Global well-posedness, pattern formation and spiky stationary solutions in a Beddington–DeAngelis competition system

Qi Wang; Ling Jin; Zengyan Zhang

doi:10.3934/dcds.2020108

Article Contents

2020, Volume 40, Issue 4: 2105-2134. Doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020108

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Global well-posedness, pattern formation and spiky stationary solutions in a Beddington–DeAngelis competition system

1.
Department of Mathematics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China 611130
2.
Department of Mathematics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA 73019
3.
Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA 29208

^† Corresponding author
^† Corresponding author

Received: February 28, 2019

Revised: October 31, 2019

Published: December 2019

QW acknowledges the support the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. JBK2002002 and No. JBK1805001) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11501460)

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Abstract

This paper investigates a reaction-advection-diffusion system that describes the evolution of population distributions of two competing species in an enclosed bounded habitat. Here the competition relationships are assumed to be of the Beddington–DeAngelis type. In particular, we consider a situation where first species disperses by a combination of random walk and directed movement along with the population distribution of the second species which disperse randomly within the habitat. We obtain a set of results regarding the qualitative properties of this advective competition system. First of all, we show that this system is globally well-posed and its solutions are classical and uniformly bounded in time. Then we study its steady states in a one-dimensional interval by examining the combined effects of diffusion and advection on the existence and stability of nonconstant positive steady states of the strongly coupled elliptic system. Our stability result of these nontrivial steady states provides a selection mechanism for stable wavemodes of the time-dependent system. Moreover, in the limit of diffusion rates, the steady states of this fully elliptic system can be approximated by nonconstant positive solutions of a shadow system that admits boundary spikes and layers. Furthermore, for the fully elliptic system, we construct solutions with a single boundary spike or an inverted boundary spike, i.e., the first species concentrates on a boundary point while the second species dominates the remaining habitat. These spatial structures model the spatial segregation phenomenon through interspecific competitions. Finally, we perform some numerical simulations to illustrate and support our theoretical findings.

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Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35B25, 35B35, 35B40, 35A01, 35J47; Secondary: 35B32, 92D25, 92D40.

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Figure 1. The sensitivity function $ \phi(v)\equiv 1 $ is selected. Stable wave mode in the form of $ \cos \frac{k_0\pi x}{L} $, where $ k_0 $ is given in Table 1. $ \chi $ is chosen to be slightly larger than $ \chi_0 $ and the rest system parameters are chosen to be the same as in Table 1. Initial data are small perturbations of $ (\bar u, \bar v) $

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Figure 3. Formation of stable single interior spike of $ u $ and boundary layer of $ v $. Diffusion and advection rates are chosen to be $ D_1 = 5 $, $ \chi = 30 $, $ D_2 = 5\times 10^{-3} $. The rest system parameters are $ a_1 = 0.2 $, $ b_1 = 0.8 $, $ c_1 = 0.1 $ and $ a_2 = 0.6 $, $ b_2 = 0.2 $, $ c_2 = 0.4 $. Initial data are $ u_0 = \bar u+0.5\cos\frac{2\pi x}{5} $ and $ v_0 = \bar v+0.5\cos\frac{2\pi x}{5} $, where $ (\bar u, \bar v) = (0.933...,0.533...) $

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Figure 2. Formation of stable single boundary spike of $ u $ and boundary layer of $ v $. Diffusion and advection rates are chosen to be $ D_1 = 5 $, $ \chi = 30 $, $ D_2 = 5\times 10^{-3} $. The rest system parameters are $ a_1 = 0.2 $, $ b_1 = 0.8 $, $ c_1 = 0.1 $ and $ a_2 = 0.6 $, $ b_2 = 0.2 $, $ c_2 = 0.4 $. Initial data are $ u_0 = \bar u+0.5\cos\frac{2\pi x}{5} $ and $ v_0 = \bar v+0.5\cos\frac{2\pi x}{5} $, where $ (\bar u, \bar v) = (0.933...,0.533...) $

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Figure 4. Formation of stable multiple interior spike of $ u $ and boundary layer of $ v $. Diffusion and advection rates are chosen to be $ D_1 = 5 $, $ \chi = 30 $, $ D_2 = 5\times 10^{-3} $. The rest system parameters are $ a_1 = 0.2 $, $ b_1 = 0.8 $, $ c_1 = 0.1 $ and $ a_2 = 0.6 $, $ b_2 = 0.2 $, $ c_2 = 0.4 $. Initial data are $ u_0 = \bar u+0.5\cos\frac{2\pi x}{5} $ and $ v_0 = \bar v+0.5\cos\frac{2\pi x}{5} $, where $ (\bar u, \bar v) = (0.933...,0.533...) $

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Table 1. Stable wavemode number $ k_0 $ and the corresponding bifurcation value $ \chi_{k_0} $ for different interval length. The system parameters are $ D_1 = 1, D_2 = 0.1, a_1 = a_2 = 0.5, b_1 = 2, b_2 = 1 $ and $ c_1 = 0.5, c_2 = 1 $. According to Proposition 2, the stable wavemode is $ \cos \frac{k_0\pi x}{L} $. Therefore, stable and nontrivial patterns must develop in the form of $ \cos \frac{k_0\pi x}{L} $ if $ \chi $ is chosen to be slightly larger than $ \chi_{k_0} $. We can also see that larger domains support higher wave modes. Figure 1 is given to illustrate the wavemode selection mechanism

Domain size $ L $	3	5	7	9	11
$ k_0 $	1	2	2	3	3
$ \chi_k $	9.9418	10.392	9.9120	9.9418	9.9647
Domain size $ L $	13	15	17	19	21
$ k_0 $	4	5	5	6	6
$ \chi_k $	9.8872	9.9418	9.8937	9.8956	9.9120

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