American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

February  2018, 38(2): 449-484. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018021

Receding horizon control for the stabilization of the wave equation

 1 Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (RICAM), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Altenbergerstraβe 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria 2 Institute for Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 36, 8010 Graz, Austria

Received  March 2017 Revised  August 2017 Published  February 2018

Fund Project: This work has been supported by the International Research Training Group IGDK1754, funded by the DFG and FWF, and the ERC advanced grant 668998 (OCLOC) under the EU's H2020 research program

Stabilization of the wave equation by the receding horizon framework is investigated. Distributed control, Dirichlet boundary control, and Neumann boundary control are considered. Moreover for each of these control actions, the well-posedness of the control system and the exponential stability of Receding Horizon Control (RHC) with respect to a proper functional analytic setting are investigated. Observability conditions are necessary to show the suboptimality and exponential stability of RHC. Numerical experiments are given to illustrate the theoretical results.

Citation: Behzad Azmi, Karl Kunisch. Receding horizon control for the stabilization of the wave equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2018, 38 (2) : 449-484. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018021
References:
 [1] K. Ammari, Dirichlet boundary stabilization of the wave equation, Asymptot. Anal., 30 (2002), 117-130. Google Scholar [2] K. Ammari and M. Tucsnak, Stabilization of second order evolution equations by a class of unbounded feedbacks, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 6 (2001), 361-386 (electronic). doi: 10.1051/cocv:2001114. Google Scholar [3] B. Azmi and K. Kunisch, On the stabilizability of the Burgers equation by receding horizon control, SIAM J. Control Optim., 54 (2016), 1378-1405. doi: 10.1137/15M1030352. Google Scholar [4] L. Bales and I. Lasiecka, Continuous finite elements in space and time for the nonhomogeneous wave equation, Comput. Math. Appl., 27 (1994), 91-102. doi: 10.1016/0898-1221(94)90048-5. Google Scholar [5] ——, Negative norm estimates for fully discrete finite element approximations to the wave equation with nonhomogeneous $L_2$ Dirichlet boundary data, Math. Comp., 64 (1995), 89-115 doi: 10.2307/2153324. Google Scholar [6] W. Bangerth, M. Geiger and R. Rannacher, Adaptive Galerkin finite element methods for the wave equation, Comput. Methods Appl. Math., 10 (2010), 3-48. doi: 10.2478/cmam-2010-0001. Google Scholar [7] W. Bangerth and R. Rannacher, Adaptive finite element techniques for the acoustic wave equation, J. Comput. Acoust., 9 (2001), 575-591. doi: 10.1142/S0218396X01000668. Google Scholar [8] C. Bardos, G. Lebeau and J. Rauch, Sharp sufficient conditions for the observation, control, and stabilization of waves from the boundary, SIAM J. Control Optim., 30 (1992), 1024-1065. doi: 10.1137/0330055. Google Scholar [9] J. Barzilai and J. M. Borwein, Two-point step size gradient methods, IMA J. Numer. Anal., 8 (1988), 141-148. doi: 10.1093/imanum/8.1.141. Google Scholar [10] R. Becker, D. Meidner and B. Vexler, Efficient numerical solution of parabolic optimization problems by finite element methods, Optim. Methods Softw., 22 (2007), 813-833. doi: 10.1080/10556780701228532. Google Scholar [11] N. Burq and P. Gérard, Condition nécessaire et suffisante pour la contrôlabilité exacte des ondes, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math., 325 (1997), 749-752. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(97)80053-5. Google Scholar [12] G. Chen, Control and stabilization for the wave equation in a bounded domain, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 17 (1979), 66-81. doi: 10.1137/0317007. Google Scholar [13] H. Chen and F. Allgöwer, A quasi-infinite horizon nonlinear model predictive control scheme with guaranteed stability, Automatica J. IFAC, 34 (1998), 1205-1217. doi: 10.1016/S0005-1098(98)00073-9. Google Scholar [14] N. Cîndea and A. Münch, A mixed formulation for the direct approximation of the control of minimal $L^2$-norm for linear type wave equations, Calcolo, 52 (2015), 245-288. doi: 10.1007/s10092-014-0116-x. Google Scholar [15] J. -M. Coron, Control and Nonlinearity, vol. 136 of Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2007. Google Scholar [16] R. Curtain and K. Morris, Transfer functions of distributed parameter systems: A tutorial, Automatica J. IFAC, 45 (2009), 1101-1116. doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2009.01.008. Google Scholar [17] Y.-H. Dai and H. Zhang, Adaptive two-point stepsize gradient algorithm, Numer. Algorithms, 27 (2001), 377-385. doi: 10.1023/A:1013844413130. Google Scholar [18] A. Ern and J. -L. Guermond, Theory and Practice of Finite Elements, vol. 159 of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2004. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4355-5. Google Scholar [19] F. Flandoli, Invertibility of Riccati operators and controllability of related systems, Systems Control Lett., 9 (1987), 65-72. doi: 10.1016/0167-6911(87)90010-7. Google Scholar [20] G. Grimm, M. J. Messina, S. E. Tuna and A. R. Teel, Model predictive control: For want of a local control Lyapunov function, all is not lost, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 50 (2005), 546-558. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2005.847055. Google Scholar [21] L. Grüne, Analysis and design of unconstrained nonlinear MPC schemes for finite and infinite dimensional systems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 48 (2009), 1206-1228. doi: 10.1137/070707853. Google Scholar [22] L. Grüne and A. Rantzer, On the infinite horizon performance of receding horizon controllers, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 53 (2008), 2100-2111. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2008.927799. Google Scholar [23] M. Gugat, Exponential stabilization of the wave equation by Dirichlet integral feedback, SIAM J. Control Optim., 53 (2015), 526-546. doi: 10.1137/140977023. Google Scholar [24] M. Gugat, G. Leugering and G. Sklyar, $L^p$-optimal boundary control for the wave equation, SIAM J. Control Optim., 44 (2005), 49-74. doi: 10.1137/S0363012903419212. Google Scholar [25] M. Gugat, E. Trélat and E. Zuazua, Optimal Neumann control for the 1D wave equation: Finite horizon, infinite horizon, boundary tracking terms and the turnpike property, Systems Control Lett., 90 (2016), 61-70. doi: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2016.02.001. Google Scholar [26] W. Guo and B.-Z. Guo, Adaptive output feedback stabilization for one-dimensional wave equation with corrupted observation by harmonic disturbance, SIAM J. Control Optim., 51 (2013), 1679-1706. doi: 10.1137/120873212. Google Scholar [27] E. Hendrickson and I. Lasiecka, Numerical approximations of solutions to Riccati equations arising in boundary control problems for the wave equation, in Optimal control of differential equations (Athens, OH, 1993), vol. 160 of Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math., Dekker, New York, 1994,111-132.Google Scholar [28] K. Ito and K. Kunisch, Receding horizon optimal control for infinite dimensional systems, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 8 (2002), 741-760 (electronic). A tribute to J. L. Lions. doi: 10.1051/cocv:2002032. Google Scholar [29] A. Jadbabaie and J. Hauser, On the stability of receding horizon control with a general terminal cost, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 50 (2005), 674-678. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2005.846597. Google Scholar [30] C. Johnson, Discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for second order hyperbolic problems, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 107 (1993), 117-129. doi: 10.1016/0045-7825(93)90170-3. Google Scholar [31] O. Karakashian and C. Makridakis, Convergence of a continuous Galerkin method with mesh modification for nonlinear wave equations, Math. Comp., 74 (2005), 85-102. doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-04-01654-0. Google Scholar [32] A. Kröner, K. Kunisch and B. Vexler, Semismooth Newton methods for optimal control of the wave equation with control constraints, SIAM J. Control Optim., 49 (2011), 830-858. doi: 10.1137/090766541. Google Scholar [33] K. Kunisch, P. Trautmann and B. Vexler, Optimal control of the undamped linear wave equation with measure valued controls, SIAM J. Control Optim., 54 (2016), 1212-1244. doi: 10.1137/141001366. Google Scholar [34] J. E. Lagnese, Note on boundary stabilization of wave equations, SIAM J. Control Optim., 26 (1988), 1250-1256. doi: 10.1137/0326068. Google Scholar [35] I. Lasiecka and R. Triggiani, Uniform exponential energy decay of wave equations in a bounded region with $L_2(0, ∞; L_2(Γ))$-feedback control in the Dirichlet boundary conditions, J. Differential Equations, 66 (1987), 340-390. doi: 10.1016/0022-0396(87)90025-8. Google Scholar [36] ——, Sharp regularity theory for second order hyperbolic equations of Neumann type. I. L2 nonhomogeneous data, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4), 157 (1990), 285-367. doi: 10.1007/BF01765322. Google Scholar [37] ——, Differential and Algebraic Riccati Equations with Application to Boundary/Point Control Problems: Continuous Theory and Approximation Theory, vol. 164 of Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. doi: 10.1007/BFb0006880. Google Scholar [38] ——, Uniform stabilization of the wave equation with Dirichlet or Neumann feedback control without geometrical conditions, Appl. Math. Optim., 25 (1992), 189-224. doi: 10.1007/BF01182480. Google Scholar [39] ——, Algebraic Riccati equations arising from systems with unbounded input-solution operator: applications to boundary control problems for wave and plate equations, Nonlinear Anal., 20 (1993), 659-695. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(93)90026-O. Google Scholar [40] J. -L. Lions, Optimal Control of Systems Governed by Partial Differential Equations, Translated from the French by S. K. Mitter. Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Band 170, Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1971. Google Scholar [41] ——, Contrôle des Systémes Distribués Singuliers, vol. 13 of Méthodes Mathématiques de l'Informatique [Mathematical Methods of Information Science], Gauthier-Villars, Montrouge, 1983. Google Scholar [42] J. -L. Lions and E. Magenes, Non-homogeneous Boundary Value Problems and Applications. Vol. I, Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg, 1972. Translated from the French by P. Kenneth, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Band 181. Google Scholar [43] ——, Non-homogeneous Boundary Value Problems and Applications. Vol. II, Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg, 1972. Translated from the French by P. Kenneth, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Band 182. Google Scholar [44] D. Q. Mayne, J. B. Rawlings, C. V. Rao and P. O. M. Scokaert, Constrained model predictive control: Stability and optimality, Automatica J. IFAC, 36 (2000), 789-814. doi: 10.1016/S0005-1098(99)00214-9. Google Scholar [45] B. S. Mordukhovich and J. -P. Raymond, Neumann boundary control of hyperbolic equations with pointwise state constraints, SIAM J. Control Optim., 43 (2004/05), 1354-1372 (electronic). doi: 10.1137/S0363012903431177. Google Scholar [46] B. S. Mordukhovich and J.-P. Raymond, Dirichlet boundary control of hyperbolic equations in the presence of state constraints, Appl. Math. Optim., 49 (2004), 145-157. doi: 10.1007/BF02638149. Google Scholar [47] A. Münch and A. F. Pazoto, Uniform stabilization of a viscous numerical approximation for a locally damped wave equation, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 13 (2007), 265-293 (electronic). doi: 10.1051/cocv:2007009. Google Scholar [48] M. Reble and F. Allgöwer, Unconstrained model predictive control and suboptimality estimates for nonlinear continuous-time systems, Automatica J. IFAC, 48 (2012), 1812-1817. doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2012.05.067. Google Scholar [49] D. L. Russell, Controllability and stabilizability theory for linear partial differential equations: recent progress and open questions, SIAM Rev., 20 (1978), 639-739. doi: 10.1137/1020095. Google Scholar [50] L. T. Tebou and E. Zuazua, Uniform boundary stabilization of the finite difference space discretization of the $1-d$ wave equation, Adv. Comput. Math., 26 (2007), 337-365. doi: 10.1007/s10444-004-7629-9. Google Scholar [51] R. Triggiani, Exact boundary controllability on $L_2(Ω)× H^{-1}(Ω)$ of the wave equation with Dirichlet boundary control acting on a portion of the boundary $\partialΩ$, and related problems, Appl. Math. Optim., 18 (1988), 241-277. doi: 10.1007/BF01443625. Google Scholar

show all references

References:
 [1] K. Ammari, Dirichlet boundary stabilization of the wave equation, Asymptot. Anal., 30 (2002), 117-130. Google Scholar [2] K. Ammari and M. Tucsnak, Stabilization of second order evolution equations by a class of unbounded feedbacks, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 6 (2001), 361-386 (electronic). doi: 10.1051/cocv:2001114. Google Scholar [3] B. Azmi and K. Kunisch, On the stabilizability of the Burgers equation by receding horizon control, SIAM J. Control Optim., 54 (2016), 1378-1405. doi: 10.1137/15M1030352. Google Scholar [4] L. Bales and I. Lasiecka, Continuous finite elements in space and time for the nonhomogeneous wave equation, Comput. Math. Appl., 27 (1994), 91-102. doi: 10.1016/0898-1221(94)90048-5. Google Scholar [5] ——, Negative norm estimates for fully discrete finite element approximations to the wave equation with nonhomogeneous $L_2$ Dirichlet boundary data, Math. Comp., 64 (1995), 89-115 doi: 10.2307/2153324. Google Scholar [6] W. Bangerth, M. Geiger and R. Rannacher, Adaptive Galerkin finite element methods for the wave equation, Comput. Methods Appl. Math., 10 (2010), 3-48. doi: 10.2478/cmam-2010-0001. Google Scholar [7] W. Bangerth and R. Rannacher, Adaptive finite element techniques for the acoustic wave equation, J. Comput. Acoust., 9 (2001), 575-591. doi: 10.1142/S0218396X01000668. Google Scholar [8] C. Bardos, G. Lebeau and J. Rauch, Sharp sufficient conditions for the observation, control, and stabilization of waves from the boundary, SIAM J. Control Optim., 30 (1992), 1024-1065. doi: 10.1137/0330055. Google Scholar [9] J. Barzilai and J. M. Borwein, Two-point step size gradient methods, IMA J. Numer. Anal., 8 (1988), 141-148. doi: 10.1093/imanum/8.1.141. Google Scholar [10] R. Becker, D. Meidner and B. Vexler, Efficient numerical solution of parabolic optimization problems by finite element methods, Optim. Methods Softw., 22 (2007), 813-833. doi: 10.1080/10556780701228532. Google Scholar [11] N. Burq and P. Gérard, Condition nécessaire et suffisante pour la contrôlabilité exacte des ondes, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math., 325 (1997), 749-752. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(97)80053-5. Google Scholar [12] G. Chen, Control and stabilization for the wave equation in a bounded domain, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 17 (1979), 66-81. doi: 10.1137/0317007. Google Scholar [13] H. Chen and F. Allgöwer, A quasi-infinite horizon nonlinear model predictive control scheme with guaranteed stability, Automatica J. IFAC, 34 (1998), 1205-1217. doi: 10.1016/S0005-1098(98)00073-9. Google Scholar [14] N. Cîndea and A. Münch, A mixed formulation for the direct approximation of the control of minimal $L^2$-norm for linear type wave equations, Calcolo, 52 (2015), 245-288. doi: 10.1007/s10092-014-0116-x. Google Scholar [15] J. -M. Coron, Control and Nonlinearity, vol. 136 of Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2007. Google Scholar [16] R. Curtain and K. Morris, Transfer functions of distributed parameter systems: A tutorial, Automatica J. IFAC, 45 (2009), 1101-1116. doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2009.01.008. Google Scholar [17] Y.-H. Dai and H. Zhang, Adaptive two-point stepsize gradient algorithm, Numer. Algorithms, 27 (2001), 377-385. doi: 10.1023/A:1013844413130. Google Scholar [18] A. Ern and J. -L. Guermond, Theory and Practice of Finite Elements, vol. 159 of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2004. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4355-5. Google Scholar [19] F. Flandoli, Invertibility of Riccati operators and controllability of related systems, Systems Control Lett., 9 (1987), 65-72. doi: 10.1016/0167-6911(87)90010-7. Google Scholar [20] G. Grimm, M. J. Messina, S. E. Tuna and A. R. Teel, Model predictive control: For want of a local control Lyapunov function, all is not lost, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 50 (2005), 546-558. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2005.847055. Google Scholar [21] L. Grüne, Analysis and design of unconstrained nonlinear MPC schemes for finite and infinite dimensional systems, SIAM J. Control Optim., 48 (2009), 1206-1228. doi: 10.1137/070707853. Google Scholar [22] L. Grüne and A. Rantzer, On the infinite horizon performance of receding horizon controllers, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 53 (2008), 2100-2111. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2008.927799. Google Scholar [23] M. Gugat, Exponential stabilization of the wave equation by Dirichlet integral feedback, SIAM J. Control Optim., 53 (2015), 526-546. doi: 10.1137/140977023. Google Scholar [24] M. Gugat, G. Leugering and G. Sklyar, $L^p$-optimal boundary control for the wave equation, SIAM J. Control Optim., 44 (2005), 49-74. doi: 10.1137/S0363012903419212. Google Scholar [25] M. Gugat, E. Trélat and E. Zuazua, Optimal Neumann control for the 1D wave equation: Finite horizon, infinite horizon, boundary tracking terms and the turnpike property, Systems Control Lett., 90 (2016), 61-70. doi: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2016.02.001. Google Scholar [26] W. Guo and B.-Z. Guo, Adaptive output feedback stabilization for one-dimensional wave equation with corrupted observation by harmonic disturbance, SIAM J. Control Optim., 51 (2013), 1679-1706. doi: 10.1137/120873212. Google Scholar [27] E. Hendrickson and I. Lasiecka, Numerical approximations of solutions to Riccati equations arising in boundary control problems for the wave equation, in Optimal control of differential equations (Athens, OH, 1993), vol. 160 of Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math., Dekker, New York, 1994,111-132.Google Scholar [28] K. Ito and K. Kunisch, Receding horizon optimal control for infinite dimensional systems, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 8 (2002), 741-760 (electronic). A tribute to J. L. Lions. doi: 10.1051/cocv:2002032. Google Scholar [29] A. Jadbabaie and J. Hauser, On the stability of receding horizon control with a general terminal cost, IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 50 (2005), 674-678. doi: 10.1109/TAC.2005.846597. Google Scholar [30] C. Johnson, Discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for second order hyperbolic problems, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 107 (1993), 117-129. doi: 10.1016/0045-7825(93)90170-3. Google Scholar [31] O. Karakashian and C. Makridakis, Convergence of a continuous Galerkin method with mesh modification for nonlinear wave equations, Math. Comp., 74 (2005), 85-102. doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-04-01654-0. Google Scholar [32] A. Kröner, K. Kunisch and B. Vexler, Semismooth Newton methods for optimal control of the wave equation with control constraints, SIAM J. Control Optim., 49 (2011), 830-858. doi: 10.1137/090766541. Google Scholar [33] K. Kunisch, P. Trautmann and B. Vexler, Optimal control of the undamped linear wave equation with measure valued controls, SIAM J. Control Optim., 54 (2016), 1212-1244. doi: 10.1137/141001366. Google Scholar [34] J. E. Lagnese, Note on boundary stabilization of wave equations, SIAM J. Control Optim., 26 (1988), 1250-1256. doi: 10.1137/0326068. Google Scholar [35] I. Lasiecka and R. Triggiani, Uniform exponential energy decay of wave equations in a bounded region with $L_2(0, ∞; L_2(Γ))$-feedback control in the Dirichlet boundary conditions, J. Differential Equations, 66 (1987), 340-390. doi: 10.1016/0022-0396(87)90025-8. Google Scholar [36] ——, Sharp regularity theory for second order hyperbolic equations of Neumann type. I. L2 nonhomogeneous data, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4), 157 (1990), 285-367. doi: 10.1007/BF01765322. Google Scholar [37] ——, Differential and Algebraic Riccati Equations with Application to Boundary/Point Control Problems: Continuous Theory and Approximation Theory, vol. 164 of Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. doi: 10.1007/BFb0006880. Google Scholar [38] ——, Uniform stabilization of the wave equation with Dirichlet or Neumann feedback control without geometrical conditions, Appl. Math. Optim., 25 (1992), 189-224. doi: 10.1007/BF01182480. Google Scholar [39] ——, Algebraic Riccati equations arising from systems with unbounded input-solution operator: applications to boundary control problems for wave and plate equations, Nonlinear Anal., 20 (1993), 659-695. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(93)90026-O. Google Scholar [40] J. -L. Lions, Optimal Control of Systems Governed by Partial Differential Equations, Translated from the French by S. K. Mitter. Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Band 170, Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1971. Google Scholar [41] ——, Contrôle des Systémes Distribués Singuliers, vol. 13 of Méthodes Mathématiques de l'Informatique [Mathematical Methods of Information Science], Gauthier-Villars, Montrouge, 1983. Google Scholar [42] J. -L. Lions and E. Magenes, Non-homogeneous Boundary Value Problems and Applications. Vol. I, Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg, 1972. Translated from the French by P. Kenneth, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Band 181. Google Scholar [43] ——, Non-homogeneous Boundary Value Problems and Applications. Vol. II, Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg, 1972. Translated from the French by P. Kenneth, Die Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Band 182. Google Scholar [44] D. Q. Mayne, J. B. Rawlings, C. V. Rao and P. O. M. Scokaert, Constrained model predictive control: Stability and optimality, Automatica J. IFAC, 36 (2000), 789-814. doi: 10.1016/S0005-1098(99)00214-9. Google Scholar [45] B. S. Mordukhovich and J. -P. Raymond, Neumann boundary control of hyperbolic equations with pointwise state constraints, SIAM J. Control Optim., 43 (2004/05), 1354-1372 (electronic). doi: 10.1137/S0363012903431177. Google Scholar [46] B. S. Mordukhovich and J.-P. Raymond, Dirichlet boundary control of hyperbolic equations in the presence of state constraints, Appl. Math. Optim., 49 (2004), 145-157. doi: 10.1007/BF02638149. Google Scholar [47] A. Münch and A. F. Pazoto, Uniform stabilization of a viscous numerical approximation for a locally damped wave equation, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 13 (2007), 265-293 (electronic). doi: 10.1051/cocv:2007009. Google Scholar [48] M. Reble and F. Allgöwer, Unconstrained model predictive control and suboptimality estimates for nonlinear continuous-time systems, Automatica J. IFAC, 48 (2012), 1812-1817. doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2012.05.067. Google Scholar [49] D. L. Russell, Controllability and stabilizability theory for linear partial differential equations: recent progress and open questions, SIAM Rev., 20 (1978), 639-739. doi: 10.1137/1020095. Google Scholar [50] L. T. Tebou and E. Zuazua, Uniform boundary stabilization of the finite difference space discretization of the $1-d$ wave equation, Adv. Comput. Math., 26 (2007), 337-365. doi: 10.1007/s10444-004-7629-9. Google Scholar [51] R. Triggiani, Exact boundary controllability on $L_2(Ω)× H^{-1}(Ω)$ of the wave equation with Dirichlet boundary control acting on a portion of the boundary $\partialΩ$, and related problems, Appl. Math. Optim., 18 (1988), 241-277. doi: 10.1007/BF01443625. Google Scholar
Control domains
Snapshots of the uncontrolled state corresponding to Example 5.1
Evolution of $L^2(\omega)$-norm for RHC corresponding to Example 5.1 with different prediction horizons $T$
Evolution of $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}(t)\|_{\mathcal{H}}$ for different choices of $T$
Snapshots of receding horizon state for the choice of $T = 1.5$ corresponding to Example 5.1
Snapshots of receding horizon state for the choice of $T = 1.5$ corresponding to Example 5.2
Numerical results corresponding to Example 5.3
 Algorithm 1 Receding Horizon Algorithm Require: Let the prediction horizon $T$, the sampling time $\delta  Algorithm 1 Receding Horizon Algorithm Require: Let the prediction horizon$T$, the sampling time$\delta
 Algorithm 2 RHC($\mathcal{Y}_0, T_{\infty}$) Input: Let a final computational time horizon $T_{\infty}$, and an initial state $\mathcal{Y}_0:=(y^1_0, y^2_0) \in \mathcal{H}$ be given. 1: Choose a prediction horizon $T < T_{\infty}$ and a sampling time $\delta \in (0, T]$. 2: Consider a grid $0 = t_0 < t_1 < \cdots  Algorithm 2 RHC($\mathcal{Y}_0, T_{\infty}$) Input: Let a final computational time horizon$T_{\infty}$, and an initial state$\mathcal{Y}_0:=(y^1_0, y^2_0) \in \mathcal{H}$be given. 1: Choose a prediction horizon$T < T_{\infty}$and a sampling time$\delta \in (0, T]$. 2: Consider a grid$0 = t_0 < t_1 < \cdots
Numerical results for Example 5.1
 Prediction Horizon $J_{T_{\infty}}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}\|_{L^2(0, T_{\infty};\mathcal{H}_1)}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}(T_{\infty})\|_{\mathcal{H}_1}$ iter $T = 1.5$ $8.20\times 10^2$ $40.19$ $2.62 \times 10^{-8}$ $1515$ $T = 1$ $1.13\times 10^3$ $47.40$ $3.03\times10^{-6}$ $847$ $T = 0.5$ $3.13\times 10^{3}$ $79.10$ $2.00 \times 10^{-3}$ $550$ $T = 0.25$ $1. 94\times 10^{4}$ $197.43$ $3.79 \times 10^{-1}$ $373$
 Prediction Horizon $J_{T_{\infty}}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}\|_{L^2(0, T_{\infty};\mathcal{H}_1)}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}(T_{\infty})\|_{\mathcal{H}_1}$ iter $T = 1.5$ $8.20\times 10^2$ $40.19$ $2.62 \times 10^{-8}$ $1515$ $T = 1$ $1.13\times 10^3$ $47.40$ $3.03\times10^{-6}$ $847$ $T = 0.5$ $3.13\times 10^{3}$ $79.10$ $2.00 \times 10^{-3}$ $550$ $T = 0.25$ $1. 94\times 10^{4}$ $197.43$ $3.79 \times 10^{-1}$ $373$
Numerical results for Example 5.2
 Prediction Horizon $J_{T_{\infty}}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}\|_{L^2(0, T_{\infty};\mathcal{H}_2)}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}(T_{\infty})\|_{\mathcal{H}_2}$ iter $T = 1.5$ $2.20$ $1.93$ $2.11 \times 10^{-6}$ $715$ $T = 1$ $2.75$ $2.23$ $3.42\times10^{-5}$ $599$ $T = 0.5$ $6.77$ $3.64$ $6.00 \times 10^{-3}$ $445$ $T = 0.25$ $33.75$ $8.20$ $2.36\times 10^{-1}$ $359$
 Prediction Horizon $J_{T_{\infty}}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}\|_{L^2(0, T_{\infty};\mathcal{H}_2)}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}(T_{\infty})\|_{\mathcal{H}_2}$ iter $T = 1.5$ $2.20$ $1.93$ $2.11 \times 10^{-6}$ $715$ $T = 1$ $2.75$ $2.23$ $3.42\times10^{-5}$ $599$ $T = 0.5$ $6.77$ $3.64$ $6.00 \times 10^{-3}$ $445$ $T = 0.25$ $33.75$ $8.20$ $2.36\times 10^{-1}$ $359$
Numerical results for Example 5.3
 Prediction Horizon $J_{T_{\infty}}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}\|_{L^2(0, T_{\infty};\mathcal{H}_3)}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}(T_{\infty})\|_{\mathcal{H}_3}$ iter $T = 1.5$ $1.30 \times 10^{4}$ $161.47$ $3.85 \times 10^{-6}$ $5348$ $T = 1$ $1.67 \times 10^{4}$ $182.97$ $7.08\times10^{-5}$ $3303$ $T = 0.5$ $3.92 \times 10^{4}$ $280.22$ $4.91 \times 10^{-2}$ $1507$ $T = 0.25$ $2.41 \times 10^{5}$ $694.40$ $9.26$ $823$
 Prediction Horizon $J_{T_{\infty}}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}\|_{L^2(0, T_{\infty};\mathcal{H}_3)}$ $\|\mathcal{Y}_{rh}(T_{\infty})\|_{\mathcal{H}_3}$ iter $T = 1.5$ $1.30 \times 10^{4}$ $161.47$ $3.85 \times 10^{-6}$ $5348$ $T = 1$ $1.67 \times 10^{4}$ $182.97$ $7.08\times10^{-5}$ $3303$ $T = 0.5$ $3.92 \times 10^{4}$ $280.22$ $4.91 \times 10^{-2}$ $1507$ $T = 0.25$ $2.41 \times 10^{5}$ $694.40$ $9.26$ $823$
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