Complex Powers of the Laplacian on Affine Nested Fractals as Calderón-Zygmund operators

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November 2014, 13(6): 2155-2175. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2014.13.2155

Complex Powers of the Laplacian on Affine Nested Fractals as Calderón-Zygmund operators

Marius Ionescu ^1, and Luke G. Rogers ^2,

1.	Department of Mathematics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, 21402, United States
2.	Department of Mathematics, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269-3009

Received June 2011 Revised July 2012 Published July 2014

Abstract
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We give the first natural examples of Calderón-Zygmund operators in the theory of analysis on post-critically finite self-similar fractals. This is achieved by showing that the purely imaginary Riesz and Bessel potentials on nested fractals with $3$ or more boundary points are of this type. It follows that these operators are bounded on $L^{p}$, $1 < p < \infty$ and satisfy weak $1$-$1$ bounds. The analysis may be extended to infinite blow-ups of these fractals, and to product spaces based on the fractal or its blow-up.

Keywords: Bessel potentials., Calderón-Zygmund operators, Riesz potentials, Analysis on fractals.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 28A80, 46F12; Secondary: 42C99, 81Q1.

Citation: Marius Ionescu, Luke G. Rogers. Complex Powers of the Laplacian on Affine Nested Fractals as Calderón-Zygmund operators. Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis, 2014, 13 (6) : 2155-2175. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2014.13.2155

References:

[1]	Martin T. Barlow and Edwin A. Perkins, Brownian motion on the Sierpiński gasket, Probab. Theory Related Fields, 79 (1988), 543-623.
[2]	Oren Ben-Bassat, Robert S. Strichartz and Alexander Teplyaev, What is not in the domain of the Laplacian on Sierpinski gasket type fractals, J. Funct. Anal., 166 (1999), 197-217.
[3]	E. B. Davies, Heat Kernels and Spectral Theory, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 92, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
[4]	Pat J. Fitzsimmons, Ben M. Hambly and Takashi Kumagai, Transition density estimates for Brownian motion on affine nested fractals, Comm. Math. Phys., 165 (1994), 595-620.
[5]	Gerald B. Folland, Real Analysis, Pure and Applied Mathematics, New York, Second edition, Modern techniques and their applications, A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1999.
[6]	M. Fukushima and T. Shima, On a spectral analysis for the Sierpiński gasket, Potential Anal., 1 (1992), 1-35. doi: 10.1007/BF00249784.
[7]	B. M. Hambly and T. Kumagai, Transition density estimates for diffusion processes on post critically finite self-similar fractals, Proc. London Math. Soc., 78 (1999), 431-458.
[8]	B. M. Hambly and T. Kumagai, Diffusion processes on fractal fields: heat kernel estimates and large deviations, Probab. Theory Related Fields, 127 (2003), 305-352.
[9]	Jiaxin Hu and Martina Zähle, Potential spaces on fractals, Studia Math., 170 (2005), 259-281. doi: 10.4064/sm170-3-4.
[10]	Jiaxin Hu and Martina Zähle, Generalized Bessel and Riesz potentials on metric measure spaces, Potential Anal., 30 (2009), 315-340. doi: 10.1007/s11118-009-9117-9.
[11]	John E. Hutchinson, Fractals and self-similarity, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 30 (1981), 713-747. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1981.30.30055.
[12]	Jun Kigami, Analysis on Fractals, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 143, Cambridge, 2001.
[13]	Jun Kigami, Harmonic analysis for resistance forms, J. Funct. Anal., 204 (2003), 399-444. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1236(02)00149-0.
[14]	Tom Lindstrøm, Brownian motion on nested fractals, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., 83 (1990), 420.
[15]	Jonathan Needleman, Robert S. Strichartz, Alexander Teplyaev and Po-Lam Yung, Calculus on the Sierpinski gasket. I. Polynomials, exponentials and power series, J. Funct. Anal., 215 (2004), 290-340. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2003.11.011.
[16]	Luke G. Rogers, Estimates for the resolvent kernel of the Laplacian on p.c.f. self-similar fractals and blowups, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 364 (2012), 1633-1685. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2011-05551-0.
[17]	Christophe Sabot, Pure point spectrum for the Laplacian on unbounded nested fractals, J. Funct. Anal., 173 (2000), 497-524.
[18]	R. T. Seeley, Complex powers of an elliptic operator, Singular Integrals (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Chicago, Ill., 1966), 288-307, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1967.
[19]	R. T. Seeley, Analytic extension of the trace associated with elliptic boundary problems, Amer. J. Math., 91 (1969), 963-983.
[20]	Adam Sikora, Multivariable spectral multipliers and analysis of quasielliptic operators on fractals, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 58 (2009), 317-334. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2009.58.3745.
[21]	Elias M. Stein, Singular Integrals and Differentiability Properties of Functions, Princeton Mathematical Series, No. 30, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1970.
[22]	Elias M. Stein, Topics in Harmonic Analysis Related to the Littlewood-Paley Theory, Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 63, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1970.
[23]	Elias M. Stein, Harmonic Analysis: Real-variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals, Princeton Mathematical Series, 43, With the assistance of Timothy S. Murphy, Monographs in Harmonic Analysis, III, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993.
[24]	Elias M. Stein and Rami Shakarchi, Complex Analysis, Princeton Lectures in Analysis, II, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2003.
[25]	Robert S. Strichartz, Fractals in the large, Canad. J. Math., 50 (1998), 638-657.
[26]	Robert S. Strichartz, Fractafolds based on the Sierpiński gasket and their spectra, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 355 (2003), 4019-4043.
[27]	Robert S. Strichartz, Function spaces on fractals, J. Funct. Anal., 198 (2003), 43-83.
[28]	Robert S. Strichartz, Analysis on products of fractals, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 357 (2005), 571-615.
[29]	Robert S. Strichartz, Differential Equations on Fractals, A tutorial, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2006.
[30]	Robert S. Strichartz, A fractal quantum mechanical model with Coulomb potential, Commun. Pure Appl. Anal., 8 (2009), 743-755. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.743.
[31]	Michael E. Taylor, Pseudodifferential Operators, Princeton Mathematical Series, 34, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1981.
[32]	Alexander Teplyaev, Spectral analysis on infinite Sierpiński gaskets, J. Funct. Anal., 159 (1998), 537-567.
[33]	Xuan Thinh Duong, El Maati Ouhabaz and Adam Sikora, Plancherel-type estimates and sharp spectral multipliers, J. Funct. Anal., 196 (2002), 443-485.

show all references

References:

[1]	Martin T. Barlow and Edwin A. Perkins, Brownian motion on the Sierpiński gasket, Probab. Theory Related Fields, 79 (1988), 543-623.
[2]	Oren Ben-Bassat, Robert S. Strichartz and Alexander Teplyaev, What is not in the domain of the Laplacian on Sierpinski gasket type fractals, J. Funct. Anal., 166 (1999), 197-217.
[3]	E. B. Davies, Heat Kernels and Spectral Theory, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 92, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
[4]	Pat J. Fitzsimmons, Ben M. Hambly and Takashi Kumagai, Transition density estimates for Brownian motion on affine nested fractals, Comm. Math. Phys., 165 (1994), 595-620.
[5]	Gerald B. Folland, Real Analysis, Pure and Applied Mathematics, New York, Second edition, Modern techniques and their applications, A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1999.
[6]	M. Fukushima and T. Shima, On a spectral analysis for the Sierpiński gasket, Potential Anal., 1 (1992), 1-35. doi: 10.1007/BF00249784.
[7]	B. M. Hambly and T. Kumagai, Transition density estimates for diffusion processes on post critically finite self-similar fractals, Proc. London Math. Soc., 78 (1999), 431-458.
[8]	B. M. Hambly and T. Kumagai, Diffusion processes on fractal fields: heat kernel estimates and large deviations, Probab. Theory Related Fields, 127 (2003), 305-352.
[9]	Jiaxin Hu and Martina Zähle, Potential spaces on fractals, Studia Math., 170 (2005), 259-281. doi: 10.4064/sm170-3-4.
[10]	Jiaxin Hu and Martina Zähle, Generalized Bessel and Riesz potentials on metric measure spaces, Potential Anal., 30 (2009), 315-340. doi: 10.1007/s11118-009-9117-9.
[11]	John E. Hutchinson, Fractals and self-similarity, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 30 (1981), 713-747. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1981.30.30055.
[12]	Jun Kigami, Analysis on Fractals, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 143, Cambridge, 2001.
[13]	Jun Kigami, Harmonic analysis for resistance forms, J. Funct. Anal., 204 (2003), 399-444. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1236(02)00149-0.
[14]	Tom Lindstrøm, Brownian motion on nested fractals, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., 83 (1990), 420.
[15]	Jonathan Needleman, Robert S. Strichartz, Alexander Teplyaev and Po-Lam Yung, Calculus on the Sierpinski gasket. I. Polynomials, exponentials and power series, J. Funct. Anal., 215 (2004), 290-340. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2003.11.011.
[16]	Luke G. Rogers, Estimates for the resolvent kernel of the Laplacian on p.c.f. self-similar fractals and blowups, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 364 (2012), 1633-1685. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-2011-05551-0.
[17]	Christophe Sabot, Pure point spectrum for the Laplacian on unbounded nested fractals, J. Funct. Anal., 173 (2000), 497-524.
[18]	R. T. Seeley, Complex powers of an elliptic operator, Singular Integrals (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Chicago, Ill., 1966), 288-307, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1967.
[19]	R. T. Seeley, Analytic extension of the trace associated with elliptic boundary problems, Amer. J. Math., 91 (1969), 963-983.
[20]	Adam Sikora, Multivariable spectral multipliers and analysis of quasielliptic operators on fractals, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 58 (2009), 317-334. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2009.58.3745.
[21]	Elias M. Stein, Singular Integrals and Differentiability Properties of Functions, Princeton Mathematical Series, No. 30, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1970.
[22]	Elias M. Stein, Topics in Harmonic Analysis Related to the Littlewood-Paley Theory, Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 63, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1970.
[23]	Elias M. Stein, Harmonic Analysis: Real-variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals, Princeton Mathematical Series, 43, With the assistance of Timothy S. Murphy, Monographs in Harmonic Analysis, III, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993.
[24]	Elias M. Stein and Rami Shakarchi, Complex Analysis, Princeton Lectures in Analysis, II, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2003.
[25]	Robert S. Strichartz, Fractals in the large, Canad. J. Math., 50 (1998), 638-657.
[26]	Robert S. Strichartz, Fractafolds based on the Sierpiński gasket and their spectra, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 355 (2003), 4019-4043.
[27]	Robert S. Strichartz, Function spaces on fractals, J. Funct. Anal., 198 (2003), 43-83.
[28]	Robert S. Strichartz, Analysis on products of fractals, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 357 (2005), 571-615.
[29]	Robert S. Strichartz, Differential Equations on Fractals, A tutorial, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2006.
[30]	Robert S. Strichartz, A fractal quantum mechanical model with Coulomb potential, Commun. Pure Appl. Anal., 8 (2009), 743-755. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.743.
[31]	Michael E. Taylor, Pseudodifferential Operators, Princeton Mathematical Series, 34, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1981.
[32]	Alexander Teplyaev, Spectral analysis on infinite Sierpiński gaskets, J. Funct. Anal., 159 (1998), 537-567.
[33]	Xuan Thinh Duong, El Maati Ouhabaz and Adam Sikora, Plancherel-type estimates and sharp spectral multipliers, J. Funct. Anal., 196 (2002), 443-485.

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