Sub-solutions and a point-wise Hopf's lemma for fractional <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document} p \end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-Laplacian

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February 2021, 20(2): 835-865. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2020293

Sub-solutions and a point-wise Hopf's lemma for fractional $ p $-Laplacian

Zaizheng Li ^1,2,, and Qidi Zhang ^3,

1.	School of Mathematical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
2.	Department of Mathematical Sciences, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033, USA
3.	Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z2, Canada

^* Corresponding author

Received July 2020 Revised October 2020 Published February 2021 Early access December 2020

Fund Project: The first author was supported by CHINA SCHOLARSHIP COUNCIL

We prove a Hopf's lemma in the point-wise sense for fractional $ p $-Laplacian. The essential technique is to prove $ (-\Delta)^s_p u(x) $ is uniformly bounded in the unit ball $ B_1\subset\mathbb{R}^n $, where $ u(x) = (1-|x|^2)^s_{+} $. Also we study the global Hölder continuity of bounded positive solutions for $ (-\Delta)^s_p u(x) = f(x,u). $

Keywords: Fractional p-Laplacian operator, sub-solution, Hopf's lemma, Hölder regularity.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35R11, 35B65; Secondary: 35J91.

Citation: Zaizheng Li, Qidi Zhang. Sub-solutions and a point-wise Hopf's lemma for fractional $ p $-Laplacian. Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis, 2021, 20 (2) : 835-865. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2020293

References:

[1]	G. Alberti and G. Bellettini, A nonlocal anisotropic model for phase transitions, Math. Ann., 310 (1998), 527-560. doi: 10.1017/S0956792598003453.
[2]	S. Barb, Topics in Geometric Analysis with Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Ph.D thesis, University of Missouri–Columbia, 2009.
[3]	C. Bjorland, L. Caffarelli and A. Figalli, Non-local gradient dependent operators, Adv. Math., 230 (2012), 1859-1894. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2012.03.032.
[4]	K. Bogdan, T. Grzywny and M. Ryznar, Heat kernel estimates for the fractional Laplacian with Dirichlet conditions, Ann. Probab., 38 (2010), 1901-1923. doi: 10.1214/10-AOP532.
[5]	L. Brasco, E. Lindgren and A. Schikorra, Higher Hölder regularity for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian in the superquadratic case, Adv. Math., 338 (2018), 782-846. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2018.09.009.
[6]	L. A. Caffarelli and L. Silvestre, An extension problem related to the fractional Laplacian, Commun. Partial Differ. Equ., 32 (2007), 1245-1260. doi: 10.1080/03605300600987306.
[7]	W. X. Chen and C. M. Li, Maximum principles for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian and symmetry of solutions, Adv. Math., 335 (2018), 735-758. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2018.07.016.
[8]	W. X. Chen, C. M. Li and Y. Li, A direct method of moving planes for the fractional Laplacian, Adv. Math., 308 (2017), 404-437. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2016.11.038.
[9]	W. X. Chen, C. M. Li and S. J. Qi, A Hopf lemma and regularity for fractional $ p $-Laplacians, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, 40 (2020), 3235-3252.
[10]	W. X. Chen, Y. Li and P. Ma, The Fractional Laplacian, World Scientific, 2020. doi:10.1142//10550
[11]	W. X. Chen, Y. Li and R. B. Zhang, A direct method of moving spheres on fractional order equations, J. Funct. Anal., 272 (2017), 4131-4157. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2017.02.022.
[12]	Y. G. Chen and B. Y. Liu, Symmetry and non-existence of solutions for fractional $ p $-Laplacian systems, Nonlinear Anal., 183 (2019), 303-322. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2019.02.023.
[13]	L. M. Del Pezzo and A. Quaas, A Hopf's lemma and a strong minimum principle for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian, J. Differ. Equ., 263 (2017), 765-778. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.02.051.
[14]	E. Di Nezza, G. Palatucci and E. Valdinoci, Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces, B. Sci. Math., 136 (2012), 521-573. doi: 10.1016/j.bulsci.2011.12.004.
[15]	R. K. Getoor, First passage times for symmetric stable processes in space, T. Am. Math. Soc., 101 (1961), 75-90. doi: 10.2307/1993412.
[16]	A. Greco and R. Servadei, Hopf's lemma and constrained radial symmetry for the fractional Laplacian, Math. Res. Lett., 23 (2016), 863-885. doi: 10.4310/MRL.2016.v23.n3.a14.
[17]	A. Iannizzotto, S. Mosconi and M. Squassina, Global Hölder regularity for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian, Rev. Mat. Iberoam., 32 (2016), 1353-1392. doi: 10.4171/RMI/921.
[18]	H. Ishii and G. Nakamura, A class of integral equations and approximation of $ p $-Laplace equations, Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ., 37 (2010), 485-522. doi: 10.1007/s00526-009-0274-x.
[19]	L. Y. Jin and Y. Li, A Hopf's lemma and the boundary regularity for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, 39 (2019), 1477-1495. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019063.
[20]	Z. Z. Li, On Some Problems for Fractional $ p $-Laplacian Operator and Nonlinear Elliptic Systems, Ph.D thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2020.
[21]	X. Ros-Oton and J. Serra, The Dirichlet problem for the fractional Laplacian: regularity up to the boundary, J. Math. Pures Appl., 101 (2014), 275-302. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2013.06.003.
[22]	L. Silvestre, Regularity of the obstacle problem for a fractional power of the Laplace operator, Commun. Pure Appl. Math., 60 (2007), 67-112. doi: 10.1002/cpa.20153.
[23]	Y. Sire and E. Valdinoci, Fractional Laplacian phase transitions and boundary reactions: a geometric inequality and a symmetry result, J. Funct. Anal., 256 (2009), 1842-1864. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2009.01.020.
[24]	Y. Sire and E. Valdinoci, Rigidity results for some boundary quasilinear phase transitions, Commun. Partial Differ. Equ., 34 (2008), 765-784. doi: 10.1080/03605300902892402.
[25]	F. del Teso, D. Gómez-Castro and J. L. Vázquez, Three representations of the fractional $p$-Laplacian: semigroup, extension and Balakrishnan formulas, arXiv: 2010.06933.
[26]	L. Wu and W. X. Chen, The sliding methods for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian, Adv. Math., 361 (2020), 106933. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2019.106933.

show all references

References:

[1]	G. Alberti and G. Bellettini, A nonlocal anisotropic model for phase transitions, Math. Ann., 310 (1998), 527-560. doi: 10.1017/S0956792598003453.
[2]	S. Barb, Topics in Geometric Analysis with Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Ph.D thesis, University of Missouri–Columbia, 2009.
[3]	C. Bjorland, L. Caffarelli and A. Figalli, Non-local gradient dependent operators, Adv. Math., 230 (2012), 1859-1894. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2012.03.032.
[4]	K. Bogdan, T. Grzywny and M. Ryznar, Heat kernel estimates for the fractional Laplacian with Dirichlet conditions, Ann. Probab., 38 (2010), 1901-1923. doi: 10.1214/10-AOP532.
[5]	L. Brasco, E. Lindgren and A. Schikorra, Higher Hölder regularity for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian in the superquadratic case, Adv. Math., 338 (2018), 782-846. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2018.09.009.
[6]	L. A. Caffarelli and L. Silvestre, An extension problem related to the fractional Laplacian, Commun. Partial Differ. Equ., 32 (2007), 1245-1260. doi: 10.1080/03605300600987306.
[7]	W. X. Chen and C. M. Li, Maximum principles for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian and symmetry of solutions, Adv. Math., 335 (2018), 735-758. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2018.07.016.
[8]	W. X. Chen, C. M. Li and Y. Li, A direct method of moving planes for the fractional Laplacian, Adv. Math., 308 (2017), 404-437. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2016.11.038.
[9]	W. X. Chen, C. M. Li and S. J. Qi, A Hopf lemma and regularity for fractional $ p $-Laplacians, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, 40 (2020), 3235-3252.
[10]	W. X. Chen, Y. Li and P. Ma, The Fractional Laplacian, World Scientific, 2020. doi:10.1142//10550
[11]	W. X. Chen, Y. Li and R. B. Zhang, A direct method of moving spheres on fractional order equations, J. Funct. Anal., 272 (2017), 4131-4157. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2017.02.022.
[12]	Y. G. Chen and B. Y. Liu, Symmetry and non-existence of solutions for fractional $ p $-Laplacian systems, Nonlinear Anal., 183 (2019), 303-322. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2019.02.023.
[13]	L. M. Del Pezzo and A. Quaas, A Hopf's lemma and a strong minimum principle for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian, J. Differ. Equ., 263 (2017), 765-778. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.02.051.
[14]	E. Di Nezza, G. Palatucci and E. Valdinoci, Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces, B. Sci. Math., 136 (2012), 521-573. doi: 10.1016/j.bulsci.2011.12.004.
[15]	R. K. Getoor, First passage times for symmetric stable processes in space, T. Am. Math. Soc., 101 (1961), 75-90. doi: 10.2307/1993412.
[16]	A. Greco and R. Servadei, Hopf's lemma and constrained radial symmetry for the fractional Laplacian, Math. Res. Lett., 23 (2016), 863-885. doi: 10.4310/MRL.2016.v23.n3.a14.
[17]	A. Iannizzotto, S. Mosconi and M. Squassina, Global Hölder regularity for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian, Rev. Mat. Iberoam., 32 (2016), 1353-1392. doi: 10.4171/RMI/921.
[18]	H. Ishii and G. Nakamura, A class of integral equations and approximation of $ p $-Laplace equations, Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ., 37 (2010), 485-522. doi: 10.1007/s00526-009-0274-x.
[19]	L. Y. Jin and Y. Li, A Hopf's lemma and the boundary regularity for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, 39 (2019), 1477-1495. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019063.
[20]	Z. Z. Li, On Some Problems for Fractional $ p $-Laplacian Operator and Nonlinear Elliptic Systems, Ph.D thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2020.
[21]	X. Ros-Oton and J. Serra, The Dirichlet problem for the fractional Laplacian: regularity up to the boundary, J. Math. Pures Appl., 101 (2014), 275-302. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2013.06.003.
[22]	L. Silvestre, Regularity of the obstacle problem for a fractional power of the Laplace operator, Commun. Pure Appl. Math., 60 (2007), 67-112. doi: 10.1002/cpa.20153.
[23]	Y. Sire and E. Valdinoci, Fractional Laplacian phase transitions and boundary reactions: a geometric inequality and a symmetry result, J. Funct. Anal., 256 (2009), 1842-1864. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2009.01.020.
[24]	Y. Sire and E. Valdinoci, Rigidity results for some boundary quasilinear phase transitions, Commun. Partial Differ. Equ., 34 (2008), 765-784. doi: 10.1080/03605300902892402.
[25]	F. del Teso, D. Gómez-Castro and J. L. Vázquez, Three representations of the fractional $p$-Laplacian: semigroup, extension and Balakrishnan formulas, arXiv: 2010.06933.
[26]	L. Wu and W. X. Chen, The sliding methods for the fractional $ p $-Laplacian, Adv. Math., 361 (2020), 106933. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2019.106933.

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