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July  2016, 15(4): 1215-1231. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2016.15.1215

## Least energy solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations involving the half Laplacian and potential wells

 1 School of Mathematical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Laboratory of Mathematics and Complex Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875 , China

Received  June 2015 Revised  January 2016 Published  April 2016

In this paper, we are concerned with the existence of least energy solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations involving the half Laplacian \begin{eqnarray} (-\Delta)^{1/2}u(x)+\lambda V(x)u(x)=u(x)^{p-1}, u(x)\geq 0, \quad x\in R^N, \end{eqnarray} for sufficiently large $\lambda$, $2 < p < \frac{2N}{N-1}$ for $N \geq 2$. $V(x)$ is a real continuous function on $R^N$. Using variational methods we prove the existence of least energy solution $u(x)$ which localize near the potential well int$(V^{-1}(0))$ for $\lambda$ large. Moreover, if the zero sets int$(V^{-1}(0))$ of $V(x)$ include more than one isolated components, then $u_\lambda(x)$ will be trapped around all the isolated components. However, in Laplacian case, when the parameter $\lambda$ large, the corresponding least energy solution will be trapped around only one isolated component and become arbitrary small in other components of int$(V^{-1}(0))$. This is the essential difference with the Laplacian problems since the operator $(-\Delta)^{1/2}$ is nonlocal.
Citation: Miaomiao Niu, Zhongwei Tang. Least energy solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations involving the half Laplacian and potential wells. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2016, 15 (4) : 1215-1231. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2016.15.1215
##### References:
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##### References:
 [1] A. Ambrosetti, M. Badiale and S. Cingolani, Semiclassical states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 140 (1997), 285-300. doi: 10.1007/s002050050067.  Google Scholar [2] D. Applebaum, Lévy processes--from probability to finance and quantum groups, Notices Amer. Math. Soc., 51 (2004), 1336-1347.  Google Scholar [3] T. Bartsch and Z. Wang, Multiple positive solutions for a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 51 (2000), 366-384. doi: 10.1007/s000330050003.  Google Scholar [4] J.L. Bona and Y.A. Li, Decay and analyticity of solitary waves, J. Math. Pures Appl., 76 (1997), 377-430. doi: 10.1016/S0021-7824(97)89957-6.  Google Scholar [5] X. Cabré and J. Tan, Positive solutions of nonlinear problems involving the square root of the Laplacian, Adv. Math., 224 (2010), 2052-2093. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2010.01.025.  Google Scholar [6] L. Caffarelli and L. Silvestre, An extension problem related to the fractional Laplacian, Comm. in Part. Diff. Equa., 32 (2007), 1245-1260. doi: 10.1080/03605300600987306.  Google Scholar [7] M. Cheng, Bound state for the fractional Schrödinger equation with unbounded potential, J. Math. Phys., 53 (2012), 043507. doi: 10.1063/1.3701574.  Google Scholar [8] S. Cingolani and M. Nolasco, Multi-peaks periodic semiclassical states for a class of nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh., 128 (1998), 1249-1260. doi: 10.1017/S030821050002730X.  Google Scholar [9] J. Dávila, M. del Pino and J. Wei, Concentrating standing waves for the fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation, J. Diff. Equa., 256 (2014), 858-892. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2013.10.006.  Google Scholar [10] A. de Bouard and J. C. Saut, Symmetries and decay of the generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili solitary waves, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 28 (1997), 1064-1085. doi: 10.1137/S0036141096297662.  Google Scholar [11] M. del Pino and P. Felmer, Semi-classical states for nonlinear Schrödinger equations, J. Funct. Anal., 149 (1997), 245-265. doi: 10.1006/jfan.1996.3085.  Google Scholar [12] M. del Pino and P. Felmer, Multi-peak bound states for nonlinear Schrödinger equations, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire., 15 (1998), 127-149. doi: 10.1016/S0294-1449(97)89296-7.  Google Scholar [13] S. Dipierro, G. Palatucci and E. Valdinoci, Existence and symmetry results for a Schrödinger type problem involving the fractional Laplacian, Matematiche, 68 (2013), 201-216.  Google Scholar [14] P. Felmer, A. Quaas and J. Tan, Positive solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with the fractional Laplacian, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh., 142A (2012), 1237-1262. doi: 10.1017/S0308210511000746.  Google Scholar [15] A. Floer and A. Weinstein, Nonspreading wave packets for the cubic Schrödinger equation with a bounded potential, J. Funct. Anal., 69 (1986), 397-408. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(86)90096-0.  Google Scholar [16] R.L. Frank and E. Lenzmann, Uniqueness of non-linear ground states for fractional Laplacians in $R$, Acta Math., 210 (2013), 261-318. doi: 10.1007/s11511-013-0095-9.  Google Scholar [17] R.L. Frank, E. Lenzmann and L. Silvestre, Uniqueness of radial solutions for the fractional Laplacian,, \emph{Comm. Pure. Appl. Math.}, ().   Google Scholar [18] T. Jin, Y. Li and J. Xiong, On a fractional Nirenberg problem, part I: blow up analysis and compactness of solutions, J. Eur. Math. Soc., 16 (2014), 1111-1171. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/456.  Google Scholar [19] P.L. Lions, The concentration-compactness principle in the calculus of variations. The locally compact case. Part I. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire, 1 (1984), 109-145.  Google Scholar [20] M. Maris, On the existence, regularity and decay of solitary waves to a generalized Benjamin-Ono equation, Nonlinear Anal., 51 (2002), 1073-1085. doi: 10.1016/S0362-546X(01)00880-X.  Google Scholar [21] Y.-G. Oh, On positive multi-lump bound states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations under multiple well potential, Comm. Math. Phys., 131 (1990), 223-253.  Google Scholar [22] Y.-G. Oh, Existence of semiclassical bound states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with potentials of class $(V)_a$, Comm. Part. Diff. Equat., 13 (1988), 1499-1519. doi: 10.1080/03605308808820585.  Google Scholar [23] J. Tan and J. Xiong, A Harnack inequality for fractional Laplace equations with lower order terms, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 31 (2011), 975-983. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.31.975.  Google Scholar [24] Z. Tang, On the least energy solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with electromagnetic fields, Comput. Math. Appl., 54 (2007), 627-637. doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2006.12.031.  Google Scholar
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