Sampling, feasibility, and priors in data assimilation

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August 2016, 36(8): 4227-4246. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016.36.4227

Sampling, feasibility, and priors in data assimilation

Alexandre J. Chorin ^1, , Fei Lu ^1, , Robert N. Miller ^2, , Matthias Morzfeld ^3, and Xuemin Tu ^4,

1.	Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
2.	College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
3.	Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
4.	Department of Mathematics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States

Received May 2015 Revised August 2015 Published March 2016

Abstract
Related Papers

Importance sampling algorithms are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on implicit sampling, and applied to data assimilation via particle filters. Implicit sampling makes it possible to use the data to find high-probability samples at relatively low cost, making the assimilation more efficient. A new analysis of the feasibility of data assimilation is presented, showing in detail why feasibility depends on the Frobenius norm of the covariance matrix of the noise and not on the number of variables. A discussion of the convergence of particular particle filters follows. A major open problem in numerical data assimilation is the determination of appropriate priors; a progress report on recent work on this problem is given. The analysis highlights the need for a careful attention both to the data and to the physics in data assimilation problems.

Keywords: Bayesian estimation., model reduction, Monte Carlo, data assimilation.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 65C05, 65Y20; Secondary: 62L1.

Citation: Alexandre J. Chorin, Fei Lu, Robert N. Miller, Matthias Morzfeld, Xuemin Tu. Sampling, feasibility, and priors in data assimilation. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2016, 36 (8) : 4227-4246. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016.36.4227

References:

[1]	M. Ades and P. van Leeuwen, An exploration of the equivalent weights particle filter, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139 (2013), 820-840. doi: 10.1002/qj.1995.
[2]	M. Arulampalam, S. Maskell, N. Gordon and T. Clapp, A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian tracking, IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, 50 (2002), 174-188. doi: 10.1109/78.978374.
[3]	E. Atkins, M. Morzfeld and A. J. Chorin, Implicit particle methods and their connection with variational data assimilation, Monthly Weather Review, 141 (2013), 1786-1803. doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00145.1.
[4]	T. Bengtsson, P. Bickel and B. Li, Curse of dimensionality revisited: The collapse of importance sampling in very large scale systems, IMS Collections: Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of David A. Freedman, 2 (2008), 316-334. doi: 10.1214/193940307000000518.
[5]	T. Berry and J. Harlim, Linear theory for filtering nonlinear multiscale systems with model error, Proc. R. Soc. A, 470 (2014), 20140168, 25pp. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0168.
[6]	P. Bickel, T. Bengtsson and J. Anderson, Sharp failure rates for the bootstrap particle filter in high dimensions, Pushing the Limits of Contemporary Statistics: Contributions in Honor of Jayanta K. Ghosh, 3 (2008), 318-329. doi: 10.1214/074921708000000228.
[7]	M. Bocquet, C. Pires and L. Wu, Beyond Gaussian statistical modeling in geophysical data assimilation, Monthly Weather Review, 138 (2010), 2997-3023. doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3164.1.
[8]	N. H. Chan, J. P. Kadane, R. N. Miller and W. Palma, Estimation of tropical sea level anomaly by an improved Kalman filter, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 26 (1996), 1286-1303. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1286:EOTSLA>2.0.CO;2.
[9]	A. J. Chorin and O. H. Hald, Stochastic Tools in Mathematics and Science, 3rd edition, Springer, 2013. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6980-3.
[10]	A. J. Chorin and O. H. Hald, Estimating the uncertainty in underresolved nonlinear dynamics, Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, 19 (2014), 28-38. doi: 10.1177/1081286513505465.
[11]	A. J. Chorin and F. Lu, Discrete approach to stochastic parametrization and dimension reduction in nonlinear dynamics, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (2015), 9804-9809. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1512080112.
[12]	A. J. Chorin and M. Morzfeld, Conditions for successful data assimilation, Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 118 (2013), p11,522-11,533. doi: 10.1002/2013JD019838.
[13]	A. J. Chorin, M. Morzfeld and X. Tu, Implicit particle filters for data assimilation, Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, 5 (2010), 221-240. doi: 10.2140/camcos.2010.5.221.
[14]	A. J. Chorin and X. Tu, Implicit sampling for particle filters, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (2009), 17249-17254. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909196106.
[15]	D. Crommelin and E. Vanden-Eijnden, Subgrid-scale parameterization with conditional Markov chains, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 65 (2008), 2661-2675. doi: 10.1175/2008JAS2566.1.
[16]	A. Doucet, N. de Freitas and N. Gordon (eds.), Sequential Monte Carlo Methods in Practice, Springer, 2001. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-3437-9.
[17]	A. Doucet, S. Godsill and C. Andrieu, On sequential Monte Carlo sampling methods for Bayesian filtering, Statistics and Computing, 10 (2000), 197-208.
[18]	G. Evensen, Data Assimilation: The Ensemble Kalman Filter, Second edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2009. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-03711-5.
[19]	I. Fatkulin and E. Vanden-Eijnden, A computational strategy for multi-scale systems with applications to Lorenz'96 model, Journal of Computational Physics, 200 (2004), 605-638. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2004.04.013.
[20]	G. E. Forsythe, M. A. Malcom and C. Mohler, Computer Methods for Mathematical Computations, Prentice-Hall, 1977.
[21]	A. Fournier, G. Hulot, D. Jault, W. Kuang, W. Tangborn, N. Gillet, E. Canet, J. Aubert and F. Lhuillier, An introduction to data assimilation and predictability in geomagnetism, Space Science Review, 155 (2010), 247-291.
[22]	J. Goodman, K. Lin and M. Morzfeld, Small-noise analysis and symmetrization of implicit Monte Carlo samplers, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, (2015). doi: 10.1002/cpa.21592.
[23]	J. Goodman and J. Weare, Ensemble samplers with affine invariance, Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences, 5 (2010), 65-80. doi: 10.2140/camcos.2010.5.65.
[24]	J. Harlim, Data assimilation with model error from unresolved scales,, , ().
[25]	R. Kalman, A new approach to linear filtering and prediction theory, Transactions of the ASME-Journal of Basic Engineering, 82 (1960), 35-48.
[26]	M. Kalos and P. Whitlock, Monte Carlo Methods, Second edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim, 2008. doi: 10.1002/9783527626212.
[27]	P. Lancaster and L. Rodman, Algebraic Riccati Equations, Oxford University Press, 1995.
[28]	J. Liu and R. Chen, Blind deconvolution via sequential imputations, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90 (1995), 567-576. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1995.10476549.
[29]	E. N. Lorenz, Deterministic non-periodic flow, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 20 (1963), 130-141.
[30]	E. Lorenz, Predictability: A problem partly solved, Proc. Seminar on Predictability, (2009), 40-58. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511617652.004.
[31]	A. Majda and J. Harlim, Physics constrained nonlinear regression models for time series, Nonlinearity, 26 (2013), 201-217. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/26/1/201.
[32]	R. N. Miller and L. Ehret, Application of the implicit particle filter to a model of nearshore circulation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 119 (2014), 2363-2385. doi: 10.1002/2013JC009440.
[33]	R. N. Miller, M. Ghil and F. Gauthiez, Advanced data assimilation in strongly nonlinear systems, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 51 (1994), 1037-1056. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1037:ADAISN>2.0.CO;2.
[34]	M. Morzfeld and H. Godinez, Estimation and prediction for an orbital propagation model using data assimilation, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Spaceflight Mechanics, 152 (2015), 2003-2021.
[35]	M. Morzfeld and D. Hodyss, Analysis of the ensemble Kalman filter for marginal and joint posteriors,, submitted for publication., ().
[36]	M. Morzfeld, X. Tu, E. Atkins and A. J. Chorin, A random map implementation of implicit filters, Journal of Computational Physics, 231 (2012), 2049-2066. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2011.11.022.
[37]	M. Morzfeld, X. Tu, J. Wilkening and A. J. Chorin, Parameter estimation by implicit sampling, Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, 10 (2015), 205-225. doi: 10.2140/camcos.2015.10.205.
[38]	T. Moselhy and Y. Marzouk, Bayesian inference with optimal maps, Journal of Computational Physics, 231 (2012), 7815-7850. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2012.07.022.
[39]	C. Nicolis, Probabilistic aspects of error growth in atmospheric dynamics, Quarterly Jourmal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 118 (1992), 553-567.
[40]	A. B. Owen, Monte Carlo Theory, Methods and Examples, 2013., URL , ().
[41]	Y. Pokern, A. Stuart and P. Wiberg, Parameter estimation for partially observed hypoelliptic diffusions, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 71 (2009), 49-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00689.x.
[42]	C. Rasmussen and C. Williams, Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning, MIT Press, 2006.
[43]	N. Recca, A New Methodology for Importance Sampling, Masters Thesis, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 2011.
[44]	A. Samson and M. Thieullen, A contrast estimator for completely or partially observed hypoelliptic diffusion, Stochastic Processes and their Applications, 122 (2012), 2521-2552. doi: 10.1016/j.spa.2012.04.006.
[45]	C. Snyder, Particle filters, the "optimal'' proposal and high-dimensional systems, Proceedings of the ECMWF Seminar on Data Assimilation for Atmosphere and Ocean, (2011).
[46]	C. Snyder, T. Bengtsson, P. Bickel and J. Anderson, Obstacles to high-dimensional particle filtering, Monthly Weather Review, 136 (2008), 4629-4640.
[47]	C. Snyder, T. Bengtsson and M. Morzfeld, Performance bounds for particle filters using the optimal proposal, Monthly Weather Review, 143 (2015), 4750-4761.
[48]	A. Stuart, Inverse problems: A Bayesian perspective, Acta Numerica, 19 (2010), 451-559. doi: 10.1017/S0962492910000061.
[49]	M. Tippet, J. Anderson, C. Bishop, T. Hamil and J. Whitaker, Ensemble square root filters, Monthly Weather Review, 131 (2003), 1485-1490.
[50]	P. van Leeuwen, Particle filtering in geophysical systems, Monthly Weather Review, 137 (2009), 4089-4114.
[51]	P. van Leeuwen, Nonlinear data assimilation in geosciences: an extremely efficient particle filter, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136 (2010), 1991-1999.
[52]	E. Vanden-Eijnden and J. Weare, Rare event simulation and small noise diffusions, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 65 (2012), 1770-1803. doi: 10.1002/cpa.21428.
[53]	E. Vanden-Eijnden and J. Weare, Data assimilation in the low noise, accurate observation regime with application to the Kuroshio current, Monthly Weather Review, 141 (2013), 1822-1841.
[54]	B. Weir, R. N. Miller and Y. Spitz, Implicit estimation of ecological model parameters, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 75 (2013), 223-257. doi: 10.1007/s11538-012-9801-6.
[55]	D. Wilks, Effects of stochastic parameterizations in the Lorenz '96 model, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131 (2005), 389-407.
[56]	V. Zaritskii and L. Shimelevich, Monte Carlo technique in problems of optimal data processing, Automation and Remote Control, 36 (1975), 2015-2022.

show all references

References:

[1]	M. Ades and P. van Leeuwen, An exploration of the equivalent weights particle filter, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139 (2013), 820-840. doi: 10.1002/qj.1995.
[2]	M. Arulampalam, S. Maskell, N. Gordon and T. Clapp, A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian tracking, IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing, 50 (2002), 174-188. doi: 10.1109/78.978374.
[3]	E. Atkins, M. Morzfeld and A. J. Chorin, Implicit particle methods and their connection with variational data assimilation, Monthly Weather Review, 141 (2013), 1786-1803. doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00145.1.
[4]	T. Bengtsson, P. Bickel and B. Li, Curse of dimensionality revisited: The collapse of importance sampling in very large scale systems, IMS Collections: Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of David A. Freedman, 2 (2008), 316-334. doi: 10.1214/193940307000000518.
[5]	T. Berry and J. Harlim, Linear theory for filtering nonlinear multiscale systems with model error, Proc. R. Soc. A, 470 (2014), 20140168, 25pp. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0168.
[6]	P. Bickel, T. Bengtsson and J. Anderson, Sharp failure rates for the bootstrap particle filter in high dimensions, Pushing the Limits of Contemporary Statistics: Contributions in Honor of Jayanta K. Ghosh, 3 (2008), 318-329. doi: 10.1214/074921708000000228.
[7]	M. Bocquet, C. Pires and L. Wu, Beyond Gaussian statistical modeling in geophysical data assimilation, Monthly Weather Review, 138 (2010), 2997-3023. doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3164.1.
[8]	N. H. Chan, J. P. Kadane, R. N. Miller and W. Palma, Estimation of tropical sea level anomaly by an improved Kalman filter, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 26 (1996), 1286-1303. doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1286:EOTSLA>2.0.CO;2.
[9]	A. J. Chorin and O. H. Hald, Stochastic Tools in Mathematics and Science, 3rd edition, Springer, 2013. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6980-3.
[10]	A. J. Chorin and O. H. Hald, Estimating the uncertainty in underresolved nonlinear dynamics, Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, 19 (2014), 28-38. doi: 10.1177/1081286513505465.
[11]	A. J. Chorin and F. Lu, Discrete approach to stochastic parametrization and dimension reduction in nonlinear dynamics, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (2015), 9804-9809. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1512080112.
[12]	A. J. Chorin and M. Morzfeld, Conditions for successful data assimilation, Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 118 (2013), p11,522-11,533. doi: 10.1002/2013JD019838.
[13]	A. J. Chorin, M. Morzfeld and X. Tu, Implicit particle filters for data assimilation, Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, 5 (2010), 221-240. doi: 10.2140/camcos.2010.5.221.
[14]	A. J. Chorin and X. Tu, Implicit sampling for particle filters, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (2009), 17249-17254. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909196106.
[15]	D. Crommelin and E. Vanden-Eijnden, Subgrid-scale parameterization with conditional Markov chains, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 65 (2008), 2661-2675. doi: 10.1175/2008JAS2566.1.
[16]	A. Doucet, N. de Freitas and N. Gordon (eds.), Sequential Monte Carlo Methods in Practice, Springer, 2001. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-3437-9.
[17]	A. Doucet, S. Godsill and C. Andrieu, On sequential Monte Carlo sampling methods for Bayesian filtering, Statistics and Computing, 10 (2000), 197-208.
[18]	G. Evensen, Data Assimilation: The Ensemble Kalman Filter, Second edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2009. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-03711-5.
[19]	I. Fatkulin and E. Vanden-Eijnden, A computational strategy for multi-scale systems with applications to Lorenz'96 model, Journal of Computational Physics, 200 (2004), 605-638. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2004.04.013.
[20]	G. E. Forsythe, M. A. Malcom and C. Mohler, Computer Methods for Mathematical Computations, Prentice-Hall, 1977.
[21]	A. Fournier, G. Hulot, D. Jault, W. Kuang, W. Tangborn, N. Gillet, E. Canet, J. Aubert and F. Lhuillier, An introduction to data assimilation and predictability in geomagnetism, Space Science Review, 155 (2010), 247-291.
[22]	J. Goodman, K. Lin and M. Morzfeld, Small-noise analysis and symmetrization of implicit Monte Carlo samplers, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, (2015). doi: 10.1002/cpa.21592.
[23]	J. Goodman and J. Weare, Ensemble samplers with affine invariance, Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences, 5 (2010), 65-80. doi: 10.2140/camcos.2010.5.65.
[24]	J. Harlim, Data assimilation with model error from unresolved scales,, , ().
[25]	R. Kalman, A new approach to linear filtering and prediction theory, Transactions of the ASME-Journal of Basic Engineering, 82 (1960), 35-48.
[26]	M. Kalos and P. Whitlock, Monte Carlo Methods, Second edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim, 2008. doi: 10.1002/9783527626212.
[27]	P. Lancaster and L. Rodman, Algebraic Riccati Equations, Oxford University Press, 1995.
[28]	J. Liu and R. Chen, Blind deconvolution via sequential imputations, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90 (1995), 567-576. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1995.10476549.
[29]	E. N. Lorenz, Deterministic non-periodic flow, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 20 (1963), 130-141.
[30]	E. Lorenz, Predictability: A problem partly solved, Proc. Seminar on Predictability, (2009), 40-58. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511617652.004.
[31]	A. Majda and J. Harlim, Physics constrained nonlinear regression models for time series, Nonlinearity, 26 (2013), 201-217. doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/26/1/201.
[32]	R. N. Miller and L. Ehret, Application of the implicit particle filter to a model of nearshore circulation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 119 (2014), 2363-2385. doi: 10.1002/2013JC009440.
[33]	R. N. Miller, M. Ghil and F. Gauthiez, Advanced data assimilation in strongly nonlinear systems, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 51 (1994), 1037-1056. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1037:ADAISN>2.0.CO;2.
[34]	M. Morzfeld and H. Godinez, Estimation and prediction for an orbital propagation model using data assimilation, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Spaceflight Mechanics, 152 (2015), 2003-2021.
[35]	M. Morzfeld and D. Hodyss, Analysis of the ensemble Kalman filter for marginal and joint posteriors,, submitted for publication., ().
[36]	M. Morzfeld, X. Tu, E. Atkins and A. J. Chorin, A random map implementation of implicit filters, Journal of Computational Physics, 231 (2012), 2049-2066. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2011.11.022.
[37]	M. Morzfeld, X. Tu, J. Wilkening and A. J. Chorin, Parameter estimation by implicit sampling, Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, 10 (2015), 205-225. doi: 10.2140/camcos.2015.10.205.
[38]	T. Moselhy and Y. Marzouk, Bayesian inference with optimal maps, Journal of Computational Physics, 231 (2012), 7815-7850. doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2012.07.022.
[39]	C. Nicolis, Probabilistic aspects of error growth in atmospheric dynamics, Quarterly Jourmal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 118 (1992), 553-567.
[40]	A. B. Owen, Monte Carlo Theory, Methods and Examples, 2013., URL , ().
[41]	Y. Pokern, A. Stuart and P. Wiberg, Parameter estimation for partially observed hypoelliptic diffusions, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 71 (2009), 49-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00689.x.
[42]	C. Rasmussen and C. Williams, Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning, MIT Press, 2006.
[43]	N. Recca, A New Methodology for Importance Sampling, Masters Thesis, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 2011.
[44]	A. Samson and M. Thieullen, A contrast estimator for completely or partially observed hypoelliptic diffusion, Stochastic Processes and their Applications, 122 (2012), 2521-2552. doi: 10.1016/j.spa.2012.04.006.
[45]	C. Snyder, Particle filters, the "optimal'' proposal and high-dimensional systems, Proceedings of the ECMWF Seminar on Data Assimilation for Atmosphere and Ocean, (2011).
[46]	C. Snyder, T. Bengtsson, P. Bickel and J. Anderson, Obstacles to high-dimensional particle filtering, Monthly Weather Review, 136 (2008), 4629-4640.
[47]	C. Snyder, T. Bengtsson and M. Morzfeld, Performance bounds for particle filters using the optimal proposal, Monthly Weather Review, 143 (2015), 4750-4761.
[48]	A. Stuart, Inverse problems: A Bayesian perspective, Acta Numerica, 19 (2010), 451-559. doi: 10.1017/S0962492910000061.
[49]	M. Tippet, J. Anderson, C. Bishop, T. Hamil and J. Whitaker, Ensemble square root filters, Monthly Weather Review, 131 (2003), 1485-1490.
[50]	P. van Leeuwen, Particle filtering in geophysical systems, Monthly Weather Review, 137 (2009), 4089-4114.
[51]	P. van Leeuwen, Nonlinear data assimilation in geosciences: an extremely efficient particle filter, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136 (2010), 1991-1999.
[52]	E. Vanden-Eijnden and J. Weare, Rare event simulation and small noise diffusions, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 65 (2012), 1770-1803. doi: 10.1002/cpa.21428.
[53]	E. Vanden-Eijnden and J. Weare, Data assimilation in the low noise, accurate observation regime with application to the Kuroshio current, Monthly Weather Review, 141 (2013), 1822-1841.
[54]	B. Weir, R. N. Miller and Y. Spitz, Implicit estimation of ecological model parameters, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 75 (2013), 223-257. doi: 10.1007/s11538-012-9801-6.
[55]	D. Wilks, Effects of stochastic parameterizations in the Lorenz '96 model, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131 (2005), 389-407.
[56]	V. Zaritskii and L. Shimelevich, Monte Carlo technique in problems of optimal data processing, Automation and Remote Control, 36 (1975), 2015-2022.

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