# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

May  2019, 24(5): 2073-2091. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019085

## Delay reaction-diffusion equation for infection dynamics

 1 Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199178 Saint Petersburg, Russia 2 Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Street 8, 119333 Moscow, Russia 3 Département de Mathématiques, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Tlemcen, Laboratoire d'Analyse Non Linéaire et Mathématiques Appliquées, Tlemcen, BP 119, 13000, Algeria 4 Instituto de Matemática y Fisica, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile 5 Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France 6 INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Lyon La Doua, 69603 Villeurbanne, France 7 RUDN University, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 6, Moscow, 117198, Russia

* Corresponding author: Vitaly Volpert

Received  November 2017 Revised  January 2019 Published  March 2019

Nonlinear dynamics of a reaction-diffusion equation with delay is studied with numerical simulations in 1D and 2D cases. Homogeneous in space solutions can manifest time oscillations with period doubling bifurcations and transition to chaos. Transition between two regions with homogeneous oscillations is provided by quasi-waves, propagating solutions without regular structure and often with complex aperiodic oscillations. Dynamics of space dependent solutions is described by a combination of various waves, e.g., bistable, monostable, periodic and quasi-waves.

Citation: Nick Bessonov, Gennady Bocharov, Tarik Mohammed Touaoula, Sergei Trofimchuk, Vitaly Volpert. Delay reaction-diffusion equation for infection dynamics. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (5) : 2073-2091. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019085
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Typical examples of the function $f(u)$. It can be monotone (left) or non-monotone (right)
Period doubling bifurcations for the non-monotone function $f(u)$. Upper row: simple oscillations ($f_3 = 2.5$) and period 2 oscillations ($f_3 = 2$). Lower row: period 4 oscillations ($f_3 = 1.899$) and period 8 oscillations ($f_3 = 1.898$). The dots show the beginning of the periods. The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0, f_2 = 0.1, f_3$ varies, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 2$
Behavior of solutions of equation (1) with periodic boundary conditions for $D = 0.001$ (left), $D = 0.0004$ (middle), $D = 0.0001$ (right). The upper row of the graphs specifies the spatial pattern of solutions at some time $t$. The lower row shows the spatiotemporal structure of solutions with the positions of the maxima of solutions in time. The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 6, f_3 = 6$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.9, u_3 = 0.95$, $\tau = 1.25$, $L = 0.5$
Behavior of solutions of equation (1) with periodic boundary conditions for $D = 10^{-3}$ (left), $D = 10^{-4}$ (middle), $D = 10^{-5}$ (right). The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 1.9$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 2$, $L = 0.5$
Evolution of the transition zone in time. Upper row: time oscillations at the center of the interval. Middle row: $u(x, t)$ as a function of $x$ for some fixed $t$. Lower row: positions of the maxima of solutions. The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 3, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.9, u_3 = 0.95$, $\tau = 1.5$ (left); $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 3, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.9, u_3 = 0.95$, $\tau = 2$ (middle); $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 6, f_3 = 6$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.9, u_3 = 0.95$, $\tau = 1.5$ (right). $u_0 = 0.2, u_1^0 = 0.001$, $D = 10^{-5}, L = 1$
Quasi-waves for the non-monotone function $f(u)$, $f_3 = 3$ (left); $f_3 = 2.3$ (middle); $f_3 = 1.9$ (right). The figure shows snapshots of solutions (upper row) and location of the maxima of solutions on the $(x, t)$-plane (lower row). The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.1, f_3$ varied, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 2$, $u_0 = 0.2, u_1^0 = 0.001$
Quasi-waves for the non-monotone function $f(u)$, $\tau = 5$ (left); $\tau = 7$ (right). Middle column shows the corresponding homogeneous oscillations for $\tau = 5$ (upper) and $\tau = 7$ (lower). The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 2$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau$ varied, $u_0 = 0.2, u_1^0 = 0.001$
Three types of regimes: wave with the minimal speed $c_0$ and a constant value $v_0$ behind the wave (left); the same wave is followed periodic in time and constant in space oscillations (middle); the wave converges to a periodic space structure instead of the constant value (right). The wave and the interval of time periodic oscillations are separated by a transition zone growing linearly in time. The values of parameters: $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.9, u_3 = 0.95$, $\tau = 2$, $u_0 = 0.2, u_1^0 = 0$; $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.9, f_3 = 0.9$ (left); $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 1.6, f_3 = 1.6$ (middle), $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 3, f_3 = 3$ (right)
Different regimes in the case of non-monotone function $f(u)$. In all three cases, the most left is the bistable wave, next to it a periodic wave, the most right is time periodic homogeneous in space solution. The speed of the bistable wave is negative in the left image while the speed of the periodic wave is positive. The speed of the bistable wave is larger than the speed of the periodic wave in the middle image. As a consequence, they merge forming a single periodic bistable wave. The periodic wave is separated from the homogeneous solutions by a quasi-wave in the right image. The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.5, u_3 = 0.9$, $\tau = 2$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0.001$ (left); $f_1 = 0, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 1.2$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 1.2$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0.001$ (middle); $f_1 = 0, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 2$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0.001$ (right)
Different regimes in the case of non-monotone function $f(u)$. In all three cases, bistable waves are separated from the homogeneous solutions by quasi-waves with different structures. The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.5, u_3 = 0.9$, $\tau = 4$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0.001$ (left); $f_1 = 0, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 6$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0.001$ (middle); $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 1$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0.001$ (right)
The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 1.6$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.5, u_3 = 0.9$, $\tau = 1$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0$ (left); $f_1 = 0, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 6$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0$ (middle); $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 3$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $\tau = 1$, $u_0 = 0.8, u_1^0 = 0$ (right)
Numerical simulation of equation (1) in a square domain with no-flux boundary condition and radially symmetric initial condition. The circular waves propagate from the lower left corner and gradually fill the whole domain. The left image shows a snapshot of solution, the right image the level lines of the same solution in a color code. The middle image shows the maxima of solution in time. Each green surface corresponds to the line of maxima (wave contour) propagating in space. The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 2$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.6$, $\tau = 2$, $u_0 = 0.2, u_1^0 = 0.001$, $D = 0.001$
Snapshot of solutions with quasi-wave propagation for $\tau = 2$ (left) and $\tau = 4$ (right). The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.1, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 1.8$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.5$, $u_0 = 0.2, u_1^0 = 0.001$, $D = 0.0001$
Propagation of a monostable-bistable wave. The initial condition (upper left) has a 2D perturbation. The wave remain 1D (lower left). When a quasi-wave develops between the bistable and the periodic monostable waves, the oscillations become two-dimensional (upper and lower right). The values of parameters: $f_1 = 0.2, f_2 = 0.1, f_3 = 1.5$, $u_1 = 0.1, u_2 = 0.3, u_3 = 0.6$, $\tau = 4$, $D = 0.0002$
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