American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

January  2019, 39(1): 75-113. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019004

Phase portraits of linear type centers of polynomial Hamiltonian systems with Hamiltonian function of degree 5 of the form $H = H_1(x)+H_2(y)$

 1 Departament de Matemàtiques, Facultat de Ciències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 2 Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Casilla 5-C, Concepción, Ⅷ-Región, Chile 3 Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas Dinámicos y Aplicaciones-GISDA, Departamento de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Casilla 5-C, Concepción, Ⅷ-región, Chile

* Corresponding author: Claudio Vidal

Received  August 2017 Revised  May 2018 Published  October 2018

We study the phase portraits on the Poincaré disc for all the linear type centers of polynomial Hamiltonian systems of degree $5$ with Hamiltonian function $H(x,y) = H_1(x)+H_2(y)$, where $H_1(x) = \frac{1}{2} x^2+\frac{a_3}{3}x^3+ \frac{a_4}{4}x^4+ \frac{a_5}{5}x^5$ and $H_2(y) = \frac{1}{2} y^2+ \frac{b_3}{3}y^3+ \frac{b_4}{4}y^4+ \frac{b_5}{5}y^5$ as function of the six real parameters $a_3, a_4, a_5, b_3, b_4$ and $b_5$ with $a_5 b_5≠ 0$. We characterize the type and multiplicity of the roots of the polynomials $\hat{p}(y) = 1+b_3y + b_4 y^2+b_5y^3$ and $\hat{q}(x) = 1+a_3x+a_4x^2+a_5x^3$ and we prove that the finite equilibria are saddles, centers, cusps or the union of two hyperbolic sectors. For the infinite equilibria we found that there only exist two nodes on the Poincaré disc with opposite stability. We also characterize the separatrices of the equilibria and analyze the possible connections between them. As a complement we use the energy level to complete the global phase portrait.

Citation: Jaume Llibre, Y. Paulina Martínez, Claudio Vidal. Phase portraits of linear type centers of polynomial Hamiltonian systems with Hamiltonian function of degree 5 of the form $H = H_1(x)+H_2(y)$. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2019, 39 (1) : 75-113. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019004
References:
 [1] A. A. Andronov, A. A. Vitt and S. E. Khaikin, Theory of Oscillators, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1987. Translated form the Russian by F. Immirzi, Reprint of the 1966 translation.  Google Scholar [2] V. I. Arnold and Y. S. Ilyashenko, Dynamical Systems I, Ordinary Differential Equation, Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, Vols 1-2, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988. Google Scholar [3] J. C. Artés and J. Llibre, Quadratic Hamiltonian vector fields, J. Differential Equations, 107 (1994), 80-95.  doi: 10.1006/jdeq.1994.1004.  Google Scholar [4] N. N. Bautin, On the number of limit cycles which appear with the variation of coefficients from an equilibrium position of focus or center type, Mat. Sb., 30 (1952), 181-196; Mer. Math. Soc. Transl., 100 (1954), 1-19.  Google Scholar [5] J. Chavarriga and J. Giné, Integrability of a linear center perturbed by a fourth degree homogeneous polynomial, Publ. Mat., 40 (1996), 21-39.  doi: 10.5565/PUBLMAT_40196_03.  Google Scholar [6] J. 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Valls, Bifurcations diagrams for nilpotent centers of linear plus cubic homogeneous polynomial vector fields, J. Differential Equations, 262 (2017), 5518-5533.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.02.001.  Google Scholar [11] H. Dulac, Détermination et integration dâ une certaine classe dâ équations différentielle ayant par point singulier un centre, Bull. Sci. Math. Sér.(2), 32 (1908), 230-252.   Google Scholar [12] F. Dumortier, J. Llibre and J. C. Artés, Qualitative Theory of Planar Differential Systems, Universitext, Springer-Verlag, 2006.  Google Scholar [13] J. García-Saldana, A. Gasull and H. Giacomini, Bifurcation values for a family of planar vector fields of degree five, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 35 (2015), 669-701.  doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.669.  Google Scholar [14] A. Garijo, A. Gasull and X. Jarque, Local and global phase portrait of equation $\dot{z} = f(z)$, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 17 (2007), 309-329.  doi: 10.3934/dcds.2007.17.309.  Google Scholar [15] H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley Press, Inc., Cambridge, Mass, 1951.  Google Scholar [16] A. Guillamon and C. Pantazi, Phase portraits of separable Hamiltonian systems, Nonl. Analysis, 74 (2011), 4012-4035.  doi: 10.1016/j.na.2011.03.030.  Google Scholar [17] W. Kapteyn, On the midpoints of integral curves of differential equations of the first Degree, Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Verslag Afd. Natuurk. Konikl., Nederland, (1911), 1446-1457 (in Dutch). Google Scholar [18] W. Kapteyn, New investigations on the midpoints of integrals of differential equations of the first degree, Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Verslag Afd. Natuurk, 20 (1912), 1354-1365; Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Verslag Afd. Natuurk, 21 (1913), 27-33 (in Dutch). Google Scholar [19] J. H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Massen and H. W. Lee, Relativistic oscillator of constant period, Phys. Rev. A, 53 (1996), 2991-2997.   Google Scholar [20] K. Lan and Ch. Zhu, Phase portraits of predator-prey systems with harvesting rates, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 32 (2012), 901-933.  doi: 10.3934/dcds.2012.32.901.  Google Scholar [21] K. E. Malkin, Criteria for the center for a certain differential equation, Vols. Mat. Sb. Vyp., 2 (1964), 87-91 (in Russian).  Google Scholar [22] L. Markus, Global structure of ordinary differential equations in the plane, Trans. Amer. Math Soc., 76 (1954), 127-148.  doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1954-0060657-0.  Google Scholar [23] Y. P. Martínez and C. Vidal, Classification of global phase portraits and bifurcation diagrams of Hamiltonian systems with rational potential, J. Differential Equations, 261 (2016), 5923-5948.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2016.08.024.  Google Scholar [24] D. A. Neumann, Classification of continuous flows on 2-manifolds, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 48 (1975), 73-81.  doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1975-0356138-6.  Google Scholar [25] M. M. Peixoto, Dynamical Systems. Proccedings of a Symposium held at the University of Bahia, Acad. Press, New York, (1973), 389-420. Google Scholar [26] H. Poincaré, Mémoire sur les courbes définies par les équations différentielles, Journal de Mathématiques, 37 (1881), 375-422; Oeuvres de Henri Poincaré, vol. Ⅰ, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1951, 3-84. Google Scholar [27] H. Stommel, Trajectories of small bodies sinking slowly through convection cells, J. Mar. Res., 8 (1949), 24-29.   Google Scholar [28] N. I. Vulpe, Affine-invariant conditions for the topological discrimination of quadratic systems with a center, Differential Equations, 19 (1983), 273-280.   Google Scholar [29] N. I. Vulpe and K. S. Sibirskii, Centro-affine invariant conditions for the existence of a center of a differential system with cubic nonlinearities, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 301 (1988), 1297-1301 (in Russian); translation in: Soviet Math. Dokl., 38 (1989), 198-201.  Google Scholar

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References:
 [1] A. A. Andronov, A. A. Vitt and S. E. Khaikin, Theory of Oscillators, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1987. Translated form the Russian by F. Immirzi, Reprint of the 1966 translation.  Google Scholar [2] V. I. Arnold and Y. S. Ilyashenko, Dynamical Systems I, Ordinary Differential Equation, Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences, Vols 1-2, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988. Google Scholar [3] J. C. Artés and J. Llibre, Quadratic Hamiltonian vector fields, J. Differential Equations, 107 (1994), 80-95.  doi: 10.1006/jdeq.1994.1004.  Google Scholar [4] N. N. Bautin, On the number of limit cycles which appear with the variation of coefficients from an equilibrium position of focus or center type, Mat. Sb., 30 (1952), 181-196; Mer. Math. Soc. Transl., 100 (1954), 1-19.  Google Scholar [5] J. Chavarriga and J. Giné, Integrability of a linear center perturbed by a fourth degree homogeneous polynomial, Publ. Mat., 40 (1996), 21-39.  doi: 10.5565/PUBLMAT_40196_03.  Google Scholar [6] J. Chavarriga and J. Giné, Integrability of a linear center perturbed by a fifth degree homogeneous polynomial, Publ. Mat., 41 (1997), 335-356.  doi: 10.5565/PUBLMAT_41297_02.  Google Scholar [7] I. Colak, J. Llibre and C. Valls, Hamiltonian nilpotent centers of linear plus cubic homogeneous polynomial vector fields, Adv. Math., 259 (2014), 655-687.  doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2014.04.002.  Google Scholar [8] I. Colak, J. Llibre and C. Valls, Hamiltonian linear type centers of linear plus cubic homogeneous polynomial vector fields, J. Differential Equations, 257 (2014), 1623-1661.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2014.05.024.  Google Scholar [9] I. Colak, J. Llibre and C. Valls, Bifurcations diagrams for Hamiltonian linear type centers of linear plus cubic homogeneous polynomial vector fields, J. Differential Equations, 258 (2015), 846-879.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2014.10.006.  Google Scholar [10] I. Colak, J. Llibre and C. Valls, Bifurcations diagrams for nilpotent centers of linear plus cubic homogeneous polynomial vector fields, J. Differential Equations, 262 (2017), 5518-5533.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.02.001.  Google Scholar [11] H. Dulac, Détermination et integration dâ une certaine classe dâ équations différentielle ayant par point singulier un centre, Bull. Sci. Math. Sér.(2), 32 (1908), 230-252.   Google Scholar [12] F. Dumortier, J. Llibre and J. C. Artés, Qualitative Theory of Planar Differential Systems, Universitext, Springer-Verlag, 2006.  Google Scholar [13] J. García-Saldana, A. Gasull and H. Giacomini, Bifurcation values for a family of planar vector fields of degree five, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 35 (2015), 669-701.  doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.669.  Google Scholar [14] A. Garijo, A. Gasull and X. Jarque, Local and global phase portrait of equation $\dot{z} = f(z)$, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 17 (2007), 309-329.  doi: 10.3934/dcds.2007.17.309.  Google Scholar [15] H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley Press, Inc., Cambridge, Mass, 1951.  Google Scholar [16] A. Guillamon and C. Pantazi, Phase portraits of separable Hamiltonian systems, Nonl. Analysis, 74 (2011), 4012-4035.  doi: 10.1016/j.na.2011.03.030.  Google Scholar [17] W. Kapteyn, On the midpoints of integral curves of differential equations of the first Degree, Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Verslag Afd. Natuurk. Konikl., Nederland, (1911), 1446-1457 (in Dutch). Google Scholar [18] W. Kapteyn, New investigations on the midpoints of integrals of differential equations of the first degree, Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Verslag Afd. Natuurk, 20 (1912), 1354-1365; Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Verslag Afd. Natuurk, 21 (1913), 27-33 (in Dutch). Google Scholar [19] J. H. Kim, S. W. Lee, H. Massen and H. W. Lee, Relativistic oscillator of constant period, Phys. Rev. A, 53 (1996), 2991-2997.   Google Scholar [20] K. Lan and Ch. Zhu, Phase portraits of predator-prey systems with harvesting rates, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 32 (2012), 901-933.  doi: 10.3934/dcds.2012.32.901.  Google Scholar [21] K. E. Malkin, Criteria for the center for a certain differential equation, Vols. Mat. Sb. Vyp., 2 (1964), 87-91 (in Russian).  Google Scholar [22] L. Markus, Global structure of ordinary differential equations in the plane, Trans. Amer. Math Soc., 76 (1954), 127-148.  doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1954-0060657-0.  Google Scholar [23] Y. P. Martínez and C. Vidal, Classification of global phase portraits and bifurcation diagrams of Hamiltonian systems with rational potential, J. Differential Equations, 261 (2016), 5923-5948.  doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2016.08.024.  Google Scholar [24] D. A. Neumann, Classification of continuous flows on 2-manifolds, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 48 (1975), 73-81.  doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1975-0356138-6.  Google Scholar [25] M. M. Peixoto, Dynamical Systems. Proccedings of a Symposium held at the University of Bahia, Acad. Press, New York, (1973), 389-420. Google Scholar [26] H. Poincaré, Mémoire sur les courbes définies par les équations différentielles, Journal de Mathématiques, 37 (1881), 375-422; Oeuvres de Henri Poincaré, vol. Ⅰ, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1951, 3-84. Google Scholar [27] H. Stommel, Trajectories of small bodies sinking slowly through convection cells, J. Mar. Res., 8 (1949), 24-29.   Google Scholar [28] N. I. Vulpe, Affine-invariant conditions for the topological discrimination of quadratic systems with a center, Differential Equations, 19 (1983), 273-280.   Google Scholar [29] N. I. Vulpe and K. S. Sibirskii, Centro-affine invariant conditions for the existence of a center of a differential system with cubic nonlinearities, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 301 (1988), 1297-1301 (in Russian); translation in: Soviet Math. Dokl., 38 (1989), 198-201.  Google Scholar
Phase portraits for the systems associated to the Hamiltonian (5) when the roots of $\hat{p}(y)$ are $r\in \mathbb{R}$ and $a\pm ib$, and the roots of $\hat{q}(x)$ are $\rho$ and $\alpha\pm i\beta$. The separatrices are in bold. (a) $h_2<h_3$. (b) $h_2 = h_3$. (c) $h_2>h_3$
Global phase portraits for the system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅱ for $r>0$ and $0<\sigma<\rho$. (a) $h_2 = h_4$ and $h_3 = h_5$. (b) $h_2 = h_4$ and $h_3<h_5$. (c) $h_2 = h_4$ and $h_5<h_3$. (d) $h_2<h_3<h_4<h_5$. (e) $h_3 = h_4$ and $h_2<h_5$. (f) $h_2<h_4<h_3<h_5$. (g) $h_3 = h_5$ and $h_2<h_4$. (h) $h_2<h_4<h_5<h_3$. (i) $h_4<h_2<h_3<h_5$. (j) $h_3 = h_5$ and $h_2>h_4$. (k) $h_4<h_2<h_5<h_3$
Global phase portraits for the system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅱ for $r>0$ and $0<\rho<\sigma$. (a) $h_2<h_3 = h_4 = h_5$. (b) $h_2 = h_4<h_3 = h_5$. (c) $h_2 = h_4<h_5<h_3$. (d) $h_2<h_4 = h_5<h_3$. (e) $h_2<h_3<h_4<h_5$. (f) $h_2<h_3<h_4 = h_5$. (g) $h_2<h_3<h_5<h_4$. (h) $h_2<h_3 = h_4<h_5$. (i) $h_2<h_4<h_3<h_5$. (j) $h_2<h_4<h_3 = h_5$. (k) $h_2<h_4<h_5<h_3$. (l) $h_2<h_3 = h_5<h_4$. (m) $h_4<h_2<h_3<h_5$. (n) $h_4<h_2<h_3 = h_5$. (o) $h_4<h_2<h_5<h_3$. (p) $h_2<h_5<h_3<h_4$. (q) $h_2<h_5<h_3 = h_4$. (r) $h_2<h_5<h_4<h_3$
Global Phase portraits for the system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅳ. Here consider $r>0$, $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$. When four (a) or three saddle are in the energy level (a)-(i), $h_5 = h_8$ (j)-(o). (a) $h_2 = h_3 = h_5 = h_8$. (b) $h_8<h_2 = h_3 = h_5$. (c) $h_2 = h_3 = h_5<h_8$. (d) $h_5<h_2 = h_3 = h_8$. (e) $h_2 = h_3 = h_8<h_5$. (f) $h_3<h_2 = h_5 = h_8$. (g) $h_2 = h_5 = h_8<h_3$. (h) $h_2<h_3 = h_5 = h_8$. (i) $h_3 = h_5 = h_8<h_8$. (j) $h_5 = h_8<h_2<h_3$. (k) $h_2<h_5 = h_8<h_3$. (l) $h_2<h_3<h_5 = h_8$. (m) $h_5 = h_8<h_3<h_2$. (n) $h_3<h_5 = h_8<h_2$. (o) $h_3<h_2<h_5 = h_8$
Global Phase portraits for the system (3) in case Ⅰ-ⅳ. Here consider $r>0$, $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$ when two pairs of saddle are in the same energy level (a)-(f), $r>0$, $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$ when $h_2 = h_3$ (g)-(l), and $r>0$, $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$ when $h_2 = h_5$ (m)-(r). (a) $h_2 = h_3<h_5 = h_8$. (b) $h_2 = h_3>h_5 = h_8$. (c) $h_2 = h_5<h_3 = h_8$. (d) $h_2 = h_5>h_3 = h_8$. (e) $h_2 = h_8<h_3 = h_5$. (f) $h_2 = h_8>h_3 = h_5$. (g) $h_2 = h_3<h_5<h_8$. (h) $h_5<h_2 = h_3<h_8$. (i) $h_5<h_8<h_2 = h_3$. (j) $h_2 = h_3<h_8<h_5$. (k) $h_8<h_2 = h_3<h_5$. (l) $h_8<h_5<h_2 = h_3$. (m) $h_2 = h_5<h_3<h_8$. (n) $h_3<h_2 = h_5<h_8$. (o) $h_3<h_8<h_2 = h_5$. (p) $h_2 = h_5<h_8<h_3$. (q) $h_8<h_2 = h_5<h_3$. (r) $h_8<h_3<h_2 = h_5$
Global Phase portraits for the system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅳ. Here consider $r>0$, $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$ when $h_2 = h_8$ (a)-(f), $h_3 = h_5$ (g)-(l) and $h_3 = h_8$ (m)-(r). (a) $h_2 = h_8<h_3<h_5$. (b) $h_3<h_2 = h_8<h_5$. (c) $h_3<h_5<h_2 = h_8$. (d) $h_2 = h_8<h_5<h_3$. (e) $h_5<h_2 = h_8<h_3$. (f) $h_5<h_3<h_2 = h_8$. (g) $h_3 = h_5<h_2<h_8$. (h) $h_2<h_3 = h_5<h_8$. (i) $h_2<h_8<h_3 = h_5$. (j) $h_3 = h_5<h_8<h_2$. (k) $h_8<h_3 = h_5<h_2$. (l) $h_8<h_2<h_3 = h_5$. (m) $h_3 = h_8<h_2<h_5$. (n) $h_2<h_3 = h_8<h_5$. (o) $h_2<h_5<h_3 = h_8$. (p) $h_3 = h_8<h_5<h_2$. (q) $h_5<h_3 = h_8<h_2$. (r) $h_5<h_2<h_3 = h_8$
Global Phase portraits for the system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅳ. Here consider $r>0$, $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$ when $h_2<h_3<h_5$ (a)-(d), $h_2<h_5<h_3$ (e)-(h), $h_3<h_2<h_5$ (i)-(l), and $h_3<h_5<h_2$ (m)-(p). (a) $h_2<h_3<h_5<h_8$. (b) $h_2<h_3<h_8<h_5$. (c) $h_2<h_8<h_3<h_5$. (d) $h_8<h_3<h_3<h_5$. (e) $h_2<h_5<h_3<h_8$. (f) $h_2<h_5<h_8<h_3$. (g) $h_2<h_8<h_5<h_3$. (h) $h_8<h_2<h_5<h_3$. (i) $h_3<h_2<h_5<h_8$. (j) $h_3<h_2<h_8<h_5$. (k) $h_3<h_8<h_2<h_5$. (l) $h_8<h_3<h_2<h_5$. (m) $h_3<h_5<h_2<h_8$. (n) $h_3<h_5<h_8<h_2$. (o) $h_3<h_8<h_5<h_2$. (p) $h_8<h_3<h_5<h_2$
Global phase portraits for the system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅳ. Here consider $r>0$, $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$ when all the saddle are in different energy level and its satisfy $h_5<h_2<h_3$ (a)-(d), $h_5<h_3<h_2$ (e)-(h). (a) $h_5<h_2<h_3<h_8$. (b) $h_5<h_2<h_8<h_3$. (c) $h_5<h_8<h_2<h_3$. (d) $h_8<h_5<h_2<h_3$. (e) $h_5<h_3<h_2<h_8$. (f) $h_5<h_3<h_8<h_2$. (g) $h_5<h_8<h_3<h_2$. (h) $h_8<h_5<h_3<h_2$
Local phase portraits at the equilibria of system (3) in the case Ⅱ-ⅱ. (a) $0<r<s$ and $0<\rho<\sigma$. (b) $r<0<s$ and $0<\rho<\sigma$. (c) $0<s<r$ and $\sigma<0<\rho$. (d) $r<0<s$ and $\sigma<0<\rho$. (e) $0<s<r$ and $0<\sigma<\rho$
Local phase portraits at the equilibria of system (3) in the case Ⅱ-ⅳ. (a) if $0<r<s$. (b) if $0<s<r$
Local phase portraits for system (3) in the case Ⅳ-ⅳ if $0<r<s<t$ and $0<\rho<\sigma<\tau$
Local phase portrait at the origin of system (9). (a) $\tilde{w}>0$ and $\kappa>0$. (b) $\tilde{w}>0$ and $\kappa<0$. (c) $\tilde{w}<0$ and $\kappa>0$. (d) $\tilde{w}<0$ and $\kappa<0$
Phase portrait in a neighborhood of the $w$-axis of system (10). (a) $\tilde{w}>0$ and $\kappa>0$. (b) $\tilde{w}>0$ and $\kappa<0$. (c) $\tilde{w}<0$ and $\kappa>0$. (d) $\tilde{w}<0$ and $\kappa<0$
Blow-up at the origin of system (11). (a) Local phase portrait at the origin of the system (12). (b) Local phase portrait at the origin of the system (11)
Assume $(\alpha_3-\tilde{y})/(\alpha_3 \tilde{y})>0$. (a) Local phase portrait in a neighbourhood at the $w$-axis of system (14). (b) Local phase portrait at the origin of system (13)
Assume $(\alpha_3-\tilde{y})/(\alpha_3 \tilde{y})<0$. (a) Local phase portrait in a neighbourhood at the $w$-axis of system (14). (b) Local phase portrait at the origin of system (13)
Blow-up of the origin of system (15). (a) Local phase portrait at in a neighborhood of the $w$-axis of system (16). (b) Local phase portrait at the origin of system (15)
Local phase portrait of the equilibria of for the system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅰ
Flow of system (3) over the straight lines $x = 0$, $x = \rho$, $y = 0$ and $y = r$ in the case Ⅰ-ⅰ
The graphic of the auxiliary function $\nu_2(y)$
The graphic of the auxiliary function $\mu_2(x)$. (a) $h_2<h_3$. (b) $h_2>h_3$
Local phase portraits of the cusp $e_2 = (\sigma,0)$ and $e_5 = (\sigma,r)$ of system (20) according sign of $\sigma-\rho$ (assuming $\sigma,\rho>0$)
Local phase portraits at the equilibria of system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅱ for $r>0$. (a) $0<\rho <\sigma$. (b) $0<\sigma <\rho$
Flow of the vector field (3) over the straight lines $x = 0$, $x = \rho$, $x = \sigma$, $y = 0$ and $y = r$ in the case Ⅰ-ⅱ. (a) $0<\rho< \sigma$. (b) $0<\sigma<\rho$
Phase portraits of separatrices in system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅱ with $r>0$. (a) $0<\rho< \sigma$. (b) $0<\sigma<\rho$
Local phase portrait at the equilibrium $e_6$ of system (21) after translate it to the origin. (a) $(r-s)/(rs)>0$. (b) $(r-s)/(rs)<0$
Local phase portraits at the equilibria of system 21 in the case Ⅱ-ⅲ with $\rho>0$. (a) if $0<r<s$. (b) if $0<s<r$
Local phase portraits at the equilibria of system (3) in the case Ⅰ-ⅳ. (a) $r>0$ and $0<\rho<\sigma<\tau$. (b) $r>0$ and $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$
The vector field (22) over the straights lines $x = 0$, $x = \rho$, $x = \sigma$, $x = \sigma$, $y = 0$ and $y = r$ if $r>0$ and $\rho<0<\sigma<\tau$. (a) Vector field. (b) General analysis of the separatrices
Local phase portraits for the nilpotent equilibria $e_3$ and $e_6$ in the case Ⅰ-ⅳ for $r>0$ shifted to the origin. (a) $e_3$ when $-(r-s)/(rs)>0$. (b) $e_3$ when $-(r-s)/(rs)<0$. (c) $e_6$ when $(r-s)/(rs)>0$. (d) $e_6$ when $(r-s)/(rs)<0$
Local phase portrait at the equilibrium $e_9 = (\sigma,s)$ of system (24) after translation to the origin. (a) $(r-s)/(rs)>0$ and $(\rho-\sigma)/(\rho\sigma)>0$. (b) $(r-s)/(rs)>0$ and $(\rho-\sigma)/(\rho\sigma)<0$. (c) $(r-s)/(rs)<0$ and $(\rho-\sigma)/(\rho\sigma)>0$. (d) $(r-s)/(rs)<0$ and $(\rho-\sigma)/(\rho\sigma)<0$
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