# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

April  2020, 40(4): 2495-2514. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020123

## Supercritical elliptic problems on the round sphere and nodal solutions to the Yamabe problem in projective spaces

 1 Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, CDMX, C.P. 04510, México 2 Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, CIMAT, Guanajuato, GTO, C.P. 36023, México

* Corresponding author

Received  September 2019 Published  January 2020

Fund Project: J.C. Fernández was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from UNAM-DGAPA.
O. Palmas was partially supported by UNAM under Project PAPIIT-DGAPA IN115119.
J. Petean was supported by grant 220074 of Fondo Sectorial de Investigación para la Educación SEP-CONACYT.

Given an isoparametric function
 $f$
on the
 $n$
-dimensional round sphere, we consider functions of the form
 $u = w\circ f$
to reduce the semilinear elliptic problem
 $-\Delta_{g_0}u+\lambda u = \lambda\left\vert u\right\vert ^{p-1}u\qquad\text{ on }\mathbb{S}^n$
with
 $\lambda>0$
and
 $1 , into a singular ODE in $ [0,\pi] $of the form $ w" + \frac{h(r)}{\sin r} w' + \frac{\lambda}{\ell^2}\left(\vert w\vert^{p-1}w - w\right) = 0 $, where $ h $is an strictly decreasing function having exactly one zero in this interval and $ \ell $is a geometric constant. Using a double shooting method, together with a result for oscillating solutions to this kind of ODE, we obtain a sequence of sign-changing solutions to the first problem which are constant on the isoparametric hypersurfaces associated to $ f $and blowing-up at one or two of the focal submanifolds generating the isoparametric family. Our methods apply also when $ p>\frac{n+2}{n-2} $, i.e., in the supercritical case. Moreover, using a reduction via harmonic morphisms, we prove existence and multiplicity of sign-changing solutions to the Yamabe problem on the complex and quaternionic space, having a finite disjoint union of isoparametric hipersurfaces as regular level sets. Citation: Juan Carlos Fernández, Oscar Palmas, Jimmy Petean. Supercritical elliptic problems on the round sphere and nodal solutions to the Yamabe problem in projective spaces. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (4) : 2495-2514. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020123 ##### References:  [1] T. Aubin, Some Nonlinear Problems in Riemannian Geometry, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-13006-3. Google Scholar [2] P. Baird and J. C. Wood, Harmonic Morphisms between Riemannian Manifolds, London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series, 29. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198503620.001.0001. Google Scholar [3] J. Berndt, S. Console and C. E. Olmos, Submanifolds and Holonomy, Second edition, Monographs and Research Notes in Mathematics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2016. doi: 10.1201/b19615. Google Scholar [4] A. L. 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Partial Differential Equations, 48 (2013), 611-623. doi: 10.1007/s00526-012-0564-6. Google Scholar [15] M. Clapp and J. C. Fernández, Multiplicity of nodal solution to the Yamabe problem, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 56 (2017), Art. 145, 22 pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-017-1237-2. Google Scholar [16] M. Clapp, M. Ghimenti and A. M. Micheletti, Solutions to a singularly perturbed supercritical elliptic equation on a Riemannian manifold concentrating at a submanifold, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 420 (2014), 314-333. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.05.079. Google Scholar [17] M. Clapp and A. Pistoia, Symmetries, Hopf fibrations and supercritical elliptic problems, Mathematical Congress of the Americas, Contemp. Math., Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 656 (2016), 1-12. doi: 10.1090/conm/656/13100. Google Scholar [18] M. del Pino, M. Musso, F. Pacard and A. Pistoia., Large energy entire solutions for the Yamabe equation, J. Differential Equations, 251 (2011), 2568-2597. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.03.008. Google Scholar [19] M. del Pino, M. Musso, F. Pacard and A. Pistoia, Torus action on$\mathbb S^n$and sign-changing solutions for conformally invariant equations, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa Cl. Sci., 12 (2013), 209-237. Google Scholar [20] S. B. Deng, M. Musso and A. Pistoia, Concentration on minimal submanifolds for a Yamabe-type problem, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 41 (2016), 1379-1425. doi: 10.1080/03605302.2016.1209519. Google Scholar [21] J. C. Fernández and J. Petean, Low energy solutions to the Yamabe problem, J. Differential Equations. Article in Press, https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2019.11.043 Google Scholar [22] D. Ferus, H. Karcher and H. F. Münzner, Cliffordalgebren und neue isoparametrische Hyperflächen, Math. Z., 177 (1981), 479-502. doi: 10.1007/BF01219082. Google Scholar [23] B. Fuglede, Harmonic morphisms between Riemannian manifolds, Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble), 28 (1978), 107-144. doi: 10.5802/aif.691. Google Scholar [24] M. Ghimenti, A. M. Micheletti and A. Pistoia, Blow-up solutions concentrated along minimal submanifolds for some supercritical elliptic problems on Riemannian manifolds, J. Fixed Point Theory Appl., 14 (2013), 503-525. doi: 10.1007/s11784-014-0168-1. Google Scholar [25] A. Haraux and F. B. Weisslern, Nonuniqueness for a semilinear initial value problem, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 31 (1982), 167-189. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1982.31.31016. Google Scholar [26] G. Henry, Isoparametric functions and nodal solutions of the Yamabe equation, Ann. Glob. Anal. Geom., 56 (2019), 203-219. doi: 10.1007/s10455-019-09664-x. Google Scholar [27] G. Henry and J. Petean, Isoparametric hypersurfaces and metrics of constant scalar curvature, Asian J. Math., 18 (2014), 53-67. doi: 10.4310/AJM.2014.v18.n1.a3. Google Scholar [28] A. Kurepa, Existence and uniqueness theorem for singular initial value problems and applications, Publ. Inst. Math. (Beograd) (N.S.), 45 (1989), 89-93. Google Scholar [29] J. M. Lee, Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 218. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2003. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-21752-9. Google Scholar [30] M. Medina, M. Musso and J. C. Wei, Desingularization of Clifford torus and nonradial solutions to the Yamabe problem with maximal rank, J. Funct. Anal., 276 (2019), 2470-2523. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2019.02.001. Google Scholar [31] A. M. Micheletti, A. Pistoia and J. Vétois, Blow-up solutions for asymptotically critical elliptic equations on Riemannian manifolds, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 58 (2009), 1719-1746. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2009.58.3633. Google Scholar [32] R. Miyaoka, Isoparametric hypersurfaces with$(g, m) = (6, 2)$, Ann. Math., 177 (2013), 53-110. doi: 10.4007/annals.2013.177.1.2. Google Scholar [33] R. Miyaoka, Errata on Isoparametric hypersurfaces with$(g, m) = (6, 2)$, Ann. of Math., 183 (2016), 1057-1071. doi: 10.4007/annals.2016.183.3.7. Google Scholar [34] H. F. Münzner, Isoparametrische Hyperflächen in sphären, Math. Ann., 251 (1980), 57-71. doi: 10.1007/BF01420281. Google Scholar [35] H. F. Münzner, Isoparametrische Hyperflächen in sphären. II, Math. Ann., 256 (1981), 215-232. Google Scholar [36] M. Musso and J. C. Wei, Nondegeneracy of nodal solutions to the critical Yamabe problem, Comm. Math. Phys., 340 (2015), 1049-1107. doi: 10.1007/s00220-015-2462-1. Google Scholar [37] P. Petersen, Riemannian Geometry, Second edition, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 171. Springer, New York, 2006. Google Scholar [38] A. Pistoia and G. Vaira, From periodic ODE's to supercritical PDE's, Nonlinear Anal., 119 (2015), 330-340. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2014.10.023. Google Scholar [39] S. I. Pohožaev, Eigenfunctions of the equation$\Delta u + \lambda f(u) = 0$, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 165 (1965), 36-39. Google Scholar [40] B. Premoselli and J. Vétois, Compactness of sign-changing solutions to scalar curvature-type equations with bounded negative part, J. Differential Equations, 266 (2019), 7416-7458. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2018.12.002. Google Scholar [41] F. Robert and J. Vétois, Sign-changing blow-up for scalar curvature type equations, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 38 (2013), 1437-1465. doi: 10.1080/03605302.2012.745552. Google Scholar [42] M. Struwe, Variational Methods. Applications to Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations and Hamiltonian Systems, Fourth edition, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, 3. Folge. A Series of Modern Surveys in Mathematics, 34. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2008. Google Scholar [43] M. Willem, Minimax Theorems, Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and their Applications, 24. Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1996. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4146-1. Google Scholar show all references ##### References:  [1] T. Aubin, Some Nonlinear Problems in Riemannian Geometry, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-13006-3. Google Scholar [2] P. Baird and J. C. Wood, Harmonic Morphisms between Riemannian Manifolds, London Mathematical Society Monographs. New Series, 29. The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198503620.001.0001. Google Scholar [3] J. Berndt, S. Console and C. E. Olmos, Submanifolds and Holonomy, Second edition, Monographs and Research Notes in Mathematics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2016. doi: 10.1201/b19615. Google Scholar [4] A. L. Besse, Einstein Manifolds, Classics in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2008. Google Scholar [5] A. Betancourt de la Parra, J. Julio-Batalla and J. Petean, Global bifurcation techniques for Yamabe type equations on Riemannian manifolds, preprint, arXiv: 1905.09305v1 [math.DG]. Google Scholar [6] S. Brendle and F. C. Marques, Recent progress on the Yamabe problem, Surveys in Geometric Analysis and Relativity, Adv. Lect. Math. (ALM), Int. Press, Somerville, MA, 20 (2011), 29-47. Google Scholar [7] H. Brezis and Y. Y. Li, Some nonlinear elliptic equations have only constant solutions, J. Partial Differential Equations, 19 (2006), 208-217. Google Scholar [8] É. Cartan, Familles de surfaces isoperimetriques dans les espaces a courbure constante, Ann. Mat. Pura Appl., 17 (1938), 177-191. doi: 10.1007/BF02410700. Google Scholar [9] A. Castro and E. M. Fischer, Infinitely many rotationally symmetric solutions to a class of semilinear Laplace-Beltrami equations on spheres, Canad. Math. Bull., 58 (2015), 723-729. doi: 10.4153/CMB-2015-056-7. Google Scholar [10] A. Castro and A. Kurepa, Infinitely many radially symmetric solutions to a superlinear Dirichlet problem in a ball, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 101 (1987), 57-64. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1987-0897070-7. Google Scholar [11] T. E. Cecil and P. J. Ryan, Geometry of Hypersurfaces, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer, New York, 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3246-7. Google Scholar [12] Q.-S. Chi, Isoparametric hypersurfaces with four principal curvatures. IV, preprint, arXiv: 1605.00976 [math.DG]. Google Scholar [13] M. Clapp, Entire nodal solutions to the pure critical exponent problem arising from concentration, J. Differential Equations, 261 (2016), 3042-3060. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2016.05.013. Google Scholar [14] M. Clapp, J. Faya and A. Pistoia, Nonexistence and multiplicity of solutions to elliptic problems with supercritical exponents, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 48 (2013), 611-623. doi: 10.1007/s00526-012-0564-6. Google Scholar [15] M. Clapp and J. C. Fernández, Multiplicity of nodal solution to the Yamabe problem, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 56 (2017), Art. 145, 22 pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-017-1237-2. Google Scholar [16] M. Clapp, M. Ghimenti and A. M. Micheletti, Solutions to a singularly perturbed supercritical elliptic equation on a Riemannian manifold concentrating at a submanifold, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 420 (2014), 314-333. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.05.079. Google Scholar [17] M. Clapp and A. Pistoia, Symmetries, Hopf fibrations and supercritical elliptic problems, Mathematical Congress of the Americas, Contemp. Math., Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 656 (2016), 1-12. doi: 10.1090/conm/656/13100. Google Scholar [18] M. del Pino, M. Musso, F. Pacard and A. Pistoia., Large energy entire solutions for the Yamabe equation, J. Differential Equations, 251 (2011), 2568-2597. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.03.008. Google Scholar [19] M. del Pino, M. Musso, F. Pacard and A. Pistoia, Torus action on$\mathbb S^n$and sign-changing solutions for conformally invariant equations, Ann. Sc. Norm. Super. Pisa Cl. Sci., 12 (2013), 209-237. Google Scholar [20] S. B. Deng, M. Musso and A. Pistoia, Concentration on minimal submanifolds for a Yamabe-type problem, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 41 (2016), 1379-1425. doi: 10.1080/03605302.2016.1209519. Google Scholar [21] J. C. Fernández and J. Petean, Low energy solutions to the Yamabe problem, J. Differential Equations. Article in Press, https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jde.2019.11.043 Google Scholar [22] D. Ferus, H. Karcher and H. F. Münzner, Cliffordalgebren und neue isoparametrische Hyperflächen, Math. Z., 177 (1981), 479-502. doi: 10.1007/BF01219082. Google Scholar [23] B. Fuglede, Harmonic morphisms between Riemannian manifolds, Ann. Inst. Fourier (Grenoble), 28 (1978), 107-144. doi: 10.5802/aif.691. Google Scholar [24] M. Ghimenti, A. M. Micheletti and A. Pistoia, Blow-up solutions concentrated along minimal submanifolds for some supercritical elliptic problems on Riemannian manifolds, J. Fixed Point Theory Appl., 14 (2013), 503-525. doi: 10.1007/s11784-014-0168-1. Google Scholar [25] A. Haraux and F. B. Weisslern, Nonuniqueness for a semilinear initial value problem, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 31 (1982), 167-189. doi: 10.1512/iumj.1982.31.31016. Google Scholar [26] G. Henry, Isoparametric functions and nodal solutions of the Yamabe equation, Ann. Glob. Anal. Geom., 56 (2019), 203-219. doi: 10.1007/s10455-019-09664-x. Google Scholar [27] G. Henry and J. Petean, Isoparametric hypersurfaces and metrics of constant scalar curvature, Asian J. Math., 18 (2014), 53-67. doi: 10.4310/AJM.2014.v18.n1.a3. Google Scholar [28] A. Kurepa, Existence and uniqueness theorem for singular initial value problems and applications, Publ. Inst. Math. (Beograd) (N.S.), 45 (1989), 89-93. Google Scholar [29] J. M. Lee, Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 218. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2003. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-21752-9. Google Scholar [30] M. Medina, M. Musso and J. C. Wei, Desingularization of Clifford torus and nonradial solutions to the Yamabe problem with maximal rank, J. Funct. Anal., 276 (2019), 2470-2523. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2019.02.001. Google Scholar [31] A. M. Micheletti, A. Pistoia and J. Vétois, Blow-up solutions for asymptotically critical elliptic equations on Riemannian manifolds, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 58 (2009), 1719-1746. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2009.58.3633. Google Scholar [32] R. Miyaoka, Isoparametric hypersurfaces with$(g, m) = (6, 2)$, Ann. Math., 177 (2013), 53-110. doi: 10.4007/annals.2013.177.1.2. Google Scholar [33] R. Miyaoka, Errata on Isoparametric hypersurfaces with$(g, m) = (6, 2)$, Ann. of Math., 183 (2016), 1057-1071. doi: 10.4007/annals.2016.183.3.7. Google Scholar [34] H. F. Münzner, Isoparametrische Hyperflächen in sphären, Math. Ann., 251 (1980), 57-71. doi: 10.1007/BF01420281. Google Scholar [35] H. F. Münzner, Isoparametrische Hyperflächen in sphären. II, Math. Ann., 256 (1981), 215-232. Google Scholar [36] M. Musso and J. C. Wei, Nondegeneracy of nodal solutions to the critical Yamabe problem, Comm. Math. Phys., 340 (2015), 1049-1107. doi: 10.1007/s00220-015-2462-1. Google Scholar [37] P. Petersen, Riemannian Geometry, Second edition, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 171. Springer, New York, 2006. Google Scholar [38] A. Pistoia and G. Vaira, From periodic ODE's to supercritical PDE's, Nonlinear Anal., 119 (2015), 330-340. doi: 10.1016/j.na.2014.10.023. Google Scholar [39] S. I. Pohožaev, Eigenfunctions of the equation$\Delta u + \lambda f(u) = 0$, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 165 (1965), 36-39. Google Scholar [40] B. Premoselli and J. Vétois, Compactness of sign-changing solutions to scalar curvature-type equations with bounded negative part, J. Differential Equations, 266 (2019), 7416-7458. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2018.12.002. Google Scholar [41] F. Robert and J. Vétois, Sign-changing blow-up for scalar curvature type equations, Comm. Partial Differential Equations, 38 (2013), 1437-1465. doi: 10.1080/03605302.2012.745552. Google Scholar [42] M. Struwe, Variational Methods. Applications to Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations and Hamiltonian Systems, Fourth edition, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, 3. Folge. A Series of Modern Surveys in Mathematics, 34. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2008. Google Scholar [43] M. Willem, Minimax Theorems, Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and their Applications, 24. Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1996. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4146-1. Google Scholar  [1] Marco Ghimenti, Anna Maria Micheletti. Compactness results for linearly perturbed Yamabe problem on manifolds with boundary. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020 doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020453 [2] Xinfu Chen, Huiqiang Jiang, Guoqing Liu. Boundary spike of the singular limit of an energy minimizing problem. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (6) : 3253-3290. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020124 [3] Ying Liu, Yanping Chen, Yunqing Huang, Yang Wang. 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