Extremal solution and Liouville theorem for anisotropic elliptic equations

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December 2021, 20(12): 4063-4082. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2021144

Extremal solution and Liouville theorem for anisotropic elliptic equations

School of Mathematics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

Received February 2021 Revised July 2021 Published December 2021 Early access August 2021

We study the quasilinear Dirichlet boundary problem

$ \begin{equation} \nonumber \begin{cases} -Qu = \lambda e^{u}, \text{in}~~ \Omega, \\ u = 0, \qquad \;~~\text{on}~~~~ \partial\Omega, \end{cases} \end{equation} $

where

$ \lambda>0 $

is a parameter,

$ \Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N} $

(

$ N\geq2 $

) is a bounded domain, and the operator

$ Q $

, known as Finsler-Laplacian or anisotropic Laplacian, is defined by

$ Qu: = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}(F(\nabla u)F_{\xi_{i}}(\nabla u)). $

Here,

$ F_{\xi_{i}} = \frac{\partial F}{\partial\xi_{i}}(\xi) $

and

$ F: \mathbb{R}^{N}\rightarrow [0, +\infty) $

is a convex function of

$ C^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{N}\setminus\{0\}) $

, and satisfies certain assumptions. We derive the existence of extremal solution and obtain that it is regular, if

$ N\leq9 $

.

We also concern the Hénon type anisotropic Liouville equation,

$ -Qu = (F^{0}(x))^{\alpha}e^{u} ~~\text{in} ~~\mathbb{R}^{N}, $

where

$ \alpha>-2 $

,

$ N\geq2 $

and

$ F^{0} $

is the support function of

$ K: = \{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}:F(x)<1\} $

. We obtain the Liouville theorem for stable solutions and finite Morse index solutions for

$ 2\leq N<10+4\alpha $

and

$ 3\leq N<10+4\alpha^{-} $

respectively, where

$ \alpha^{-} = \min\{\alpha, 0\} $

.

Keywords: Finsler or anisotropic Laplacian, extremal solution, Liouville theorem, stable solution, finite Morse index solution.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35B53, 35B65; Secondary: 35J62.

Citation: Yuan Li. Extremal solution and Liouville theorem for anisotropic elliptic equations. Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis, 2021, 20 (12) : 4063-4082. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2021144

References:

[1]	F. Almgren and J. E. Taylor, Flat flow is motion by cristalline curvature for curves with cnstalline energies, J. Differ. Geom., 42 (1995), 1-22.
[2]	F. Almgren, J. E. Taylor and L. Wang, Curvature-driven flows: a variational approach, SIAM J. Control Optim., 31 (1993), 387-437. doi: 10.1137/0331020.
[3]	A. Alvino, V. Ferone, G. Trombetti and P. L. Lions, Convex symmetrization and applications, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Nonlinéaire, 14 (1997), 275-293. doi: 10.1016/S0294-1449(97)80147-3.
[4]	A. Ambrosetti and P. H. Rabinowitz, Dual variational methods in critical point theory and applications, J. Funct. Anal., 14 (1973), 349-381. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(73)90051-7.
[5]	W. W. Ao and W. Yang, On the classification of solutions of cosmic strings equation, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., 198 (2019), 2183-2193. doi: 10.1007/s10231-019-00861-w.
[6]	M. Belloni, V. Ferone and B. Kawohl, Isoperimetric inequalities, Wulff shape and related questions for strongly nonlinear elliptic operators, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 54 (2003), 771-783. doi: 10.1007/s00033-003-3209-y.
[7]	H. Brezis and L. Nirenberg, Remarks on finding critical points, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 44 (1991), 939-963. doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160440808.
[8]	H. Brezis and L. Nirenberg, Positive solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations involving critical sobolev exponents, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 36 (1983), 437-477. doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160360405.
[9]	A. Cianchi and P. Salani, Overdetermined anisotropic elliptic problems, Math. Ann., 345 (2009), 859-881. doi: 10.1007/s00208-009-0386-9.
[10]	M. Cozzi, A. Farina and E. Valdinoci, Monotonicity formulae and classification results for singular, degenerate, anisotropic PDEs, Adv. Math., 293 (2016), 343-381. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2016.02.014.
[11]	M. Cozzi, A. Farina and E. Valdinoci, Gradient bounds and rigidity results for singular, degenerate, anisotropic partial differential equations, Comm. Math. Phys., 331 (2014), 189-214. doi: 10.1007/s00220-014-2107-9.
[12]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Some continuation and variational methods for positive solutions of nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problem, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 58 (1975), 207-218. doi: 10.1007/BF00280741.
[13]	E. N. Dancer and A. Farina, On the classification of solutions of $-\Delta u = e^{u}$ on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$: stability outside a compact set and applications, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc, 137 (2009), 1333-1338. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09772-4.
[14]	F. Della Pietra and N. Gavitone, Sharp bounds for the first eigenvalue and the torsional rigidity related to some anisotropic operators, Math. Nachr., 287 (2014), 194-209. doi: 10.1002/mana.201200296.
[15]	A. Farina, Stable solutions of $-\Delta u = e^{u}$ on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$, C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris, 345 (2007), 63-66. doi: 10.1016/j.crma.2007.05.021.
[16]	A. Farina and E. Valdinoci, Gradient bounds for anisotropic partial differential equations, Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ., 49 (2014), 923-936. doi: 10.1007/s00526-013-0605-9.
[17]	M. Fazly and Y. Li, Partial regularity and Liouville theorems for stable solutions of anisotropic elliptic equations, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 41 (2021), 4185-4206. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2021033.
[18]	V. Ferone and B. Kawohl, Remarks on a Finsler-Laplacian, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 137 (2009), 247-253. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09554-3.
[19]	G. M. Figueiredo and J. R. Silva, Solutions to an anisotropic system via subsupersolution method and Mountain Pass Theorem, Electronic Journal Quality Theory in Differential Equations, 46 (2019), 1-13. doi: 10.14232/ejqtde.2019.1.46.
[20]	I. Fonseca and S. Müller, A uniqueness proof for the Wulff theorem, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 119 (1991), 125-136. doi: 10.1017/S0308210500028365.
[21]	J. Garcia Azorero and I. Peral Alonso, On an Emden-Fowler type equation, Nonlinear Anal., 18 (1992), 1085-1097. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(92)90197-M.
[22]	J. Garcia Azorero, I. Peral Alonso and J. P. Puel, Quasilinear problems with exponential growth in the reaction term, Nonlinear Anal., 22 (1994), 481-498. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(94)90169-4.
[23]	P. Le, Low dimensional instability for quasilinear problems of weighted exponential nonlinearity, Math. Nachr., 291 (2018), 2288-2297. doi: 10.1002/mana.201700260.
[24]	F. Mignot and J. P. Puel, Sur une class de problèmes non linéaires avec non linéairité positive, croissante, convexe, Comm. Partial Differ. Equ., 5 (1980), 791-836. doi: 10.1080/03605308008820155.
[25]	W. M. Ni and I. Takagi, On the shape of least-energy solutions to a semilinear neumann problem, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 44 (1991), 819-851. doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160440705.
[26]	J. Serrin, Local behavior of solutions of quasi-linear equations, Acta Math., 111 (1964), 247-302. doi: 10.1007/BF02391014.
[27]	J. Serrin, On the strong maximum principle for quasilinear second order differential inequalities, J. Funct. Anal., 5 (1970), 184-193. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(70)90024-8.
[28]	G. Stampacchia, Équations elliptiques du second ordre à coefficients discontinus, Séminaire Jean Leray, 3 (1963-1964), 1-77.
[29]	C. Wang and D. Ye, Some Liouville theorems for Hénon type elliptic equations, . Funct. Anal., 262 (2012), 1705-1727. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2011.11.017.
[30]	G. F. Wang and C. Xia, A characterization of the Wulff shape by an overdetermined anisotropic PDE, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 199 (2011), 99-115. doi: 10.1007/s00205-010-0323-9.
[31]	G. F. Wang and C. Xia, Blow-up analysis of a Finsler-Liouville equation in two dimensions, J. Differ. Equ., 252 (2012), 1668-1700. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.08.001.
[32]	G. Wulff, Zur Frage der Geschwindigkeit des Wachstums und der Auflung der Kristallflhen, Z. Krist, 34 (1901), 44930.

show all references

References:

[1]	F. Almgren and J. E. Taylor, Flat flow is motion by cristalline curvature for curves with cnstalline energies, J. Differ. Geom., 42 (1995), 1-22.
[2]	F. Almgren, J. E. Taylor and L. Wang, Curvature-driven flows: a variational approach, SIAM J. Control Optim., 31 (1993), 387-437. doi: 10.1137/0331020.
[3]	A. Alvino, V. Ferone, G. Trombetti and P. L. Lions, Convex symmetrization and applications, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Nonlinéaire, 14 (1997), 275-293. doi: 10.1016/S0294-1449(97)80147-3.
[4]	A. Ambrosetti and P. H. Rabinowitz, Dual variational methods in critical point theory and applications, J. Funct. Anal., 14 (1973), 349-381. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(73)90051-7.
[5]	W. W. Ao and W. Yang, On the classification of solutions of cosmic strings equation, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., 198 (2019), 2183-2193. doi: 10.1007/s10231-019-00861-w.
[6]	M. Belloni, V. Ferone and B. Kawohl, Isoperimetric inequalities, Wulff shape and related questions for strongly nonlinear elliptic operators, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 54 (2003), 771-783. doi: 10.1007/s00033-003-3209-y.
[7]	H. Brezis and L. Nirenberg, Remarks on finding critical points, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 44 (1991), 939-963. doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160440808.
[8]	H. Brezis and L. Nirenberg, Positive solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations involving critical sobolev exponents, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 36 (1983), 437-477. doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160360405.
[9]	A. Cianchi and P. Salani, Overdetermined anisotropic elliptic problems, Math. Ann., 345 (2009), 859-881. doi: 10.1007/s00208-009-0386-9.
[10]	M. Cozzi, A. Farina and E. Valdinoci, Monotonicity formulae and classification results for singular, degenerate, anisotropic PDEs, Adv. Math., 293 (2016), 343-381. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2016.02.014.
[11]	M. Cozzi, A. Farina and E. Valdinoci, Gradient bounds and rigidity results for singular, degenerate, anisotropic partial differential equations, Comm. Math. Phys., 331 (2014), 189-214. doi: 10.1007/s00220-014-2107-9.
[12]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Some continuation and variational methods for positive solutions of nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problem, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 58 (1975), 207-218. doi: 10.1007/BF00280741.
[13]	E. N. Dancer and A. Farina, On the classification of solutions of $-\Delta u = e^{u}$ on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$: stability outside a compact set and applications, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc, 137 (2009), 1333-1338. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09772-4.
[14]	F. Della Pietra and N. Gavitone, Sharp bounds for the first eigenvalue and the torsional rigidity related to some anisotropic operators, Math. Nachr., 287 (2014), 194-209. doi: 10.1002/mana.201200296.
[15]	A. Farina, Stable solutions of $-\Delta u = e^{u}$ on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$, C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris, 345 (2007), 63-66. doi: 10.1016/j.crma.2007.05.021.
[16]	A. Farina and E. Valdinoci, Gradient bounds for anisotropic partial differential equations, Calc. Var. Partial Differ. Equ., 49 (2014), 923-936. doi: 10.1007/s00526-013-0605-9.
[17]	M. Fazly and Y. Li, Partial regularity and Liouville theorems for stable solutions of anisotropic elliptic equations, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 41 (2021), 4185-4206. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2021033.
[18]	V. Ferone and B. Kawohl, Remarks on a Finsler-Laplacian, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 137 (2009), 247-253. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09554-3.
[19]	G. M. Figueiredo and J. R. Silva, Solutions to an anisotropic system via subsupersolution method and Mountain Pass Theorem, Electronic Journal Quality Theory in Differential Equations, 46 (2019), 1-13. doi: 10.14232/ejqtde.2019.1.46.
[20]	I. Fonseca and S. Müller, A uniqueness proof for the Wulff theorem, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. A, 119 (1991), 125-136. doi: 10.1017/S0308210500028365.
[21]	J. Garcia Azorero and I. Peral Alonso, On an Emden-Fowler type equation, Nonlinear Anal., 18 (1992), 1085-1097. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(92)90197-M.
[22]	J. Garcia Azorero, I. Peral Alonso and J. P. Puel, Quasilinear problems with exponential growth in the reaction term, Nonlinear Anal., 22 (1994), 481-498. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(94)90169-4.
[23]	P. Le, Low dimensional instability for quasilinear problems of weighted exponential nonlinearity, Math. Nachr., 291 (2018), 2288-2297. doi: 10.1002/mana.201700260.
[24]	F. Mignot and J. P. Puel, Sur une class de problèmes non linéaires avec non linéairité positive, croissante, convexe, Comm. Partial Differ. Equ., 5 (1980), 791-836. doi: 10.1080/03605308008820155.
[25]	W. M. Ni and I. Takagi, On the shape of least-energy solutions to a semilinear neumann problem, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 44 (1991), 819-851. doi: 10.1002/cpa.3160440705.
[26]	J. Serrin, Local behavior of solutions of quasi-linear equations, Acta Math., 111 (1964), 247-302. doi: 10.1007/BF02391014.
[27]	J. Serrin, On the strong maximum principle for quasilinear second order differential inequalities, J. Funct. Anal., 5 (1970), 184-193. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(70)90024-8.
[28]	G. Stampacchia, Équations elliptiques du second ordre à coefficients discontinus, Séminaire Jean Leray, 3 (1963-1964), 1-77.
[29]	C. Wang and D. Ye, Some Liouville theorems for Hénon type elliptic equations, . Funct. Anal., 262 (2012), 1705-1727. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2011.11.017.
[30]	G. F. Wang and C. Xia, A characterization of the Wulff shape by an overdetermined anisotropic PDE, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 199 (2011), 99-115. doi: 10.1007/s00205-010-0323-9.
[31]	G. F. Wang and C. Xia, Blow-up analysis of a Finsler-Liouville equation in two dimensions, J. Differ. Equ., 252 (2012), 1668-1700. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.08.001.
[32]	G. Wulff, Zur Frage der Geschwindigkeit des Wachstums und der Auflung der Kristallflhen, Z. Krist, 34 (1901), 44930.

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