–375. |
| [22] |
A. Meneghetti, M. Sala and D. Taufer, A Survey on PoW-based Consensus, Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing (AETiC), 4, 11 pp.
doi: 10.33166/AETiC.2020.01.002. |
| [23] |
A. Rea, A. F. D. Kronovet and J. du Rose, Colony Technical Whitepaper, 2020. Available from: https://colony.io/whitepaper.pdf. |
| [24] |
C. Schnorr,
Efficient signature generation by smart cards, Journal of Cryptology, 4 (1991), 161-174.
|
| [25] |
V. Shoup and J. Alwen, $\Sigma$-Protocols Continued and Introduction to Zero Knowledge, 2007. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20170830043326/https://cs.nyu.edu/courses/spring07/G22.3220-001/lec3.pdf. |
| [26] |
C. Spadafora, A New Blockchain-Based Secure E-Voting Protocol, Master's thesis, University of Trento, Department of Mathematics, Academic Year 2018/2019. |
| [27] |
C. Spadafora, R. Longo and M. Sala, Coercion-Resistant Blockchain-Based E-Voting Protocol, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2020/674 version 20200605: 195929, 2020. Available from: https://eprint.iacr.org/eprint-bin/getfile.pl?entry=2020/674&version=20200605:195929&file=674.pdf. |
| [28] |
M. A. Specter, J. Koppel and D. Weitnzer, The ballot is busted before the blockchain: A security analysis of voatz, the first internet voting application used in us federal elections, Preprint, Available at: https://internetpolicy.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SecurityAnalysisOfVoatz_Public.pdf. |
| [29] |
F. D. Team, Introducing a Secure and Transparent Online Voting Solution for Modern Age: Follow My Vote, Available from: https://followmyvote.com/. |
| [30] |
V. D. Team, Vocdoni Documentation, Available from: https://docs.vocdoni.io/. |
| [31] |
K.-H. Wang, S. K. Mondal, K. Chan and X. Xie,
A review of contemporary e-voting: Requirements, technology, systems and usability, Data Science and Pattern Recognition, 1 (2017), 31-47.
|
| [32] |
S. Xiao, X. A. Wang, W. Wang and H. Wang, Survey on blockchain-based electronic voting, in Advances in Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (eds. L. Barolli, H. Nishino and H. Miwa), Springer, (2020), 559–567.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29035-1_54. |
show all references
References:
| [1] |
B. Adida,
Helios: Web-based open-audit voting, USENIX Security Symposium, 17 (2008), 335-348.
|
| [2] |
R. Alyoshkin, Polys Whitepaper, Available from: https://docs.polys.me/en/collections/699457-technology-whitepaper. |
| [3] |
E. Androulaki, A. Barger, V. Bortnikov, C. Cachin, K. Christidis, A. De Caro, D. Enyeart, C. Ferris, G. Laventman, Y. Manevich et al., Hyperledger fabric: A distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains, in Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, ACM, (2018), 1–15.
doi: 10.1145/3190508.3190538. |
| [4] |
L. Babai and S. Moran,
Arthur-merlin games: A randomized proof system, and a hierarchy of complexity class, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 36 (1988), 254-276.
doi: 10.1016/0022-0000(88)90028-1. |
| [5] |
M. Blum, P. Feldman and S. Micali, Non-interactive zero-knowledge and its applications, in Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC, ACM, (1988), 103–112.
doi: 10.1145/62212.62222. |
| [6] |
J.-M. Bohli, J. Müller-Quade and S. Röhrich, Bingo voting: Secure and coercion-free voting using a trusted random number generator, in Proceedings of International Conference on E-Voting and Identity, Springer, 2007,111–124.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77493-8_10. |
| [7] |
G. Brassard, D. Chaum and C. Crépeau,
Minimum disclosure proofs of knowledge, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 37 (1988), 156-189.
doi: 10.1016/0022-0000(88)90005-0. |
| [8] |
A. Cardillo, N. Akinyokun and A. Essex, Online voting in ontario municipal elections: A conflict of legal principles and technology?, in Electronic Voting (eds. R. Krimmer, M. Volkamer, V. Cortier, B. Beckert, R. Küsters, U. Serdült and D. Duenas-Cid), Springer International Publishing, Cham, (2019), 67–82.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30625-0_5. |
| [9] |
M. R. Clarkson, S. Chong and A. C. Myers, Civitas: Toward a secure voting system, in Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP, IEEE Computer Society, (2008), 354–368
doi: 10.1109/SP.2008.32. |
| [10] |
D. Costa, F. Fiori, P. Milan, M. Sala, A. Vitale and M. Vitale, Quadrans Whitepaper, 2019. Available from: https://quadrans.io/content/files/quadrans-white-paper-rev01.pdf. |
| [11] |
L. Fouard, M. Duclos and P. Lafourcade, Survey on Electronic Voting Schemes, 2007. |
| [12] |
F. Fusco, M. I. Lunesu, F. Pani and A. Pinna, Crypto-voting, a blockchain based e-voting system, in 10th International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Sharing, (2018), 223–227.
doi: 10.5220/0006962102230227. |
| [13] |
N. Gailly, P. Jovanovic, B. Ford, J. Lukasiewicz and L. Gammar, Agora: Bringing our Voting Systems into the 21st Century, 2018. |
| [14] |
D. Goswami, United States Postal Service Secure Voting System, US Patent Application Publication, 2020 |
| [15] |
G. Grewal, M. Ryan, S. Bursuc and P. Ryan, Caveat Coercitor: Coercion-Evidence in Electronic Voting, in Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE, (2013), 367–381.
doi: 10.1109/SP.2013.32. |
| [16] |
S. B. Khairnar, P. S. Naidu and R. Kharat, Secure authentication for online voting system, in 2016 International Conference on Computing Communication Control and automation (ICCUBEA), (2016), 1–4. |
| [17] |
K. Koštál, R. Bencel, M. Ries and I. Kotuliak, Blockchain e-voting done right: Privacy and transparency with public blockchain, in 2019 IEEE 10th International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), IEEE, (2019), 592–595. |
| [18] |
H. Li, A. Kankanala and X. Zou, A taxonomy and comparison of remote voting schemes, in Proceedings - International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, ICCCN, IEEE, (2014), 1–8.
doi: 10.1109/ICCCN.2014.6911807. |
| [19] |
Y. Lindell, Tutorials on the Foundations of Cryptography, Chapter How to Simulate It – A Tutorial on the Simulation Proof Technique, Springer, 2017. |
| [20] |
R. Longo, Formal Proofs of Security for Privacy-Preserving Blockchains and other Cryptographic Protocols, PhD thesis, University Of Trento, Department of Mathematics, 2018. |
| [21] |
P. McCorry, S. Shahandashti and F. Hao, A smart contract for boardroom voting with maximum voter privacy, in 21st International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC17), Sliema, Malta, (2017), 357–375. |
| [22] |
A. Meneghetti, M. Sala and D. Taufer, A Survey on PoW-based Consensus, Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing (AETiC), 4, 11 pp.
doi: 10.33166/AETiC.2020.01.002. |
| [23] |
A. Rea, A. F. D. Kronovet and J. du Rose, Colony Technical Whitepaper, 2020. Available from: https://colony.io/whitepaper.pdf. |
| [24] |
C. Schnorr,
Efficient signature generation by smart cards, Journal of Cryptology, 4 (1991), 161-174.
|
| [25] |
V. Shoup and J. Alwen, $\Sigma$-Protocols Continued and Introduction to Zero Knowledge, 2007. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20170830043326/https://cs.nyu.edu/courses/spring07/G22.3220-001/lec3.pdf. |
| [26] |
C. Spadafora, A New Blockchain-Based Secure E-Voting Protocol, Master's thesis, University of Trento, Department of Mathematics, Academic Year 2018/2019. |
| [27] |
C. Spadafora, R. Longo and M. Sala, Coercion-Resistant Blockchain-Based E-Voting Protocol, Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2020/674 version 20200605: 195929, 2020. Available from: https://eprint.iacr.org/eprint-bin/getfile.pl?entry=2020/674&version=20200605:195929&file=674.pdf. |
| [28] |
M. A. Specter, J. Koppel and D. Weitnzer, The ballot is busted before the blockchain: A security analysis of voatz, the first internet voting application used in us federal elections, Preprint, Available at: https://internetpolicy.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/SecurityAnalysisOfVoatz_Public.pdf. |
| [29] |
F. D. Team, Introducing a Secure and Transparent Online Voting Solution for Modern Age: Follow My Vote, Available from: https://followmyvote.com/. |
| [30] |
V. D. Team, Vocdoni Documentation, Available from: https://docs.vocdoni.io/. |
| [31] |
K.-H. Wang, S. K. Mondal, K. Chan and X. Xie,
A review of contemporary e-voting: Requirements, technology, systems and usability, Data Science and Pattern Recognition, 1 (2017), 31-47.
|
| [32] |
S. Xiao, X. A. Wang, W. Wang and H. Wang, Survey on blockchain-based electronic voting, in Advances in Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (eds. L. Barolli, H. Nishino and H. Miwa), Springer, (2020), 559–567.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-29035-1_54. |
| [1] |
Alar Leibak. On the number of factorizations of $ t $ mod $ N $ and the probability distribution of Diffie-Hellman secret keys for many users. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2021 doi: 10.3934/amc.2021029 |
| [2] |
Fei Gao. Data encryption algorithm for e-commerce platform based on blockchain technology. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2019, 12 (4&5) : 1457-1470. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2019100 |
| [3] |
Sergei Yu. Pilyugin, M. C. Campi. Opinion formation in voting processes under bounded confidence. Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2019, 14 (3) : 617-632. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2019024 |
| [4] |
Archana Prashanth Joshi, Meng Han, Yan Wang. A survey on security and privacy issues of blockchain technology. Mathematical Foundations of Computing, 2018, 1 (2) : 121-147. doi: 10.3934/mfc.2018007 |
| [5] |
Florian Luca, Igor E. Shparlinski. On finite fields for pairing based cryptography. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2007, 1 (3) : 281-286. doi: 10.3934/amc.2007.1.281 |
| [6] |
Felix Fontein. Groups from cyclic infrastructures and Pohlig-Hellman in certain infrastructures. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2008, 2 (3) : 293-307. doi: 10.3934/amc.2008.2.293 |
| [7] |
Donglin Wang, Honglan Xu, Qiang Wu. Averaging versus voting: A comparative study of strategies for distributed classification. Mathematical Foundations of Computing, 2020, 3 (3) : 185-193. doi: 10.3934/mfc.2020017 |
| [8] |
Barton E. Lee. Consensus and voting on large graphs: An application of graph limit theory. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2018, 38 (4) : 1719-1744. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018071 |
| [9] |
Timothy C. Reluga, Jan Medlock. Resistance mechanisms matter in SIR models. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2007, 4 (3) : 553-563. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2007.4.553 |
| [10] |
Diego F. Aranha, Ricardo Dahab, Julio López, Leonardo B. Oliveira. Efficient implementation of elliptic curve cryptography in wireless sensors. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2010, 4 (2) : 169-187. doi: 10.3934/amc.2010.4.169 |
| [11] |
Andreas Klein. How to say yes, no and maybe with visual cryptography. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2008, 2 (3) : 249-259. doi: 10.3934/amc.2008.2.249 |
| [12] |
Gerhard Frey. Relations between arithmetic geometry and public key cryptography. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2010, 4 (2) : 281-305. doi: 10.3934/amc.2010.4.281 |
| [13] |
Jintai Ding, Sihem Mesnager, Lih-Chung Wang. Letters for post-quantum cryptography standard evaluation. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2020, 14 (1) : i-i. doi: 10.3934/amc.2020012 |
| [14] |
Gérard Maze, Chris Monico, Joachim Rosenthal. Public key cryptography based on semigroup actions. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2007, 1 (4) : 489-507. doi: 10.3934/amc.2007.1.489 |
| [15] |
Anna-Lena Horlemann-Trautmann, Violetta Weger. Information set decoding in the Lee metric with applications to cryptography. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2021, 15 (4) : 677-699. doi: 10.3934/amc.2020089 |
| [16] |
Najeeb Abdulaleem. $ V $-$ E $-invexity in $ E $-differentiable multiobjective programming. Numerical Algebra, Control and Optimization, 2022, 12 (2) : 427-443. doi: 10.3934/naco.2021014 |
| [17] |
Zhongbao Zhou, Xingfen Liu, Feimin Zhong, Yuan Cao, Long Zheng. Retailer's willingness to adopt blockchain technology based on private demand information. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 2022 doi: 10.3934/jimo.2022087 |
| [18] |
Qing Xu, Xiaohua (Michael) Xuan. Nonlinear regression without i.i.d. assumption. Probability, Uncertainty and Quantitative Risk, 2019, 4 (0) : 8-. doi: 10.1186/s41546-019-0042-6 |
| [19] |
Piotr Bajger, Mariusz Bodzioch, Urszula Foryś. Singularity of controls in a simple model of acquired chemotherapy resistance. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (5) : 2039-2052. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019083 |
| [20] |
Urszula Ledzewicz, Heinz Schättler. Drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy as an optimal control problem. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2006, 6 (1) : 129-150. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2006.6.129 |
2020 Impact Factor: 0.935
Tools
Metrics
Other articles
by authors
[Back to Top]