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July  2011, 16(1): 1-14. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2011.16.1

The Euler-Maruyama approximations for the CEV model

Vyacheslav M. Abramov 1, , Fima C. Klebaner 2, and  Robert Sh. Lipster 3,

1. 

School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Building 28, Wellington road, Victoria, 3800, Australia
2. 

School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Building 28,, Wellington road, Victoria, 3800, Australia
3. 

Department of Engineering Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel

Received  April 2010 Revised  August 2010 Published  April 2011

The CEV model is given by the stochastic differential equation $X_t=X_0+\int_0^t\mu X_s ds+\int_0^t\sigma (X^+_s)^p dW_s$, $\frac{1}{2}\le p<1$. It features a non-Lipschitz diffusion coefficient and gets absorbed at zero with a positive probability. We show the weak convergence of Euler-Maruyama approximations $X_t^n$ to the process $X_t$, $0 \le t \le T$, in the Skorokhod metric, by giving a new approximation by continuous processes. We calculate ruin probabilities as an example of such approximation. The ruin probability evaluated by simulations is not guaranteed to converge to the theoretical one, because the limiting distribution is discontinuous at zero. To approximate the size of the jump at zero we use the Levy metric, and also confirm the convergence numerically.
Keywords: absorbtion, non-Lipschitz diffusion, Euler-Maruyama algorithm, CEV model, weak convergence..
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 65C30, 60H35, 65C20; Secondary: 60H20, 68U2.
Citation: Vyacheslav M. Abramov, Fima C. Klebaner, Robert Sh. Lipster. The Euler-Maruyama approximations for the CEV model. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2011, 16 (1) : 1-14. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2011.16.1
References:
[1]

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[2]

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[3]

P. Billingsley, "Converges of Probability Measures,", John Wiley & Sons, (1968).   Google Scholar

[4]

M. Bossy and A. Diop, An efficient discretisation scheme for one dimensional SDEs with a diffusion coefficient function of the form $|x|^\alpha, \alpha\in [1/2, 1)$,, preprint, (2007).   Google Scholar

[5]

J. C. Cox, The constant elasticity of variance option. Pricing model,, The Journal of Portfolio Management, 23 (1997), 15.   Google Scholar

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D. Dawson, http://www.math.ubc.ca/ db5d/SummerSchool09/lectures-dd/lecture4.pdf,, (Accessed on August 3, (2010).   Google Scholar

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G. Deelstra and F. Delbaen, Convergence of discretized stochastic (interest rate) processes with stochastic drift term,, Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis, 14 (1998), 77.  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0747(199803)14:1<77::AID-ASM338>3.0.CO;2-2.  Google Scholar

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F. Delbaen and H. A. Shirakawa, Note of option pricing for constant elasticity of variance model,, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, 9 (2002), 159.  doi: 10.1023/A:1024173029378.  Google Scholar

[9]

W. Feller, Two singular diffusion problems,, Annals of Mathematics, 54 (1951), 173.  doi: 10.2307/1969318.  Google Scholar

[10]

I. Gy, A note on Eulers approximations,, Potential Analysis, 8 (1998), 205.  doi: 10.1023/A:1008605221617.  Google Scholar

[11]

I. Gy，I. ongy and N. Krylov, Existence of strong solutions for Itó's stochastic equations via approximations,, Probability Theory and Related Fields, 105 (1996), 143.  doi: 10.1007/BF01203833.  Google Scholar

[12]

N. Halidias and P. Kloeden, A note on the Euler-Maruyama scheme for stochastic differential equations with a discontinuous monotone drift coefficient,, BIT Numerical Mathematics, 48 (2008), 51.  doi: 10.1007/s10543-008-0164-1.  Google Scholar

[13]

P. L. Hennequin and A. Tortrat, "Théorie des Probabilités et Quelques Applications,", Masson et Cie, (1965).   Google Scholar

[14]

D. J. Higham and X. Mao, Convergence of Monte Carlo simulations involving the mean-reverting square root process,, Computational Finance, 8 (2005), 35.   Google Scholar

[15]

D. J. Higham, X. Mao and A. M. Stuart, Strong convergence of Euler-type methods for nonlinear stochastic differential equations,, SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis, 40 (2002), 1041.  doi: 10.1137/S0036142901389530.  Google Scholar

[16]

M. Hutzenthaler and A. Jentzen, Non-globally Lipschitz counterexamples for the stochastic Euler scheme,, preprint, ().   Google Scholar

[17]

A. Jentzen, P. E. Kloeden and A. Neuenkirch, Pathwise approximation of stochastic differential equations on domains: Higher order convergence rates without global Lipschitz coeffcients,, Numerische Mathematik, 112 (2009), 41.  doi: 10.1007/s00211-008-0200-8.  Google Scholar

[18]

Yu. Kabanov, R. Liptser and A. N. Shiryaev, Estimates of closeness in variation of probability measures (Russian),, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 278 (1984), 265.   Google Scholar

[19]

F. C. Klebaner, "Introduction to Stochastic Calculus with Applications,", 2$^{nd}$ edition, (2005).   Google Scholar

[20]

P. E. Kloeden and K. Platten, "Numerical Solution of Stochastic Differential Equations,", Springer-Verlag, (1992).   Google Scholar

[21]

R. Sh. Liptser and A. N. Shiryayev, "Theory of Martingales" [Translated from the Russian by K. Dzjaparidze], Mathematics and its Applications (Soviet Series), 49 (1989).   Google Scholar

[22]

G. N. Milstein and M. V. Tretyakov, "Stochastic Numerics for Mathematical Physics,", Springer-Verlag, (2004).   Google Scholar

[23]

L. C. G. Rogers and D. Williams, "Diffusions, Markov Processes, and Martingales. Vol. 2. Itô Calculus,", Reprint of the 2$^{nd}$ edition, (2000).   Google Scholar

[24]

T. Shiga and S. Watanabe, Bessel diffusions as a one parameter family of diffusion processes,, Zeitschrift f\, 27 (1973), 37.   Google Scholar

[25]

D. Talay, Simulation and numerical analysis of stochastic differential systems: A review,, in, 451 (1995), 63.   Google Scholar

[26]

L. Yan, The Euler scheme with irregular coefficients,, Annals of Probability, 30 (2002), 1172.  doi: 10.1214/aop/1029867124.  Google Scholar

[27]

H. Zähle, Weak approximation of SDEs by discrete time processes,, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis, 2008 (2008).   Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

A. Alfonsi, Higher order discretization schemes for the CIR process: application to affine term structure and Heston models,, Mathematics of Computation, 79 (2010), 209.  doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-09-02252-2.  Google Scholar

[2]

V. Bally and D. Talay, The law of the Euler scheme for stochastic differential equations I. Convergence rate of the distribution function,, Probability Theory and Related Fields, 104 (1996), 43.  doi: 10.1007/BF01303802.  Google Scholar

[3]

P. Billingsley, "Converges of Probability Measures,", John Wiley & Sons, (1968).   Google Scholar

[4]

M. Bossy and A. Diop, An efficient discretisation scheme for one dimensional SDEs with a diffusion coefficient function of the form $|x|^\alpha, \alpha\in [1/2, 1)$,, preprint, (2007).   Google Scholar

[5]

J. C. Cox, The constant elasticity of variance option. Pricing model,, The Journal of Portfolio Management, 23 (1997), 15.   Google Scholar

[6]

D. Dawson, http://www.math.ubc.ca/ db5d/SummerSchool09/lectures-dd/lecture4.pdf,, (Accessed on August 3, (2010).   Google Scholar

[7]

G. Deelstra and F. Delbaen, Convergence of discretized stochastic (interest rate) processes with stochastic drift term,, Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis, 14 (1998), 77.  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0747(199803)14:1<77::AID-ASM338>3.0.CO;2-2.  Google Scholar

[8]

F. Delbaen and H. A. Shirakawa, Note of option pricing for constant elasticity of variance model,, Asia-Pacific Financial Markets, 9 (2002), 159.  doi: 10.1023/A:1024173029378.  Google Scholar

[9]

W. Feller, Two singular diffusion problems,, Annals of Mathematics, 54 (1951), 173.  doi: 10.2307/1969318.  Google Scholar

[10]

I. Gy, A note on Eulers approximations,, Potential Analysis, 8 (1998), 205.  doi: 10.1023/A:1008605221617.  Google Scholar

[11]

I. Gy，I. ongy and N. Krylov, Existence of strong solutions for Itó's stochastic equations via approximations,, Probability Theory and Related Fields, 105 (1996), 143.  doi: 10.1007/BF01203833.  Google Scholar

[12]

N. Halidias and P. Kloeden, A note on the Euler-Maruyama scheme for stochastic differential equations with a discontinuous monotone drift coefficient,, BIT Numerical Mathematics, 48 (2008), 51.  doi: 10.1007/s10543-008-0164-1.  Google Scholar

[13]

P. L. Hennequin and A. Tortrat, "Théorie des Probabilités et Quelques Applications,", Masson et Cie, (1965).   Google Scholar

[14]

D. J. Higham and X. Mao, Convergence of Monte Carlo simulations involving the mean-reverting square root process,, Computational Finance, 8 (2005), 35.   Google Scholar

[15]

D. J. Higham, X. Mao and A. M. Stuart, Strong convergence of Euler-type methods for nonlinear stochastic differential equations,, SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis, 40 (2002), 1041.  doi: 10.1137/S0036142901389530.  Google Scholar

[16]

M. Hutzenthaler and A. Jentzen, Non-globally Lipschitz counterexamples for the stochastic Euler scheme,, preprint, ().   Google Scholar

[17]

A. Jentzen, P. E. Kloeden and A. Neuenkirch, Pathwise approximation of stochastic differential equations on domains: Higher order convergence rates without global Lipschitz coeffcients,, Numerische Mathematik, 112 (2009), 41.  doi: 10.1007/s00211-008-0200-8.  Google Scholar

[18]

Yu. Kabanov, R. Liptser and A. N. Shiryaev, Estimates of closeness in variation of probability measures (Russian),, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 278 (1984), 265.   Google Scholar

[19]

F. C. Klebaner, "Introduction to Stochastic Calculus with Applications,", 2$^{nd}$ edition, (2005).   Google Scholar

[20]

P. E. Kloeden and K. Platten, "Numerical Solution of Stochastic Differential Equations,", Springer-Verlag, (1992).   Google Scholar

[21]

R. Sh. Liptser and A. N. Shiryayev, "Theory of Martingales" [Translated from the Russian by K. Dzjaparidze], Mathematics and its Applications (Soviet Series), 49 (1989).   Google Scholar

[22]

G. N. Milstein and M. V. Tretyakov, "Stochastic Numerics for Mathematical Physics,", Springer-Verlag, (2004).   Google Scholar

[23]

L. C. G. Rogers and D. Williams, "Diffusions, Markov Processes, and Martingales. Vol. 2. Itô Calculus,", Reprint of the 2$^{nd}$ edition, (2000).   Google Scholar

[24]

T. Shiga and S. Watanabe, Bessel diffusions as a one parameter family of diffusion processes,, Zeitschrift f\, 27 (1973), 37.   Google Scholar

[25]

D. Talay, Simulation and numerical analysis of stochastic differential systems: A review,, in, 451 (1995), 63.   Google Scholar

[26]

L. Yan, The Euler scheme with irregular coefficients,, Annals of Probability, 30 (2002), 1172.  doi: 10.1214/aop/1029867124.  Google Scholar

[27]

H. Zähle, Weak approximation of SDEs by discrete time processes,, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis, 2008 (2008).   Google Scholar

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