Phase portraits of predator--prey systems with harvesting rates

K. Q. Lan; C. R. Zhu

doi:10.3934/dcds.2012.32.901

Article Contents

2012, Volume 32, Issue 3: 901-933. Doi: 10.3934/dcds.2012.32.901

This issue Previous Article Permutations and the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy Next Article Pisot family self-affine tilings, discrete spectrum, and the Meyer property

Phase portraits of predator--prey systems with harvesting rates

K. Q. Lan^1, and
C. R. Zhu^1,

1.
Department of Mathematics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3

Received: September 30, 2010

Revised: March 31, 2011

Published: February 2012

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Abstract

We investigate positive equilibria and phase portraits of predator-prey systems with constant harvesting rates arising in ecology. These systems are generalizations of the well--known predator--prey systems with Beddington--DeAngelis functional responses. We seek the ranges of the five parameters involved for which the equilibria of the systems to be positive and obtain all the positive equilibria of the systems. We prove that these positive equilibria are saddles, topological saddles, nodes, saddle-nodes, foci, centers, or cusps by providing suitable ranges of the five parameters. These results show how the harvesting rate and another parameter used in the Beddington--DeAngelis functional responses affect the dynamical behaviors of these systems. In particular, if the harvesting rate is larger than $1/4$ or the parameter just mentioned is too large, then the mutual extinction occurs.

Keywords:

Predator--prey system,
harvesting rate,
Beddington--DeAngelis functional response,
positive equilibria,
phase portraits.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 34C20; Secondary: 34C23, 34K18, 37N25, 92D40, 92B05.

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