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September  2019, 24(9): 5041-5081. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019043

## Distribution of SS and AS and their bifurcations in aggregations of tuna around two FOBs

 Yangtze Center of Mathematics and Department of Mathematics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China

*Corresponding author: Weinian Zhang

Received  July 2018 Revised  October 2018 Published  September 2019 Early access  February 2019

Fund Project: Supported by NSFC grants #11771307, #11726623 and #11521061 and PCSIRT IRT-15R53.

A number of empirical and theoretical studies shows that the exploitation of fish sources has benefitted a lot from artificial floating objects (abbr. FOBs) on the surface of ocean. In this paper we investigate the dynamical distribution in aggregations of tuna around two FOBs. We abandon the effort of precise computation for steady states and eigenvalues but utilize the monotonic intervals to determine the location of zeros and signs of eigenvalues qualitatively and use the symmetry of AS steady states to simplify the system. Our method enables us to find two more steady states than known results and complete the analysis of all steady states effectively. Furthermore, we display all bifurcations at steady states, including six bifurcations of co-dimension 1 and two bifurcations of co-dimension 2. One of bifurcations is a degenerate pitchfork bifurcation of co-dimension 4 but only a part of co-dimension 2 can be unfolded within the system. We construct sectorial regions to prove the nonexistence of closed orbits. Those results provide long-time prediction of steady numbers of tuna around the two FOBs and critical conditions for transitions of cases.

Citation: Shaowen Shi, Weinian Zhang. Distribution of SS and AS and their bifurcations in aggregations of tuna around two FOBs. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (9) : 5041-5081. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019043
##### References:
 [1] J. M. Amé, J. Halloy, C. Rivault, C. Detrain and J. L. Deneubourg, Collegial decision making based on social amplification leads to optimal group formation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (2006), 5835-5840. [2] J. Carr, Applications of Center Manifold Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1981. [3] S. N. Chow and J. K. Hale, Methods of Bifurcation Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982. [4] F. Dumortier, J. Llibre and J. C. Artés, Qualitative Theory of Planar Differential Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2006. [5] B. Gao and W. Zhang, Equilibria and their bifurcations in a recurrent neural network involving iterates of a transcendental function, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 19 (2008), 782-794.  doi: 10.1109/TNN.2007.912321. [6] J. Guckenheimer and P. Holmes, Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-1140-2. [7] J. Halloy, G. Sempo, G. Caprari, C. Rivault, M. Asadpour, F. Tâche, I. Saïd, V. Durier, S. Canonge, J. M. Amé, C. Detrain, N. Correll, A. Martinoli, F. Mondada, R. Siegwart and J. L. Deneubourg, Social integration of robots into groups of cockroaches to control self-organized choices, Science, 318 (2007), 1155-1158.  doi: 10.1126/science.1144259. [8] X. Hou, R. Yan and W. Zhang, Bifurcations of a polynomial differential system of degree $n$ in biochemical reactions, Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 43 (2002), 1407-1423.  doi: 10.1016/S0898-1221(02)00108-6. [9] D. Huang, Y. Gong, Y. Tang and W. Zhang, Degenerate equilibria at infinity in the generalized brusselator, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 42 (2005), 167-179.  doi: 10.1016/j.mcm.2004.02.041. [10] Y. A. Kuznetsov, Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998. [11] L. Perko, Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0392-3. [12] M. Robert, L. Dagorn and J. L. Deneubourg, The aggregation of tuna around floating objects: What could be the underlying social mechanisms?, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 359 (2014), 161-170.  doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.06.010. [13] D. J. T. Sumpter and S. C. Pratt, Quorum responses and consensus decision making, Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364 (2009), 743-753.  doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0204. [14] Y. Tang and W. Zhang, Generalized normal sectors and orbits in exceptional directions, Nonlinearity, 17 (2004), 1407-1426.  doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/17/4/015. [15] Z. Zhang, T. Ding, W. Huang and Z. Dong, Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Translations of Mathematical Monographs, volume 101, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1992.

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##### References:
 [1] J. M. Amé, J. Halloy, C. Rivault, C. Detrain and J. L. Deneubourg, Collegial decision making based on social amplification leads to optimal group formation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (2006), 5835-5840. [2] J. Carr, Applications of Center Manifold Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York-Berlin, 1981. [3] S. N. Chow and J. K. Hale, Methods of Bifurcation Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982. [4] F. Dumortier, J. Llibre and J. C. Artés, Qualitative Theory of Planar Differential Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2006. [5] B. Gao and W. Zhang, Equilibria and their bifurcations in a recurrent neural network involving iterates of a transcendental function, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 19 (2008), 782-794.  doi: 10.1109/TNN.2007.912321. [6] J. Guckenheimer and P. Holmes, Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-1140-2. [7] J. Halloy, G. Sempo, G. Caprari, C. Rivault, M. Asadpour, F. Tâche, I. Saïd, V. Durier, S. Canonge, J. M. Amé, C. Detrain, N. Correll, A. Martinoli, F. Mondada, R. Siegwart and J. L. Deneubourg, Social integration of robots into groups of cockroaches to control self-organized choices, Science, 318 (2007), 1155-1158.  doi: 10.1126/science.1144259. [8] X. Hou, R. Yan and W. Zhang, Bifurcations of a polynomial differential system of degree $n$ in biochemical reactions, Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 43 (2002), 1407-1423.  doi: 10.1016/S0898-1221(02)00108-6. [9] D. Huang, Y. Gong, Y. Tang and W. Zhang, Degenerate equilibria at infinity in the generalized brusselator, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 42 (2005), 167-179.  doi: 10.1016/j.mcm.2004.02.041. [10] Y. A. Kuznetsov, Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998. [11] L. Perko, Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0392-3. [12] M. Robert, L. Dagorn and J. L. Deneubourg, The aggregation of tuna around floating objects: What could be the underlying social mechanisms?, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 359 (2014), 161-170.  doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.06.010. [13] D. J. T. Sumpter and S. C. Pratt, Quorum responses and consensus decision making, Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364 (2009), 743-753.  doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0204. [14] Y. Tang and W. Zhang, Generalized normal sectors and orbits in exceptional directions, Nonlinearity, 17 (2004), 1407-1426.  doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/17/4/015. [15] Z. Zhang, T. Ding, W. Huang and Z. Dong, Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Translations of Mathematical Monographs, volume 101, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1992.
Parameter regions for qualitative properties. The left comes from [12] and the right from Table 2
Graph of $P_3$ with $g = 20$ and $\nu = 15$
Cusp bifurcation at the SS: $(\sqrt3, \sqrt3)$
Degenerate pitchfork bifurcation at the SS: $(1, 1)$
Bifurcation diagriam of system (67)
Phase plane of system (7) in (C3)
Phase plane of system (7) in (C4)
Phase plane of system (7) in (C5).
Parameter plane of system (7)
Phase diagrams of system (7)
Phase diagrams of system (7)
Phase diagrams of system (7)
Phase portraits of system (7)
Phase portraits of system (7)
Phase portraits of system (7)
Number and stability of steady states found in [12]
 $g$ $\nu$ number and stability $g<4$ $\nuN_2(g)$ 1 unstable SS, 2 stable ASs $4N_2(g)$ 1 unstable SS, 2 stable ASs $g>16$ $\nuN_{4}(g)$ 1 unstable SS and 2 stable ASs
 $g$ $\nu$ number and stability $g<4$ $\nuN_2(g)$ 1 unstable SS, 2 stable ASs $4N_2(g)$ 1 unstable SS, 2 stable ASs $g>16$ $\nuN_{4}(g)$ 1 unstable SS and 2 stable ASs
Number of steady states of system (7) and their types
 $g$ $\nu$ number and type $~$total$~\,$ $0{g}/{2}+2$ 1 SS (saddle) 3 2 ASs (stable nodes) $4N^*_2(g)$ 1 SS (saddle) 3 2 ASs (stable nodes) $g>8+8\sqrt2$ $0<\nu<2\sqrt g$ 1 SS (stable node) 1 $\nu=2\sqrt g$ 1 SS (stable node) 3 2 ASs (saddle-nodes) $2\sqrt g<\nuN^*_2(g)$ 1 SS (saddle) 3 2 ASs (stable nodes)
 $g$ $\nu$ number and type $~$total$~\,$ $0{g}/{2}+2$ 1 SS (saddle) 3 2 ASs (stable nodes) $4N^*_2(g)$ 1 SS (saddle) 3 2 ASs (stable nodes) $g>8+8\sqrt2$ $0<\nu<2\sqrt g$ 1 SS (stable node) 1 $\nu=2\sqrt g$ 1 SS (stable node) 3 2 ASs (saddle-nodes) $2\sqrt g<\nuN^*_2(g)$ 1 SS (saddle) 3 2 ASs (stable nodes)
Nonhyperbolic cases, where $s_\pm$ and $x_*^\pm$ are defined in (13) and (35)
 Label $g$, $\nu$ degenerate steady-states and coordinates NH1 $g>16$, $\nu=N_1^*(g)$ 1 SS(saddle-node) $(s_+, s_+)$ NH2 $g>16$, $\nu=N_2^*(g)$ 1 SS(saddle-node) $(s_-, s_-)$ NH3 $g=16$, $\nu=6\sqrt3$ 1 SS(saddle) $(\sqrt3, \sqrt3)$ NH4 $g>4$, $\nu=N_1(g)$ 2 ASs(saddle-nodes) $(x_*^+, x_*^-)$ and $(x_*^-, x_*^+)$ NH5 $g>4$, $\nu=N_2(g)$ 1 SS(saddle) $(1, 1)$ $0  Label$ g $,$ \nu $degenerate steady-states and coordinates NH1$ g>16 $,$ \nu=N_1^*(g) $1 SS(saddle-node)$ (s_+, s_+) $NH2$ g>16 $,$ \nu=N_2^*(g) $1 SS(saddle-node)$ (s_-, s_-) $NH3$ g=16 $,$ \nu=6\sqrt3 $1 SS(saddle)$ (\sqrt3, \sqrt3) $NH4$ g>4 $,$ \nu=N_1(g) $2 ASs(saddle-nodes)$ (x_*^+, x_*^-) $and$ (x_*^-, x_*^+) $NH5$ g>4 $,$ \nu=N_2(g) $1 SS(saddle)$ (1, 1)  0

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