Spatial pattern formation in activator-inhibitor models with nonlocal dispersal

Shanshan Chen; Junping Shi; Guohong Zhang

doi:10.3934/dcdsb.2020042

Previous Article
Bifurcation analysis and dynamic behavior to a predator-prey model with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response and protection zone
DCDS-B Home
This Issue
Next Article
Influence of mutations in phenotypically-structured populations in time periodic environment

doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020042

Spatial pattern formation in activator-inhibitor models with nonlocal dispersal

Shanshan Chen ^1,, , Junping Shi ^2, and Guohong Zhang ^3,

1.	Department of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
2.	Department of Mathematics, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 23187-8795, USA
3.	School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

^* Corresponding author: Shanshan Chen

Received July 2019 Revised October 2019 Published February 2020

Fund Project: S. Chen is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 11771109), and J. Shi is supported by US-NSF grants DMS-1715651 and DMS-1853598, G. Zhang is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 11701472)

The stability of a constant steady state in a general reaction-diffusion activator-inhibitor model with nonlocal dispersal of the activator or inhibitor is considered. It is shown that Turing type instability and associated spatial patterns can be induced by fast nonlocal inhibitor dispersal and slow activator diffusion, and slow nonlocal activator dispersal also causes instability but may not produce stable spatial patterns. The existence of nonconstant positive steady states is shown through bifurcation theory. This suggests a new mechanism for spatial pattern formation, which has different instability parameter regime compared to Turing mechanism. The theoretical results are applied to pattern formation problems in nonlocal Klausmeier-Gray-Scott water-plant model and Holling-Tanner predator-prey model.

Keywords: Nonlocal dispersal, activator-inhibitor system, spatial pattern formation, bifurcation.

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35K57, 35B32; Secondary: 35B35, 35B36, 37L15, 92C15.

Citation: Shanshan Chen, Junping Shi, Guohong Zhang. Spatial pattern formation in activator-inhibitor models with nonlocal dispersal. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020042

References:

[1]	M. Alfaro, H. Izuhara and M. Mimura, On a nonlocal system for vegetation in drylands, J. Math. Biol., 77 (2018), 1761-1793. doi: 10.1007/s00285-018-1215-0. Google Scholar
[2]	E. J. Allen, L. J. S. Allen and X. Gilliam, Dispersal and competition models for plants, J. Math. Biol., 34 (1996), 455-481. doi: 10.1007/BF00167944. Google Scholar
[3]	L. J. S. Allen, E. J. Allen and S. Ponweera, A mathematical model for weed dispersal and control, Bull. Math. Biol., 58 (1996), 815-834. doi: 10.1007/BF02459485. Google Scholar
[4]	X. L. Bai and F. Li, Global dynamics of a competition model with nonlocal dispersal Ⅱ: The full system, J. Differential Equations, 258 (2015), 2655-2685. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2014.12.014. Google Scholar
[5]	X.-L. Bai and F. Li, Classification of global dynamics of competition models with nonlocal dispersals Ⅰ: symmetric kernels, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 57 (2018), 35pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-018-1419-6. Google Scholar
[6]	K. J. Brown and F. A. Davidson, Global bifurcation in the Brusselator system, Nonlinear Anal., 24 (1995), 1713-1725. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(94)00218-7. Google Scholar
[7]	W. Chen and M. J. Ward, The stability and dynamics of localized spot patterns in the two-dimensional Gray-Scott model, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 10 (2011), 582-666. doi: 10.1137/09077357X. Google Scholar
[8]	J. Coville, On a simple criterion for the existence of a principal eigenfunction of some nonlocal operators, J. Differential Equations, 249 (2010), 2921-2953. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2010.07.003. Google Scholar
[9]	J. Coville, J. Dávila and S. Martínez, Existence and uniqueness of solutions to a nonlocal equation with monostable nonlinearity, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 39 (2008), 1693-1709. doi: 10.1137/060676854. Google Scholar
[10]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Bifurcation from simple eigenvalues, J. Functional Analysis, 8 (1971), 321-340. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(71)90015-2. Google Scholar
[11]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Bifurcation, perturbation of simple eigenvalues and linearized stability, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 52 (1973), 161-180. doi: 10.1007/BF00282325. Google Scholar
[12]	L. Eigentler and J. A. Sherratt, Analysis of a model for banded vegetation patterns in semi-arid environments with nonlocal dispersal, J. Math. Biol., 77 (2018), 739-763. doi: 10.1007/s00285-018-1233-y. Google Scholar
[13]	J. García-Melián and J. D. Rossi, On the principal eigenvalue of some nonlocal diffusion problems, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 21-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.04.015. Google Scholar
[14]	A. Gierer and H. Meinhardt, A theory of biological pattern formation, Kybernetik, 12 (1972), 30-39. doi: 10.1007/BF00289234. Google Scholar
[15]	V. Hutson, S. Martinez, K. Mischaikow and G. T. Vickers, The evolution of dispersal, J. Math. Biol., 47 (2003), 483-517. doi: 10.1007/s00285-003-0210-1. Google Scholar
[16]	J. Jang, W.-M. Ni and M.-X. Tang, Global bifurcation and structure of Turing patterns in the 1-D Lengyel-Epstein model, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 16 (2004), 297-320. doi: 10.1007/s10884-004-2782-x. Google Scholar
[17]	J.-Y. Jin, J.-P. Shi, J.-J. Wei and F.-Q. Yi, Bifurcations of patterned solutions in the diffusive Lengyel-Epstein system of CIMA chemical reactions, Rocky Mountain J. Math., 43 (2013), 1637-1674. doi: 10.1216/RMJ-2013-43-5-1637. Google Scholar
[18]	B. J. Kealy and D. J. Wollkind, A nonlinear stability analysis of vegetative Turing pattern formation for an interaction-diffusion plant-surface water model system in an arid flat environment, Bull. Math. Biol., 74 (2012), 803-833. doi: 10.1007/s11538-011-9688-7. Google Scholar
[19]	C. A. Klausmeier, Regular and irregular patterns in semiarid vegetation, Science, 284 (1999), 1826-1828. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5421.1826. Google Scholar
[20]	T. Kolokolnikov, M. J. Ward and J.-C. Wei, The existence and stability of spike equilibria in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model: The low feed-rate regime, Stud. Appl. Math., 115 (2005), 21-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9590.2005.01554. Google Scholar
[21]	T. Kolokolnikov, M. J. Ward and J.-C. Wei, The existence and stability of spike equilibria in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model: The pulse-splitting regime, Phys. D, 202 (2005), 258-293. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2005.02.009. Google Scholar
[22]	S. Kondo and R. Asai, A reaction-diffusion wave on the skin of the marine angelfish Pomacanthus, Nature, 376 (1995), 765-768. doi: 10.1038/376765a0. Google Scholar
[23]	S. Kondo and T. Miura, Reaction-diffusion model as a framework for understanding biological pattern formation, Science, 329 (2010), 1616-1620. doi: 10.1126/science.1179047. Google Scholar
[24]	M. Kot, M. A. Lewis and P. van den Driessche, Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms, Ecology, 77 (1996), 2017-2042. doi: 10.2307/2265698. Google Scholar
[25]	I. Lengyel and I. R. Epstein, Modeling of Turing structures in the chlorite-iodide-malonic acid-starch reaction system, Science, 251 (1991), 650-652. doi: 10.1126/science.251.4994.650. Google Scholar
[26]	F. Li, Y. Lou and Y. Wang, Global dynamics of a competition model with non-local dispersal Ⅰ: The shadow system, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 412 (2014), 485-497. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2013.10.071. Google Scholar
[27]	S.-B. Li, J.-H. Wu and Y.-Y. Dong, Turing patterns in a reaction-diffusion model with the Degn-Harrison reaction scheme, J. Differential Equations, 259 (2015), 1990-2029. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2015.03.017. Google Scholar
[28]	X. Li, W.-H. Jiang and J.-P. Shi, Hopf bifurcation and Turing instability in the reaction-diffusion Holling-Tanner predator-prey model, IMA J. Appl. Math., 78 (2013), 287-306. doi: 10.1093/imamat/hxr050. Google Scholar
[29]	Y. Li, A. Marciniak-Czochra, I. Takagi and B.-Y. Wu, Bifurcation analysis of a diffusion-ODE model with Turing instability and hysteresis, Hiroshima Math. J., 47 (2017), 217-247. doi: 10.32917/hmj/1499392826. Google Scholar
[30]	F. Lutscher, E. Pachepsky and M. A. Lewis, The effect of dispersal patterns on stream populations, SIAM Rev., 47 (2005), 749-772. doi: 10.1137/050636152. Google Scholar
[31]	A. Marciniak-Czochra, S. H$\ddot{a}$rting, G. Karch and K. Suzuki, Dynamical spike solutions in a nonlocal model of pattern formation, Nonlinearity, 31 (2018), 1757-1781. doi: 10.1088/1361-6544/aaa5dc. Google Scholar
[32]	A. Marciniak-Czochra, G. Karch and K. Suzuki, Unstable patterns in reaction-diffusion model of early carcinogenesis, J. Math. Pures. Appl., 99 (2013), 509-543. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2012.09.011. Google Scholar
[33]	A. Marciniak-Czochra, G. Karch and K. Suzuki, Instability of Turing patterns in reaction-diffusion-ODE systems, J. Math. Biol., 74 (2017), 583-618. doi: 10.1007/s00285-016-1035-z. Google Scholar
[34]	J. Medlock and M. Kot, Spreading disease: Integro-differential equations old and new, Math. Biosci., 184 (2003), 201-222. doi: 10.1016/S0025-5564(03)00041-5. Google Scholar
[35]	W.-M. Ni and M.-X. Tang, Turing patterns in the Lengyel-Epstein system for the CIMA reaction, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 357 (2005), 3953-3969. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-05-04010-9. Google Scholar
[36]	A. Pazy, Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 44, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5561-1. Google Scholar
[37]	J. E. Pearson, Complex patterns in a simple system, Science, 261 (1993), 189-192. doi: 10.1126/science.261.5118.189. Google Scholar
[38]	R. Peng, F.-Q. Yi and X.-Q. Zhao, Spatiotemporal patterns in a reaction-diffusion model with the Degn-Harrison reaction scheme, J. Differential Equations, 254 (2013), 2465-2498. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2012.12.009. Google Scholar
[39]	J. A. Powell and N. E. Zimmermann, Multiscale analysis of active seed dispersal contributes to resolving Reid's paradox, Ecology, 85 (2004), 490-506. doi: 10.1890/02-0535. Google Scholar
[40]	M. Rietkerk, M. C. Boerlijst, F. van Langevelde, R. HilleRisLambers and et al., Self-organization of vegetation in arid ecosystems, Amer. Naturalist, 160 (2002), 524-530. doi: 10.1086/342078. Google Scholar
[41]	M. Rietkerk, S. C. Dekker, P. C. De Ruiter and J. van de Koppel, Self-organized patchiness and catastrophic shifts in ecosystems., Science, 305 (2004), 1926-1929. doi: 10.1126/science.1101867. Google Scholar
[42]	L. A. Segel and J. L. Jackson, Dissipative structure: An explanation and an ecological example, J. Theor. Biol., 37 (1972), 545-559. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(72)90090-2. Google Scholar
[43]	L. Sewalt and A. Doelman, Spatially periodic multipulse patterns in a generalized Klausmeier-Gray-Scott model, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 16 (2017), 1113-1163. doi: 10.1137/16M1078756. Google Scholar
[44]	W.-X. Shen and X.-X. Xie, On principal spectrum points/principal eigenvalues of nonlocal dispersal operators and applications, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 35 (2015), 1665-1696. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.1665. Google Scholar
[45]	R. Sheth, L. Marcon, M. F. Bastida and M. Junco, et al., Hox genes regulate digit patterning by controlling the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism, Science, 338 (2012), 1476-1480. doi: 10.1126/science.1226804. Google Scholar
[46]	S. Sick, S. Reinker, J. Timmer and T. Schlake, WNT and DKK determine hair follicle spacing through a reaction-diffusion mechanism, Science, 314 (2006), 1447-1450. doi: 10.1126/science.1130088. Google Scholar
[47]	J.-W. Sun, W.-T. Li and Z.-C. Wang, The periodic principal eigenvalues with applications to the nonlocal dispersal logistic equation, J. Differential Equations, 263 (2017), 934-971. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.03.001. Google Scholar
[48]	J.-W. Sun, W.-T. Li and F.-Y. Yang, Blow-up profiles for positive solutions of nonlocal dispersal equation, Appl. Math. Lett., 42 (2015), 59-63. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2014.11.009. Google Scholar
[49]	J. T. Tanner, The stability and the intrinsic growth rates of prey and predator populations, Ecology, 56 (1975), 855-867. doi: 10.2307/1936296. Google Scholar
[50]	A. M. Turing, The chemical basis of morphogenesis, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B, 237 (1952), 37-72. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1952.0012. Google Scholar
[51]	S. van der Stelt, A. Doelman, G. Hek and J. D. M. Rademacher, Rise and fall of periodic patterns for a generalized Klausmeier-Gray-Scott model, J. Nonlinear Sci., 23 (2013), 39-95. doi: 10.1007/s00332-012-9139-0. Google Scholar
[52]	J.-F. Wang, Spatiotemporal patterns of a homogeneous diffusive predator-prey system with Holling type Ⅲ functional response, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 29 (2017), 1383-1409. doi: 10.1007/s10884-016-9517-7. Google Scholar
[53]	J.-F. Wang, J.-P. Shi and J.-J. Wei, Dynamics and pattern formation in a diffusive predator-prey system with strong Allee effect in prey, J. Differential Equations, 251 (2011), 1276-1304. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.03.004. Google Scholar
[54]	F.-Q. Yi, J.-J. Wei and J.-P. Shi, Bifurcation and spatiotemporal patterns in a homogeneous diffusive predator-prey system, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 1944-1977. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.10.024. Google Scholar

show all references

References:

[1]	M. Alfaro, H. Izuhara and M. Mimura, On a nonlocal system for vegetation in drylands, J. Math. Biol., 77 (2018), 1761-1793. doi: 10.1007/s00285-018-1215-0. Google Scholar
[2]	E. J. Allen, L. J. S. Allen and X. Gilliam, Dispersal and competition models for plants, J. Math. Biol., 34 (1996), 455-481. doi: 10.1007/BF00167944. Google Scholar
[3]	L. J. S. Allen, E. J. Allen and S. Ponweera, A mathematical model for weed dispersal and control, Bull. Math. Biol., 58 (1996), 815-834. doi: 10.1007/BF02459485. Google Scholar
[4]	X. L. Bai and F. Li, Global dynamics of a competition model with nonlocal dispersal Ⅱ: The full system, J. Differential Equations, 258 (2015), 2655-2685. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2014.12.014. Google Scholar
[5]	X.-L. Bai and F. Li, Classification of global dynamics of competition models with nonlocal dispersals Ⅰ: symmetric kernels, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations, 57 (2018), 35pp. doi: 10.1007/s00526-018-1419-6. Google Scholar
[6]	K. J. Brown and F. A. Davidson, Global bifurcation in the Brusselator system, Nonlinear Anal., 24 (1995), 1713-1725. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(94)00218-7. Google Scholar
[7]	W. Chen and M. J. Ward, The stability and dynamics of localized spot patterns in the two-dimensional Gray-Scott model, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 10 (2011), 582-666. doi: 10.1137/09077357X. Google Scholar
[8]	J. Coville, On a simple criterion for the existence of a principal eigenfunction of some nonlocal operators, J. Differential Equations, 249 (2010), 2921-2953. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2010.07.003. Google Scholar
[9]	J. Coville, J. Dávila and S. Martínez, Existence and uniqueness of solutions to a nonlocal equation with monostable nonlinearity, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 39 (2008), 1693-1709. doi: 10.1137/060676854. Google Scholar
[10]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Bifurcation from simple eigenvalues, J. Functional Analysis, 8 (1971), 321-340. doi: 10.1016/0022-1236(71)90015-2. Google Scholar
[11]	M. G. Crandall and P. H. Rabinowitz, Bifurcation, perturbation of simple eigenvalues and linearized stability, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 52 (1973), 161-180. doi: 10.1007/BF00282325. Google Scholar
[12]	L. Eigentler and J. A. Sherratt, Analysis of a model for banded vegetation patterns in semi-arid environments with nonlocal dispersal, J. Math. Biol., 77 (2018), 739-763. doi: 10.1007/s00285-018-1233-y. Google Scholar
[13]	J. García-Melián and J. D. Rossi, On the principal eigenvalue of some nonlocal diffusion problems, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 21-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.04.015. Google Scholar
[14]	A. Gierer and H. Meinhardt, A theory of biological pattern formation, Kybernetik, 12 (1972), 30-39. doi: 10.1007/BF00289234. Google Scholar
[15]	V. Hutson, S. Martinez, K. Mischaikow and G. T. Vickers, The evolution of dispersal, J. Math. Biol., 47 (2003), 483-517. doi: 10.1007/s00285-003-0210-1. Google Scholar
[16]	J. Jang, W.-M. Ni and M.-X. Tang, Global bifurcation and structure of Turing patterns in the 1-D Lengyel-Epstein model, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 16 (2004), 297-320. doi: 10.1007/s10884-004-2782-x. Google Scholar
[17]	J.-Y. Jin, J.-P. Shi, J.-J. Wei and F.-Q. Yi, Bifurcations of patterned solutions in the diffusive Lengyel-Epstein system of CIMA chemical reactions, Rocky Mountain J. Math., 43 (2013), 1637-1674. doi: 10.1216/RMJ-2013-43-5-1637. Google Scholar
[18]	B. J. Kealy and D. J. Wollkind, A nonlinear stability analysis of vegetative Turing pattern formation for an interaction-diffusion plant-surface water model system in an arid flat environment, Bull. Math. Biol., 74 (2012), 803-833. doi: 10.1007/s11538-011-9688-7. Google Scholar
[19]	C. A. Klausmeier, Regular and irregular patterns in semiarid vegetation, Science, 284 (1999), 1826-1828. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5421.1826. Google Scholar
[20]	T. Kolokolnikov, M. J. Ward and J.-C. Wei, The existence and stability of spike equilibria in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model: The low feed-rate regime, Stud. Appl. Math., 115 (2005), 21-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9590.2005.01554. Google Scholar
[21]	T. Kolokolnikov, M. J. Ward and J.-C. Wei, The existence and stability of spike equilibria in the one-dimensional Gray-Scott model: The pulse-splitting regime, Phys. D, 202 (2005), 258-293. doi: 10.1016/j.physd.2005.02.009. Google Scholar
[22]	S. Kondo and R. Asai, A reaction-diffusion wave on the skin of the marine angelfish Pomacanthus, Nature, 376 (1995), 765-768. doi: 10.1038/376765a0. Google Scholar
[23]	S. Kondo and T. Miura, Reaction-diffusion model as a framework for understanding biological pattern formation, Science, 329 (2010), 1616-1620. doi: 10.1126/science.1179047. Google Scholar
[24]	M. Kot, M. A. Lewis and P. van den Driessche, Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms, Ecology, 77 (1996), 2017-2042. doi: 10.2307/2265698. Google Scholar
[25]	I. Lengyel and I. R. Epstein, Modeling of Turing structures in the chlorite-iodide-malonic acid-starch reaction system, Science, 251 (1991), 650-652. doi: 10.1126/science.251.4994.650. Google Scholar
[26]	F. Li, Y. Lou and Y. Wang, Global dynamics of a competition model with non-local dispersal Ⅰ: The shadow system, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 412 (2014), 485-497. doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2013.10.071. Google Scholar
[27]	S.-B. Li, J.-H. Wu and Y.-Y. Dong, Turing patterns in a reaction-diffusion model with the Degn-Harrison reaction scheme, J. Differential Equations, 259 (2015), 1990-2029. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2015.03.017. Google Scholar
[28]	X. Li, W.-H. Jiang and J.-P. Shi, Hopf bifurcation and Turing instability in the reaction-diffusion Holling-Tanner predator-prey model, IMA J. Appl. Math., 78 (2013), 287-306. doi: 10.1093/imamat/hxr050. Google Scholar
[29]	Y. Li, A. Marciniak-Czochra, I. Takagi and B.-Y. Wu, Bifurcation analysis of a diffusion-ODE model with Turing instability and hysteresis, Hiroshima Math. J., 47 (2017), 217-247. doi: 10.32917/hmj/1499392826. Google Scholar
[30]	F. Lutscher, E. Pachepsky and M. A. Lewis, The effect of dispersal patterns on stream populations, SIAM Rev., 47 (2005), 749-772. doi: 10.1137/050636152. Google Scholar
[31]	A. Marciniak-Czochra, S. H$\ddot{a}$rting, G. Karch and K. Suzuki, Dynamical spike solutions in a nonlocal model of pattern formation, Nonlinearity, 31 (2018), 1757-1781. doi: 10.1088/1361-6544/aaa5dc. Google Scholar
[32]	A. Marciniak-Czochra, G. Karch and K. Suzuki, Unstable patterns in reaction-diffusion model of early carcinogenesis, J. Math. Pures. Appl., 99 (2013), 509-543. doi: 10.1016/j.matpur.2012.09.011. Google Scholar
[33]	A. Marciniak-Czochra, G. Karch and K. Suzuki, Instability of Turing patterns in reaction-diffusion-ODE systems, J. Math. Biol., 74 (2017), 583-618. doi: 10.1007/s00285-016-1035-z. Google Scholar
[34]	J. Medlock and M. Kot, Spreading disease: Integro-differential equations old and new, Math. Biosci., 184 (2003), 201-222. doi: 10.1016/S0025-5564(03)00041-5. Google Scholar
[35]	W.-M. Ni and M.-X. Tang, Turing patterns in the Lengyel-Epstein system for the CIMA reaction, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 357 (2005), 3953-3969. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-05-04010-9. Google Scholar
[36]	A. Pazy, Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Applied Mathematical Sciences, 44, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5561-1. Google Scholar
[37]	J. E. Pearson, Complex patterns in a simple system, Science, 261 (1993), 189-192. doi: 10.1126/science.261.5118.189. Google Scholar
[38]	R. Peng, F.-Q. Yi and X.-Q. Zhao, Spatiotemporal patterns in a reaction-diffusion model with the Degn-Harrison reaction scheme, J. Differential Equations, 254 (2013), 2465-2498. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2012.12.009. Google Scholar
[39]	J. A. Powell and N. E. Zimmermann, Multiscale analysis of active seed dispersal contributes to resolving Reid's paradox, Ecology, 85 (2004), 490-506. doi: 10.1890/02-0535. Google Scholar
[40]	M. Rietkerk, M. C. Boerlijst, F. van Langevelde, R. HilleRisLambers and et al., Self-organization of vegetation in arid ecosystems, Amer. Naturalist, 160 (2002), 524-530. doi: 10.1086/342078. Google Scholar
[41]	M. Rietkerk, S. C. Dekker, P. C. De Ruiter and J. van de Koppel, Self-organized patchiness and catastrophic shifts in ecosystems., Science, 305 (2004), 1926-1929. doi: 10.1126/science.1101867. Google Scholar
[42]	L. A. Segel and J. L. Jackson, Dissipative structure: An explanation and an ecological example, J. Theor. Biol., 37 (1972), 545-559. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(72)90090-2. Google Scholar
[43]	L. Sewalt and A. Doelman, Spatially periodic multipulse patterns in a generalized Klausmeier-Gray-Scott model, SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 16 (2017), 1113-1163. doi: 10.1137/16M1078756. Google Scholar
[44]	W.-X. Shen and X.-X. Xie, On principal spectrum points/principal eigenvalues of nonlocal dispersal operators and applications, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 35 (2015), 1665-1696. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.1665. Google Scholar
[45]	R. Sheth, L. Marcon, M. F. Bastida and M. Junco, et al., Hox genes regulate digit patterning by controlling the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism, Science, 338 (2012), 1476-1480. doi: 10.1126/science.1226804. Google Scholar
[46]	S. Sick, S. Reinker, J. Timmer and T. Schlake, WNT and DKK determine hair follicle spacing through a reaction-diffusion mechanism, Science, 314 (2006), 1447-1450. doi: 10.1126/science.1130088. Google Scholar
[47]	J.-W. Sun, W.-T. Li and Z.-C. Wang, The periodic principal eigenvalues with applications to the nonlocal dispersal logistic equation, J. Differential Equations, 263 (2017), 934-971. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2017.03.001. Google Scholar
[48]	J.-W. Sun, W.-T. Li and F.-Y. Yang, Blow-up profiles for positive solutions of nonlocal dispersal equation, Appl. Math. Lett., 42 (2015), 59-63. doi: 10.1016/j.aml.2014.11.009. Google Scholar
[49]	J. T. Tanner, The stability and the intrinsic growth rates of prey and predator populations, Ecology, 56 (1975), 855-867. doi: 10.2307/1936296. Google Scholar
[50]	A. M. Turing, The chemical basis of morphogenesis, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B, 237 (1952), 37-72. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1952.0012. Google Scholar
[51]	S. van der Stelt, A. Doelman, G. Hek and J. D. M. Rademacher, Rise and fall of periodic patterns for a generalized Klausmeier-Gray-Scott model, J. Nonlinear Sci., 23 (2013), 39-95. doi: 10.1007/s00332-012-9139-0. Google Scholar
[52]	J.-F. Wang, Spatiotemporal patterns of a homogeneous diffusive predator-prey system with Holling type Ⅲ functional response, J. Dynam. Differential Equations, 29 (2017), 1383-1409. doi: 10.1007/s10884-016-9517-7. Google Scholar
[53]	J.-F. Wang, J.-P. Shi and J.-J. Wei, Dynamics and pattern formation in a diffusive predator-prey system with strong Allee effect in prey, J. Differential Equations, 251 (2011), 1276-1304. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.03.004. Google Scholar
[54]	F.-Q. Yi, J.-J. Wei and J.-P. Shi, Bifurcation and spatiotemporal patterns in a homogeneous diffusive predator-prey system, J. Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 1944-1977. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2008.10.024. Google Scholar

Figure 1. Diagram for parameters regions $ R_1 $ and $ R_2 $. Here only nonlocal model (3) could exhibit complex patterns in region (Ⅰ), only reaction-diffusion model (4) could exhibit complex patterns in region (Ⅱ), and both model (3) and (4) could exhibit complex patterns in region (Ⅲ)

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 2. The solution of model (50) converges to the constant positive equilibrium $ (u_1,v_1) $ for $ c>b $. Here $ d = 6 $, $ A = 4 $, $ b = 1.8 $, $ L = 1 $, $ c = 10 $, and the initial values $ u(x,0) = 1.5+0.001x(1-x) $, and $ v(x,0) = 1.1+0.001\cos x $. (Left) $ u(x,t) $; (Right) $ v(x,t) $

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 3. The solution of model (50) forms a one-spike spatial pattern for $ c<b $, and the upper panels show the profile of $ u $ and $ v $ at time $ t = 12 $ and $ t = 30 $, respectively. Here $ d = 6 $, $ A = 4 $, $ b = 1.8 $, $ L = 1 $, $ c = 1 $, and the initial values $ u(x,0) = 1.5+0.001x(1-x) $, and $ v(x,0) = 1.1+0.001\cos x $. (Left) $ u(x,t) $; (Right) $ v(x,t) $

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 4. The solution of model (50) forms to a two-spike spatial pattern for $ c<b $, and the upper panels show the profile of $ u $ and $ v $ at time $ t = 13 $ and $ t = 30 $, respectively. Here $ d = 6 $, $ A = 4 $, $ b = 1.8 $, $ L = 2 $, $ c = 1 $, and the initial values $ u(x,0) = 1.5+0.001x(2-x) $, and $ v(x,0) = 1.1+0.001\cos x $. (Left) $ u(x,t) $; (Right) $ v(x,t) $

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 5. The solution of model (54) converges to the constant steady state (respectively, a nonconstant stationary pattern) for $ c<c_0 $ (respectively, $ c>c_0 $), and the lower panel show the profile of the nonconstant stationary pattern with $ c = 4 $. Here $ \beta = 0.2 $, $ m = 2 $, $ L = \pi $, $ s = 1 $, $ d = 0.03 $, and the initial values $ u(x,0) = 0.5+0.05\cos x $, and $ v(x,0) = 0.3+0.02\cos x $. (Upper) $ c = 2 $; (Middle) $ c = 4 $; (Left) $ u(x,t) $; (Right) $ v(x,t) $

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 6. The solution converges to a nonconstant stationary pattern for the nonlocal model (54), whereas the solution converges to the constant steady state for the reaction-diffusion model (59). Here the initial values $ u(x,0) = 0.3+0.05\cos x/2 $, and $ v(x,0) = 0.5+0.03\cos x/2 $, $ \beta = 0.2 $, $ m = 2 $, $ L = 2\pi $, $ s = 1 $, $ d = 0.15 $, $ c = 4 $, and $ (c,d)\in R_2\backslash R_1 $, where $ R_1 $ and $ R_2 $ are defined as in Eqs. (44) and (39), respectively. (Left) $ u(x,t) $; (Right) $ v(x,t) $

Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

[1]	Huiqiang Jiang. Global existence of solutions of an activator-inhibitor system. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2006, 14 (4) : 737-751. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2006.14.737
[2]	Marie Henry. Singular limit of an activator-inhibitor type model. Networks & Heterogeneous Media, 2012, 7 (4) : 781-803. doi: 10.3934/nhm.2012.7.781
[3]	Grzegorz Karch, Kanako Suzuki, Jacek Zienkiewicz. Finite-time blowup of solutions to some activator-inhibitor systems. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2016, 36 (9) : 4997-5010. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2016016
[4]	Shaohua Chen. Some properties for the solutions of a general activator-inhibitor model. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2006, 5 (4) : 919-928. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2006.5.919
[5]	Qingyan Shi, Junping Shi, Yongli Song. Hopf bifurcation and pattern formation in a delayed diffusive logistic model with spatial heterogeneity. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (2) : 467-486. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018182
[6]	Fengqi Yi, Eamonn A. Gaffney, Sungrim Seirin-Lee. The bifurcation analysis of turing pattern formation induced by delay and diffusion in the Schnakenberg system. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2017, 22 (2) : 647-668. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2017031
[7]	Jian-Wen Sun, Wan-Tong Li, Zhi-Cheng Wang. A nonlocal dispersal logistic equation with spatial degeneracy. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2015, 35 (7) : 3217-3238. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.3217
[8]	Yuan-Hang Su, Wan-Tong Li, Fei-Ying Yang. Effects of nonlocal dispersal and spatial heterogeneity on total biomass. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (9) : 4929-4936. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019038
[9]	Yuan Lou, Wei-Ming Ni, Shoji Yotsutani. Pattern formation in a cross-diffusion system. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2015, 35 (4) : 1589-1607. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.1589
[10]	Christian Kuehn, Pasha Tkachov. Pattern formation in the doubly-nonlocal Fisher-KPP equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2019, 39 (4) : 2077-2100. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2019087
[11]	Martin Baurmann, Wolfgang Ebenhöh, Ulrike Feudel. Turing instabilities and pattern formation in a benthic nutrient-microorganism system. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2004, 1 (1) : 111-130. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2004.1.111
[12]	Ping Liu, Junping Shi, Zhi-An Wang. Pattern formation of the attraction-repulsion Keller-Segel system. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2013, 18 (10) : 2597-2625. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2013.18.2597
[13]	H. Malchow, F.M. Hilker, S.V. Petrovskii. Noise and productivity dependence of spatiotemporal pattern formation in a prey-predator system. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2004, 4 (3) : 705-711. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2004.4.705
[14]	Wan-Tong Li, Li Zhang, Guo-Bao Zhang. Invasion entire solutions in a competition system with nonlocal dispersal. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2015, 35 (4) : 1531-1560. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.1531
[15]	Guo-Bao Zhang, Ruyun Ma, Xue-Shi Li. Traveling waves of a Lotka-Volterra strong competition system with nonlocal dispersal. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2018, 23 (2) : 587-608. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018035
[16]	Qi Wang, Ling Jin, Zengyan Zhang. Global well-posedness, pattern formation and spiky stationary solutions in a Beddington–DeAngelis competition system. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (4) : 2105-2134. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020108
[17]	Julien Cividini. Pattern formation in 2D traffic flows. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2014, 7 (3) : 395-409. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2014.7.395
[18]	Peter Rashkov. Remarks on pattern formation in a model for hair follicle spacing. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2015, 20 (5) : 1555-1572. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2015.20.1555
[19]	Rui Peng, Fengqi Yi. On spatiotemporal pattern formation in a diffusive bimolecular model. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2011, 15 (1) : 217-230. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2011.15.217
[20]	Tian Ma, Shouhong Wang. Dynamic transition and pattern formation for chemotactic systems. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2014, 19 (9) : 2809-2835. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2014.19.2809

2018 Impact Factor: 1.008

Tools

Metrics

Tools

Article outline

Figures and Tables

2018 Impact Factor: 1.008

Tools

Figures and Tables

2018 Impact Factor: 1.008

American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Spatial pattern formation in activator-inhibitor models with nonlocal dispersal

References:

References:

Tools

Metrics

Other articles
by authors

Tools

Tools

Tools

Metrics

Other articles
by authors

American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Spatial pattern formation in activator-inhibitor models with nonlocal dispersal

References:

References:

Tools

Metrics

Other articlesby authors

Tools

Tools

Tools

Metrics

Other articlesby authors

Other articles
by authors

Other articles
by authors