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A discrete model of competing species sharing a parasite
1. | U.D. Matemáticas, Ed. Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain |
2. | Dpto. Matemática Aplicada a la Ingeniería, ETSI Industriales, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain |
In this work we develop a discrete model of competing species affected by a common parasite. We analyze the influence of the fast development of the shared disease on the community dynamics. The model is presented under the form of a two time scales discrete system with four variables. Thus, it becomes analytically tractable with the help of the appropriate reduction method. The 2-dimensional reduced system, that has the same asymptotic behaviour as the full model, is a generalization of the Leslie-Gower competition model. It has the unfrequent property in this kind of models of including multiple equilibrium attractors of mixed type. The analysis of the reduced system shows that parasites can completely alter the outcome of competition depending on the parasite's basic reproductive number $ R_0 $. In some cases, initial conditions decide among several exclusion or coexistence scenarios.
References:
[1] |
L. J. S. Allen,
Some discrete-time SI, SIR, and SIS epidemic models, Mathematical Biosciences, 124 (1994), 83-105.
doi: 10.1016/0025-5564(94)90025-6. |
[2] |
B. Bolker, M. Holyoak, V. Krivan, L. Rowe and O. Schmitz,
Connecting theoretical and empirical studies of trait-mediated interactions, Ecology, 84 (2003), 1101-1114.
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1101:CTAESO]2.0.CO;2. |
[3] |
R. Bravo de la Parra, M. Marvá, E. Sánchez and L. Sanz,
Reduction of discrete dynamical systems with applications to dynamics population models, Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena, 8 (2013), 107-129.
doi: 10.1051/mmnp/20138608. |
[4] |
R. Bravo de la Parra, M. Marvá, E. Sánchez and L. Sanz, Discrete models of disease and competition, Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, (2017), Art. ID 5310837, 13 pp.
doi: 10.1155/2017/5310837. |
[5] |
R. Bravo de la Parra, M. Marvá, E. Sánchez and L. Sanz,
A discrete predator-prey ecoepidemic model, Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena, 12 (2017), 116-132.
doi: 10.1051/mmnp/201712207. |
[6] |
Y. Chow and S. R.-J. Jang,
Multiple attractors in a Leslie-Gower competition system with Allee effects, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 20 (2014), 169-187.
doi: 10.1080/10236198.2013.815166. |
[7] |
J. M. Cushing, R. F. Costantino, B. Dennis, R. Desharnais and S. M. Henson, Chaos in Ecology: Experimental Nonlinear Dynamics, Theoretical Ecology Series, Vol. 1. Academic Press (Elsevier Science), New York, 2003. Google Scholar |
[8] |
J. M. Cushing, S. M. Henson and C. C. Blackburn,
Multiple mixed-type attractors in a competition model, Journal of Biological Dynamics, 1 (2007), 347-362.
doi: 10.1080/17513750701610010. |
[9] |
J. M. Cushing, S. Levarge, N. Chitnis and S. M. Henson,
Some discrete competition models and the competitive exclusion principle, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 10 (2004), 1139-1151.
doi: 10.1080/10236190410001652739. |
[10] |
J. L. Edmunds, A Study of a Stage-Structured Model of Two Competing Species, Thesis (Ph.D.)-The University of Arizona, 2001, 64 pp. Available from: https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/289978 |
[11] |
J. L. Edmunds,
Multiple attractors in a discrete competition model, Theoretical Population Biology, 72 (2007), 379-388.
doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2007.07.004. |
[12] |
J. Edmunds, J. M. Cushing, R. F. Costantino, S. M. Henson, B. Dennis and R. A. Desharnais, Park's tribolium competition experiments: A non-equilibrium species coexistence hypothesis, Journal of Animal Ecology, 72 (2003), 703-712. Google Scholar |
[13] |
M. J. Hatcher, J. T. A. Dick and A. M. Dunn,
How parasites affect interactions between competitors and predators, Ecology Letters, 9 (2006), 1253-1271.
doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00964.x. |
[14] | M. J. Hatcher and A. M. Dunn, Parasites in Ecological Communities: From Interactions to Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. Google Scholar |
[15] |
P. Klepac and H. Caswell,
The stage-structured epidemic: Linking disease and demography with a multi-state matrix approach model, Theoretical Ecology, 4 (2011), 301-319.
doi: 10.1007/s12080-010-0079-8. |
[16] |
P. H. Leslie and J. C. Gower,
The properties of a stochastic model for two competing species, Biometrika, 45 (1958), 316-330.
doi: 10.1093/biomet/45.3-4.316. |
[17] |
P. H. Leslie, T. Park and D. B. Mertz,
The effect of varying the initial numbers on the outcome of competition between two tribolium species, Journal of Animal Ecology, 37 (1968), 9-23.
doi: 10.2307/2708. |
[18] |
M. Marvá and R. Bravo de la Parra,
Coexistence and superior competitor exclusion in the Leslie-Gower competition model with fast dispersal, Ecological Modelling, 306 (2015), 247-256.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.039. |
[19] |
T. Park and M. Burton Frank,
The fecundity and development of the flour beetles, tribolium confusum and tribolium castaneum, at three constant temperatures, Ecology, 29 (1948), 368-374.
doi: 10.2307/1930996. |
[20] |
L. Sanz, R. Bravo de la Parra and E. Sánchez,
Approximate reduction of non-linear discrete models with two time scales, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 14 (2008), 607-627.
doi: 10.1080/10236190701709036. |
[21] |
H. L. Smith,
Planar competitive and cooperative difference equations, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 3 (1998), 335-357.
doi: 10.1080/10236199708808108. |
[22] |
E. E. Werner and S. D. Peacor,
A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities, Ecology, 84 (2003), 1083-1100.
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1083:AROTII. |
show all references
References:
[1] |
L. J. S. Allen,
Some discrete-time SI, SIR, and SIS epidemic models, Mathematical Biosciences, 124 (1994), 83-105.
doi: 10.1016/0025-5564(94)90025-6. |
[2] |
B. Bolker, M. Holyoak, V. Krivan, L. Rowe and O. Schmitz,
Connecting theoretical and empirical studies of trait-mediated interactions, Ecology, 84 (2003), 1101-1114.
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1101:CTAESO]2.0.CO;2. |
[3] |
R. Bravo de la Parra, M. Marvá, E. Sánchez and L. Sanz,
Reduction of discrete dynamical systems with applications to dynamics population models, Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena, 8 (2013), 107-129.
doi: 10.1051/mmnp/20138608. |
[4] |
R. Bravo de la Parra, M. Marvá, E. Sánchez and L. Sanz, Discrete models of disease and competition, Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, (2017), Art. ID 5310837, 13 pp.
doi: 10.1155/2017/5310837. |
[5] |
R. Bravo de la Parra, M. Marvá, E. Sánchez and L. Sanz,
A discrete predator-prey ecoepidemic model, Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena, 12 (2017), 116-132.
doi: 10.1051/mmnp/201712207. |
[6] |
Y. Chow and S. R.-J. Jang,
Multiple attractors in a Leslie-Gower competition system with Allee effects, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 20 (2014), 169-187.
doi: 10.1080/10236198.2013.815166. |
[7] |
J. M. Cushing, R. F. Costantino, B. Dennis, R. Desharnais and S. M. Henson, Chaos in Ecology: Experimental Nonlinear Dynamics, Theoretical Ecology Series, Vol. 1. Academic Press (Elsevier Science), New York, 2003. Google Scholar |
[8] |
J. M. Cushing, S. M. Henson and C. C. Blackburn,
Multiple mixed-type attractors in a competition model, Journal of Biological Dynamics, 1 (2007), 347-362.
doi: 10.1080/17513750701610010. |
[9] |
J. M. Cushing, S. Levarge, N. Chitnis and S. M. Henson,
Some discrete competition models and the competitive exclusion principle, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 10 (2004), 1139-1151.
doi: 10.1080/10236190410001652739. |
[10] |
J. L. Edmunds, A Study of a Stage-Structured Model of Two Competing Species, Thesis (Ph.D.)-The University of Arizona, 2001, 64 pp. Available from: https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/289978 |
[11] |
J. L. Edmunds,
Multiple attractors in a discrete competition model, Theoretical Population Biology, 72 (2007), 379-388.
doi: 10.1016/j.tpb.2007.07.004. |
[12] |
J. Edmunds, J. M. Cushing, R. F. Costantino, S. M. Henson, B. Dennis and R. A. Desharnais, Park's tribolium competition experiments: A non-equilibrium species coexistence hypothesis, Journal of Animal Ecology, 72 (2003), 703-712. Google Scholar |
[13] |
M. J. Hatcher, J. T. A. Dick and A. M. Dunn,
How parasites affect interactions between competitors and predators, Ecology Letters, 9 (2006), 1253-1271.
doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00964.x. |
[14] | M. J. Hatcher and A. M. Dunn, Parasites in Ecological Communities: From Interactions to Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. Google Scholar |
[15] |
P. Klepac and H. Caswell,
The stage-structured epidemic: Linking disease and demography with a multi-state matrix approach model, Theoretical Ecology, 4 (2011), 301-319.
doi: 10.1007/s12080-010-0079-8. |
[16] |
P. H. Leslie and J. C. Gower,
The properties of a stochastic model for two competing species, Biometrika, 45 (1958), 316-330.
doi: 10.1093/biomet/45.3-4.316. |
[17] |
P. H. Leslie, T. Park and D. B. Mertz,
The effect of varying the initial numbers on the outcome of competition between two tribolium species, Journal of Animal Ecology, 37 (1968), 9-23.
doi: 10.2307/2708. |
[18] |
M. Marvá and R. Bravo de la Parra,
Coexistence and superior competitor exclusion in the Leslie-Gower competition model with fast dispersal, Ecological Modelling, 306 (2015), 247-256.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.039. |
[19] |
T. Park and M. Burton Frank,
The fecundity and development of the flour beetles, tribolium confusum and tribolium castaneum, at three constant temperatures, Ecology, 29 (1948), 368-374.
doi: 10.2307/1930996. |
[20] |
L. Sanz, R. Bravo de la Parra and E. Sánchez,
Approximate reduction of non-linear discrete models with two time scales, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 14 (2008), 607-627.
doi: 10.1080/10236190701709036. |
[21] |
H. L. Smith,
Planar competitive and cooperative difference equations, Journal of Difference Equations and Applications, 3 (1998), 335-357.
doi: 10.1080/10236199708808108. |
[22] |
E. E. Werner and S. D. Peacor,
A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities, Ecology, 84 (2003), 1083-1100.
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1083:AROTII. |



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