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April
2018, 38(4): 1707-1718.
doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018070
On the asymptotic character of a generalized rational difference equation
| 1. | Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India |
| 2. | Department of Mathematics, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur, 2421140, India |
We investigate the global asymptotic stability of the solutions of $X_{n+1}=\frac{β X_{n-l} + γ X_{n-k}}{A + X_{n-k}} $ for $n=1,2, ...$, where $l$ and $k$ are positive integers such that $l≠ k$. The parameters are positive real numbers and the initial conditions are arbitrary nonnegative real numbers. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of the zero equilibrium. We also investigate the positive equilibrium and find the regions of parameters where the positive equilibrium is a global attractor of all positive solutions. Of particular interest for this generalized equation would be the existence of unbounded solutions and the existence of prime period two solutions depending on the combination of delay terms ($l$, $k$) being (odd, odd), (odd, even), (even, odd) or (even, even). In this manuscript we will investigate these aspects of the solutions for all such combinations of delay terms.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
39A10, 39A11.
Citation:
Esha Chatterjee, Sk. Sarif Hassan. On the asymptotic character of a generalized rational difference equation. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems,
2018, 38
(4)
: 1707-1718.
doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018070
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References:
| [1] |
R. M. Abu-Saris and R. DeVault,
Global Stability of $ \displaystyle{y_{n+1}=A + \frac{ y_{n} }{ y_{n-k} }}$, Applied Mathematics Letters, 16 (2003), 173-178.
|
| [2] |
E. Camouzis and G. Ladas,
Dynamics of Third Order Rational Difference Equations; With Open Problems and Conjectures,
Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2008. |
| [3] |
E. Camouzis, E. Chatterjee and G. Ladas,
On the dynamics of $ \displaystyle{x_{n+1}=\frac{\delta x_{n-2} + x_{n-3}}{ A+x_{n-3} }}$, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 331 (2007), 230-239.
|
| [4] |
E. Chatterjee, R. DeVault and G. Ladas,
On the Global Character of $ \displaystyle{x_{n+1}=\frac{\beta x_{n} + \delta x_{n-k}}{ A+x_{n-k} }}$, International Journal of Applied Mathematical Sciences, 2 (2005), 39-46.
|
| [5] |
C. W. Clark,
A delayed recruitment model of population dynamics with an application to baleen whale populations, J. Math. Biol., 3 (1976), 381-391.
doi: 10.1007/BF00275067. |
| [6] |
R. DeVault, G. Ladas and S. W. Schultz,
On the recursive sequence $\displaystyle{x_{n+1}=\frac{A}{x_{n}}+\frac{1}{x_{n-2}}}$, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 126 (1998), 3257-3261.
doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-98-04626-7. |
| [7] |
E. A. Grove, G. Ladas, M. Predescu and M. Radin,
On the global charecter of $x_{n+1}=\frac{p x_{n-1}+x_{n-2}}{q+x_{n-2}}$, Math. Sci. Res. Hot-line, 5 (2001), 25-39.
|
| [8] |
E. A. Grove, G. Ladas, M. Predescu and M. Radin,
On the global character of the difference equation$ \displaystyle{x_{n+1}=\frac{\alpha + \gamma x_{n-(2k+1)} + \delta x_{n-2l}}{ A+x_{n-2l} }}$, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 9 (2003), 171-199.
|
| [9] |
V. L. Kocic and G. Ladas,
Global Behaviour of Nonlinear Difference Equations of Higher Order with Applications,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland, 1993. |
| [10] |
V. L. Kocic, G. Ladas and I. W. Rodrigues,
On Rational Recursive Sequences, J. Math. Anal.
Appl., 173 (1993), 127-157.
doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1993.1057. |
| [11] |
M. R. S. Kulenovi$\acute{c}$ and G. Ladas,
Dynamics of Second Order Rational Difference Equations; With Open Problems and Conjectures,
Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2002. |
| [12] |
M. R. S. Kulenovi |
| [13] |
V. G. Papanicolaou,
On the Asymptotic Stability of a Class of Linear Difference Equations, Mathematics Magazine, 69 (1996), 34-43.
doi: 10.2307/2691392. |
| [14] |
A. Wolf, J. B. Swift, H. L. Swinney and J. A. Vastano,
Determining Lyapunov exponents from a time series, Physica D, 16 (1985), 285-317.
doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(85)90011-9. |
show all references
References:
| [1] |
R. M. Abu-Saris and R. DeVault,
Global Stability of $ \displaystyle{y_{n+1}=A + \frac{ y_{n} }{ y_{n-k} }}$, Applied Mathematics Letters, 16 (2003), 173-178.
|
| [2] |
E. Camouzis and G. Ladas,
Dynamics of Third Order Rational Difference Equations; With Open Problems and Conjectures,
Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2008. |
| [3] |
E. Camouzis, E. Chatterjee and G. Ladas,
On the dynamics of $ \displaystyle{x_{n+1}=\frac{\delta x_{n-2} + x_{n-3}}{ A+x_{n-3} }}$, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 331 (2007), 230-239.
|
| [4] |
E. Chatterjee, R. DeVault and G. Ladas,
On the Global Character of $ \displaystyle{x_{n+1}=\frac{\beta x_{n} + \delta x_{n-k}}{ A+x_{n-k} }}$, International Journal of Applied Mathematical Sciences, 2 (2005), 39-46.
|
| [5] |
C. W. Clark,
A delayed recruitment model of population dynamics with an application to baleen whale populations, J. Math. Biol., 3 (1976), 381-391.
doi: 10.1007/BF00275067. |
| [6] |
R. DeVault, G. Ladas and S. W. Schultz,
On the recursive sequence $\displaystyle{x_{n+1}=\frac{A}{x_{n}}+\frac{1}{x_{n-2}}}$, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 126 (1998), 3257-3261.
doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-98-04626-7. |
| [7] |
E. A. Grove, G. Ladas, M. Predescu and M. Radin,
On the global charecter of $x_{n+1}=\frac{p x_{n-1}+x_{n-2}}{q+x_{n-2}}$, Math. Sci. Res. Hot-line, 5 (2001), 25-39.
|
| [8] |
E. A. Grove, G. Ladas, M. Predescu and M. Radin,
On the global character of the difference equation$ \displaystyle{x_{n+1}=\frac{\alpha + \gamma x_{n-(2k+1)} + \delta x_{n-2l}}{ A+x_{n-2l} }}$, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 9 (2003), 171-199.
|
| [9] |
V. L. Kocic and G. Ladas,
Global Behaviour of Nonlinear Difference Equations of Higher Order with Applications,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland, 1993. |
| [10] |
V. L. Kocic, G. Ladas and I. W. Rodrigues,
On Rational Recursive Sequences, J. Math. Anal.
Appl., 173 (1993), 127-157.
doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1993.1057. |
| [11] |
M. R. S. Kulenovi$\acute{c}$ and G. Ladas,
Dynamics of Second Order Rational Difference Equations; With Open Problems and Conjectures,
Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2002. |
| [12] |
M. R. S. Kulenovi |
| [13] |
V. G. Papanicolaou,
On the Asymptotic Stability of a Class of Linear Difference Equations, Mathematics Magazine, 69 (1996), 34-43.
doi: 10.2307/2691392. |
| [14] |
A. Wolf, J. B. Swift, H. L. Swinney and J. A. Vastano,
Determining Lyapunov exponents from a time series, Physica D, 16 (1985), 285-317.
doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(85)90011-9. |
Table 1.
Chaotic Solutions: The parameters, delay terms and corresponding Lyapunov exponent for about 5000 solutions.
| Parameters | Delay Terms | Estimated Interval of Lyapunov Exponent |
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| Parameters | Delay Terms | Estimated Interval of Lyapunov Exponent |
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