We study the dynamics of the Fisher-KPP equation on the infinite homogeneous tree and Erdős-Réyni random graphs. We assume initial data that is zero everywhere except at a single node. For the case of the homogeneous tree, the solution will either form a traveling front or converge pointwise to zero. This dichotomy is determined by the linear spreading speed and we compute critical values of the diffusion parameter for which the spreading speed is zero and maximal and prove that the system is linearly determined. We also study the growth of the total population in the network and identify the exponential growth rate as a function of the diffusion coefficient, α. Finally, we make predictions for the Fisher-KPP equation on Erdős-Rényi random graphs based upon the results on the homogeneous tree. When α is small we observe via numerical simulations that mean arrival times are linearly related to distance from the initial node and the speed of invasion is well approximated by the linear spreading speed on the tree. Furthermore, we observe that exponential growth rates of the total population on the random network can be bounded by growth rates on the homogeneous tree and provide an explanation for the sub-linear exponential growth rates that occur for small diffusion.
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Figure 1. The linear spreading speed for (5), calculated numerically as a function of $\alpha$ for $k = 3$ (red), $k = 4$ (black) and $k = 5$ (blue). Note the critical values $\alpha_2(k)$ for which the spreading speed is zero and $\alpha_1(k)$ where the speed is maximal. Also note that as $\alpha\to 0$, these spreading speeds appear to approach a common curve
Figure 2. Critical rates of diffusion for period trees with period $m = 2$. On the left, we plot $\alpha_1$ as a function of $k_1$ with $k_2$ fixed to preserve the mean degree. On the right, we plot $\alpha_2$ as a function of $k_1$. Note that in both case the periodic heterogeneity increases the critical diffusion rates
Figure 3. Numerical simulations of (2) with $k = 3$ and for $\alpha = 0.2$ (left), $\alpha = 0.8$ (middle) and $\alpha = 2.2$ (right). The blue curves are $u_n(t)$ while the red curves depict the normalized population at each level, i.e. $w_n(t)/\max_n(w_n(t))$. Note that $0.2 < \alpha_1(3) < 0.8 < \alpha_2(3) < 2.2$. For $\alpha = 0.2$, we observe that the maximal population is concentrated at the front interface. For $\alpha = 0.8$, the maximal population is concentrated ahead of the front interface. Finally, for $\alpha = 2.2$ the local population at any fixed node converges to zero, but the total population grows and eventually is concentrated at the final level of the tree
Figure 4. On the left, we compare predictions for the exponential growth rate of the maximum of $w_n(t)$ as a function of $\alpha$ (blue line) against the exponential growth rates of $M(t)$ observed in direct numerical simulations (asterisks) for $k = 5$. On the right, we compare numerically observed spreading speeds for $w_n(t)$ (asterisks) versus linear spreading speeds determined numerically from the pinched double root criterion applied to $\tilde{d}_s(\gamma,\lambda)$ (blue line). Here we have taken $k = 5$
Figure 6. Speed associated to the mean arrival times in numerical simulations on an Erdős-Réyni graph with $N = 60,000$ and expected degree $k_{ER} = 2$ are shown in asterisks. The blue curve is the spreading speed predicted by the analysis in Section 2 for the homogeneous tree with $k = 2.54$, found by numerically computing roots of (6). This value is chosen since it is one less than the mean degree of the network over those nodes with distance between $3$ and $12$ from the original location
Figure 8. Numerically calculated exponential growth rate for the Erdős-Rényi graph. On the left, $N = 500,000$ and observed growth rates are plotted as circles. The asterisks are the corresponding growth rates in the homogeneous tree with depth $13$. The lower curve is degree $k = 3$ while the larger curve is degree $k = 4$. On the right are the same computations, but for the Erdős-Rényi graph with $N = 60,000$ and for homogeneous trees with $k = 2$ and $k = 3$
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The linear spreading speed for (5), calculated numerically as a function of
Critical rates of diffusion for period trees with period
Numerical simulations of (2) with
On the left, we compare predictions for the exponential growth rate of the maximum of
Arrival times for an Erdős-Réyni graph with
Speed associated to the mean arrival times in numerical simulations on an Erdős-Réyni graph with
Growth rate of the total population for Erdős-Rényi graph. On the left,
Numerically calculated exponential growth rate for the Erdős-Rényi graph. On the left,