Bifurcation, uniqueness and multiplicity results for classes of reaction diffusion equations arising in ecology with nonlinear boundary conditions

Mohan Mallick; Sarath Sasi; R. Shivaji; S. Sundar

doi:10.3934/cpaa.2021195

Previous Article
Necessary and sufficient conditions on weighted multilinear fractional integral inequality
CPAA Home
This Issue
Next Article
Nonnegative solutions to a doubly degenerate nutrient taxis system

February 2022, 21(2): 705-726. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2021195

Bifurcation, uniqueness and multiplicity results for classes of reaction diffusion equations arising in ecology with nonlinear boundary conditions

Mohan Mallick ^1, , Sarath Sasi ^2,, , R. Shivaji ^3, and S. Sundar ^4,

1.	Department of Mathematics, SRM University AP, Andhra Pradesh-522502, India
2.	Department of Mathematics, IIT Palakkad, Kerala-678557, India
3.	Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
4.	Department of Mathematics, IIT Madras, Chennai-600036, India

^* Corresponding author

Received May 2021 Revised October 2021 Published February 2022 Early access December 2021

Fund Project: The third author was supported by the NSF award DMS- 1853352 to perform this research work

We study the structure of positive solutions to steady state ecological models of the form:

$ \begin{array}{l} \left\{ \begin{split} -\Delta u& = \lambda uf(u)\; \; && {\rm{in}}\; \; \Omega,\\ \alpha(u)&\frac{\partial u}{\partial \eta}+[1-\alpha(u)]u = 0 &&\;\;\;{\rm{on}}\; \; \partial\Omega, \end{split} \right. \end{array} $

where

$ \Omega $

is a bounded domain in

$ \mathbb{R}^n; $

$ n>1 $

with smooth boundary

$ \partial\Omega $

$ \Omega = (0,1) $

$ \frac{\partial}{\partial\eta} $

represents the outward normal derivative on the boundary,

$ \lambda $

is a positive parameter,

$ f:[0,\infty)\to \mathbb{R} $

is a

$ C^2 $

function such that

$ \tfrac{f(s)}{k-s}>0 $

for some

$ k>0 $

, and

$ \alpha:[0,k]\to[0,1] $

is also a

$ C^2 $

function. Here

$ f(u) $

represents the per capita growth rate,

$ \alpha(u) $

represents the fraction of the population that stays on the patch upon reaching the boundary, and

$ \lambda $

relates to the patch size and the diffusion rate. In particular, we will discuss models in which the per capita growth rate is increasing for small

$ u $

, and models where grazing is involved. We will focus on the cases when

$ \alpha'(s)\geq 0 $

;

$ [0,k] $

, which represents negative density dependent dispersal on the boundary. We employ the method of sub-super solutions, bifurcation theory, and stability analysis to obtain our results. We provide detailed bifurcation diagrams via a quadrature method for the case

$ \Omega = (0,1) $

Keywords: Reaction diffusion, nonlinear boundary conditions, bifurcation, population dynamics, Allee effect.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35K57; Secondary: 35B32, 92D40.

Citation: Mohan Mallick, Sarath Sasi, R. Shivaji, S. Sundar. Bifurcation, uniqueness and multiplicity results for classes of reaction diffusion equations arising in ecology with nonlinear boundary conditions. Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis, 2022, 21 (2) : 705-726. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2021195

References:

[1]	R. S. Cantrell and C. Cosner, Spatial Ecology via Reaction-Diffusion Equations, Wiley Series in Mathematical and Computational Biology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 2003. doi: 10.1002/0470871296.
[2]	R. S. Cantrell and C. Cosner, On the effects of nonlinear boundary conditions in diffusive logistic equations on bounded domains, J. Differ. Equ., 231 (2006), 768-804. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2006.08.018.
[3]	R. S. Cantrell and C. Cosner, Density dependent behavior at habitat boundaries and the Allee effect, Bull. Math. Biol., 69 (2007), 2339-2360. doi: 10.1007/s11538-007-9222-0.
[4]	R. S. Cantrell, C. Cosner and S. Martĺnez, Steady state solutions of a logistic equation with nonlinear boundary conditions, Rocky Mountain J. Math., 41 (2011), 445-455. doi: 10.1216/RMJ-2011-41-2-445.
[5]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Bifurcation from simple eigenvalues, J. Funct. Anal., 8 (1971), 321-340. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(71)90015-2.
[6]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Bifurcation, perturbation of simple eigenvalues and linearized stability, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 52 (1973), 161-180. doi: 10.1007/BF00282325.
[7]	E. N. Dancer, On the number of positive solutions of weakly nonlinear elliptic equations when a parameter is large, Proc. London Math. Soc., 53 (1986), 429-452. doi: 10.1112/plms/s3-53.3.429.
[8]	L. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, Graduate studies in mathematics. American Mathematical Society, 2010. doi: 10.1090/gsm/019.
[9]	N. Fonseka, J. Goddard II, R. Shivaji and B. Son, A diffusive weak allee effect model with u-shaped emigration and matrix hostility, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 26 (2021), 5509-5517. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020356.
[10]	N. Fonseka, R. Shivaji, J. Goddard II, Q. A. Morris and B. Son, On the effects of the exterior matrix hostility and a U-shaped density dependent dispersal on a diffusive logistic growth model, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 13 (2020), 3401-3415. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.13.3410.
[11]	D. Gilbarg and N. S. Trudinger, Elliptic partial differential equations of second order, in Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences], Springer-Verlag, Berlin, second edition, 1983. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-61798-0.
[12]	D. Gilbarg and N. S. Trudinger, Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of Second Order, springer, 2015.
[13]	J. Goddard, E. K. Lee and R. Shivaji, Population models with nonlinear boundary conditions, Electron. J. Differ. Equ.[electronic only], 2010 (2010), 135-149.
[14]	J. Goddard II, Q. Morris, C. Payne and R. Shivaji, A diffusive logistic equation with U-shaped density dependent dispersal on the boundary, Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal., 53 (2019), 335-349. doi: 10.12775/tmna.2018.047.
[15]	J. Goddard, II, Q. Morris, R. Shivaji and B. Son, Bifurcation curves for singular and nonsingular problems with nonlinear boundary conditions, Electron. J. Differ. Equ., 2018 (2018), 12 pp.
[16]	J. Goddard, II, Q. A. Morris, S. B. Robinson and R. Shivaji, An exact bifurcation diagram for a reaction-diffusion equation arising in population dynamics, Bound. Value Probl., 2018 (2018), 17 pp. doi: 10.1186/s13661-018-1090-z.
[17]	J. Goddard II and R. Shivaji, Diffusive logistic equation with constant yield harvesting and negative density dependent emigration on the boundary, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 414 (2014), 561-573. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.01.016.
[18]	J. Goddard II, R. Shivaji and E. K. Lee, Diffusive logistic equation with non-linear boundary conditions, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 375 (2011), 365-370. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.09.057.
[19]	P. V. Gordon, E. Ko and R. Shivaji, Multiplicity and uniqueness of positive solutions for elliptic equations with nonlinear boundary conditions arising in a theory of thermal explosion, Nonlinear Anal., 15 (2014), 51-57. doi: 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2013.05.005.
[20]	F. Inkmann, Existence and multiplicity theorems for semilinear elliptic equations with nonlinear boundary conditions, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 31 (1982), 213-221. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1982.31.31019.
[21]	T. Laetsch, The number of solutions of a nonlinear two point boundary value problem, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 20 (1970/1971), 1-13. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1970.20.20001.
[22]	A. Lê, Eigenvalue problems for the $p$-Laplacian, Nonlinear Anal., 64 (2006), 1057-1099. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2005.05.056.
[23]	E. Lee, S. Sasi and R. Shivaji, S-shaped bifurcation curves in ecosystems, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 381 (2011), 732-741. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2011.03.048.
[24]	E. K. Lee, R. Shivaji and J. Ye, Positive solutions for elliptic equations involving nonlinearities with falling zeroes, Appl. Math. Lett., 22 (2009), 846-851. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2008.08.020.
[25]	M. K. Mallick., Steady State Reaction Diffusion Equations with Falling Zero Reaction Terms and Nonlinear Boundary Conditions, PhD thesis, Chennai India, 2019.
[26]	M. H. Protter and H. F. Weinberger., Maximum Principles in Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5282-5.
[27]	J. Serrin., A symmetry problem in potential theory, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 43 (1971), 304-318. doi: 10.1007/BF00250468.
[28]	J. Shi and R. Shivaji, Persistence in reaction diffusion models with weak Allee effect, J. Math. Biol., 52 (2006), 807-829. doi: 10.1007/s00285-006-0373-7.

show all references

References:

[1]	R. S. Cantrell and C. Cosner, Spatial Ecology via Reaction-Diffusion Equations, Wiley Series in Mathematical and Computational Biology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, 2003. doi: 10.1002/0470871296.
[2]	R. S. Cantrell and C. Cosner, On the effects of nonlinear boundary conditions in diffusive logistic equations on bounded domains, J. Differ. Equ., 231 (2006), 768-804. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2006.08.018.
[3]	R. S. Cantrell and C. Cosner, Density dependent behavior at habitat boundaries and the Allee effect, Bull. Math. Biol., 69 (2007), 2339-2360. doi: 10.1007/s11538-007-9222-0.
[4]	R. S. Cantrell, C. Cosner and S. Martĺnez, Steady state solutions of a logistic equation with nonlinear boundary conditions, Rocky Mountain J. Math., 41 (2011), 445-455. doi: 10.1216/RMJ-2011-41-2-445.
[5]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Bifurcation from simple eigenvalues, J. Funct. Anal., 8 (1971), 321-340. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(71)90015-2.
[6]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Bifurcation, perturbation of simple eigenvalues and linearized stability, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 52 (1973), 161-180. doi: 10.1007/BF00282325.
[7]	E. N. Dancer, On the number of positive solutions of weakly nonlinear elliptic equations when a parameter is large, Proc. London Math. Soc., 53 (1986), 429-452. doi: 10.1112/plms/s3-53.3.429.
[8]	L. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, Graduate studies in mathematics. American Mathematical Society, 2010. doi: 10.1090/gsm/019.
[9]	N. Fonseka, J. Goddard II, R. Shivaji and B. Son, A diffusive weak allee effect model with u-shaped emigration and matrix hostility, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 26 (2021), 5509-5517. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020356.
[10]	N. Fonseka, R. Shivaji, J. Goddard II, Q. A. Morris and B. Son, On the effects of the exterior matrix hostility and a U-shaped density dependent dispersal on a diffusive logistic growth model, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 13 (2020), 3401-3415. doi: 10.1103/physrevd.13.3410.
[11]	D. Gilbarg and N. S. Trudinger, Elliptic partial differential equations of second order, in Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences], Springer-Verlag, Berlin, second edition, 1983. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-61798-0.
[12]	D. Gilbarg and N. S. Trudinger, Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of Second Order, springer, 2015.
[13]	J. Goddard, E. K. Lee and R. Shivaji, Population models with nonlinear boundary conditions, Electron. J. Differ. Equ.[electronic only], 2010 (2010), 135-149.
[14]	J. Goddard II, Q. Morris, C. Payne and R. Shivaji, A diffusive logistic equation with U-shaped density dependent dispersal on the boundary, Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal., 53 (2019), 335-349. doi: 10.12775/tmna.2018.047.
[15]	J. Goddard, II, Q. Morris, R. Shivaji and B. Son, Bifurcation curves for singular and nonsingular problems with nonlinear boundary conditions, Electron. J. Differ. Equ., 2018 (2018), 12 pp.
[16]	J. Goddard, II, Q. A. Morris, S. B. Robinson and R. Shivaji, An exact bifurcation diagram for a reaction-diffusion equation arising in population dynamics, Bound. Value Probl., 2018 (2018), 17 pp. doi: 10.1186/s13661-018-1090-z.
[17]	J. Goddard II and R. Shivaji, Diffusive logistic equation with constant yield harvesting and negative density dependent emigration on the boundary, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 414 (2014), 561-573. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.01.016.
[18]	J. Goddard II, R. Shivaji and E. K. Lee, Diffusive logistic equation with non-linear boundary conditions, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 375 (2011), 365-370. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.09.057.
[19]	P. V. Gordon, E. Ko and R. Shivaji, Multiplicity and uniqueness of positive solutions for elliptic equations with nonlinear boundary conditions arising in a theory of thermal explosion, Nonlinear Anal., 15 (2014), 51-57. doi: 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2013.05.005.
[20]	F. Inkmann, Existence and multiplicity theorems for semilinear elliptic equations with nonlinear boundary conditions, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 31 (1982), 213-221. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1982.31.31019.
[21]	T. Laetsch, The number of solutions of a nonlinear two point boundary value problem, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 20 (1970/1971), 1-13. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1970.20.20001.
[22]	A. Lê, Eigenvalue problems for the $p$-Laplacian, Nonlinear Anal., 64 (2006), 1057-1099. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2005.05.056.
[23]	E. Lee, S. Sasi and R. Shivaji, S-shaped bifurcation curves in ecosystems, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 381 (2011), 732-741. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2011.03.048.
[24]	E. K. Lee, R. Shivaji and J. Ye, Positive solutions for elliptic equations involving nonlinearities with falling zeroes, Appl. Math. Lett., 22 (2009), 846-851. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2008.08.020.
[25]	M. K. Mallick., Steady State Reaction Diffusion Equations with Falling Zero Reaction Terms and Nonlinear Boundary Conditions, PhD thesis, Chennai India, 2019.
[26]	M. H. Protter and H. F. Weinberger., Maximum Principles in Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5282-5.
[27]	J. Serrin., A symmetry problem in potential theory, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 43 (1971), 304-318. doi: 10.1007/BF00250468.
[28]	J. Shi and R. Shivaji, Persistence in reaction diffusion models with weak Allee effect, J. Math. Biol., 52 (2006), 807-829. doi: 10.1007/s00285-006-0373-7.

Figure 1. Bifurcation diagram for (6.1)-(6.3) when $ f(s) = 1-\frac{s}{10}-1.5\frac{s}{1+s^2} $ with $ \alpha(1) = 1 $.

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 2. Bifurcation diagram for (6.1)-(6.3) when $ f(s) = 1-\frac{s}{10}-1.5\frac{s}{1+s^2} $ with $ \alpha(1)<1 $.

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 3. Bifurcation diagram for (6.1)-(6.3) when $ f(s) = 5-s-\frac{1}{1+5s} $ with $ \alpha(1) = 1 $.

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 4. Bifurcation diagram for (6.1)-(6.3) when $ f(s) = 5-s-\frac{1}{1+5s} $ with $ \alpha(1)<1 $.

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

[1]	Shin-Ichiro Ei, Toshio Ishimoto. Effect of boundary conditions on the dynamics of a pulse solution for reaction-diffusion systems. Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2013, 8 (1) : 191-209. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2013.8.191
[2]	Jim M. Cushing. The evolutionary dynamics of a population model with a strong Allee effect. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2015, 12 (4) : 643-660. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.643
[3]	Dianmo Li, Zhen Zhang, Zufei Ma, Baoyu Xie, Rui Wang. Allee effect and a catastrophe model of population dynamics. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2004, 4 (3) : 629-634. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2004.4.629
[4]	Pengmiao Hao, Xuechen Wang, Junjie Wei. Global Hopf bifurcation of a population model with stage structure and strong Allee effect. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2017, 10 (5) : 973-993. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2017051
[5]	Narcisa Apreutesei, Vitaly Volpert. Reaction-diffusion waves with nonlinear boundary conditions. Networks and Heterogeneous Media, 2013, 8 (1) : 23-35. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2013.8.23
[6]	Chuangxia Huang, Xiaojin Guo, Jinde Cao, Ardak Kashkynbayev. Bistable dynamics on a tick population equation incorporating Allee effect and two different time-varying delays. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2022 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2022122
[7]	Anouar El Harrak, Hatim Tayeq, Amal Bergam. A posteriori error estimates for a finite volume scheme applied to a nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation in population dynamics. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (7) : 2183-2197. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2021062
[8]	Costică Moroşanu, Bianca Satco. Qualitative and quantitative analysis for a nonlocal and nonlinear reaction-diffusion problem with in-homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2022 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2022042
[9]	Meng-Xue Chang, Bang-Sheng Han, Xiao-Ming Fan. Global dynamics of the solution for a bistable reaction diffusion equation with nonlocal effect. Electronic Research Archive, 2021, 29 (5) : 3017-3030. doi: 10.3934/era.2021024
[10]	Miljana JovanoviĆ, Marija KrstiĆ. Extinction in stochastic predator-prey population model with Allee effect on prey. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2017, 22 (7) : 2651-2667. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2017129
[11]	Jihoon Lee, Vu Manh Toi. Attractors for a class of delayed reaction-diffusion equations with dynamic boundary conditions. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020, 25 (8) : 3135-3152. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020054
[12]	Kwangjoong Kim, Wonhyung Choi, Inkyung Ahn. Reaction-advection-diffusion competition models under lethal boundary conditions. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021 doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021250
[13]	Xiaoyuan Chang, Junping Shi. Bistable and oscillatory dynamics of Nicholson's blowflies equation with Allee effect. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2022, 27 (8) : 4551-4572. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021242
[14]	Henri Berestycki, Luca Rossi. Reaction-diffusion equations for population dynamics with forced speed I - The case of the whole space. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2008, 21 (1) : 41-67. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2008.21.41
[15]	Henri Berestycki, Luca Rossi. Reaction-diffusion equations for population dynamics with forced speed II - cylindrical-type domains. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2009, 25 (1) : 19-61. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2009.25.19
[16]	Nika Lazaryan, Hassan Sedaghat. Extinction and the Allee effect in an age structured Ricker population model with inter-stage interaction. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2018, 23 (2) : 731-747. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018040
[17]	Wei Wang, Wanbiao Ma, Xiulan Lai. Sufficient conditions for global dynamics of a viral infection model with nonlinear diffusion. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021, 26 (7) : 3989-4011. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020271
[18]	Ciprian G. Gal, Mahamadi Warma. Reaction-diffusion equations with fractional diffusion on non-smooth domains with various boundary conditions. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2016, 36 (3) : 1279-1319. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016.36.1279
[19]	Qizhen Xiao, Binxiang Dai. Heteroclinic bifurcation for a general predator-prey model with Allee effect and state feedback impulsive control strategy. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2015, 12 (5) : 1065-1081. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.1065
[20]	Guangrui Li, Ming Mei, Yau Shu Wong. Nonlinear stability of traveling wavefronts in an age-structured reaction-diffusion population model. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2008, 5 (1) : 85-100. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2008.5.85

2021 Impact Factor: 1.273

Tools

Metrics

Tools

Article outline

Figures and Tables

2021 Impact Factor: 1.273

Tools

Figures and Tables

2021 Impact Factor: 1.273

American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Bifurcation, uniqueness and multiplicity results for classes of reaction diffusion equations arising in ecology with nonlinear boundary conditions

References:

References:

Tools

Metrics

Other articles
by authors

Tools

Tools

Tools

Metrics

Other articles
by authors

American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Bifurcation, uniqueness and multiplicity results for classes of reaction diffusion equations arising in ecology with nonlinear boundary conditions

References:

References:

Tools

Metrics

Other articlesby authors

Tools

Tools

Tools

Metrics

Other articlesby authors

Other articles
by authors

Other articles
by authors