From approximate synchronization to identical synchronization in coupled systems

Chih-Wen Shih; Jui-Pin Tseng

doi:10.3934/dcdsb.2020086

Article Contents

2020, Volume 25, Issue 9: 3677-3714. Doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020086 open access

This issue Previous Article A note on a neuron network model with diffusion Next Article Local and global well-posedness in the energy space for the dissipative Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation in 3D

From approximate synchronization to identical synchronization in coupled systems

Chih-Wen Shih^1, , and
Jui-Pin Tseng^2,

1.
Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
2.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan 116

^* Corresponding author: Chih-Wen Shih
^* Corresponding author: Chih-Wen Shih

Received: February 28, 2019

Revised: July 31, 2019

Early access: April 2020

Published: September 2020

The authors are supported in part by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan.

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Abstract

We establish a framework to investigate approximate synchronization of coupled systems under general coupling schemes. The units comprising the coupled systems may be nonidentical and the coupling functions are nonlinear with delays. Both delay-dependent and delay-independent criteria for approximate synchronization are derived, based on an approach termed sequential contracting. It is explored and elucidated that the synchronization error, the distance between the asymptotic state and the synchronous set, decreases with decreasing difference between subsystems, difference between the row sums of connection matrix, and difference of coupling time delays between different units. This error vanishes when these factors decay to zero, and approximate synchronization becomes identical synchronization for the coupled system comprising identical subsystems and connection matrix with identical row sums, and with identical coupling delays. The application of the present theory to nonlinearly coupled heterogeneous FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons is illustrated. We extend the analysis to study approximate synchronization and asymptotic synchronization for coupled Lorenz systems and show that for some coupling schemes, the synchronization error decreases as the coupling strength increases, whereas in another case, the error remains at a substantial level for large coupling strength.

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Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 34D06, 92B25; Secondary: 34D05, 34C15.

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Figure 1. Plot of $ (u_1(t),v_1(t)) $ for the solution $ (u_i(t),v_i(t))_{i = 1, 2, 3} $ of system (69), starting from $ (1.3,-1.2,1.5,-1.5,1.4,-1.3) $ at $ t_0 = 0 $, and evolution of $ Err(t): = \max_{1\leq i \leq2} \{ \max\{|u_{i}(t)-u_{i+1}(t)|, |v_{i}(t)-v_{i+1}(t)|\}\} $, for various $ (\delta^\ast_{F},\delta^\ast_\kappa,\delta^\ast_\tau) $ in Example 1

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Figure 2. Evolutions of $ Err(t): = \max_{1\leq k \leq 3}\{|x_{1,k}(t)-x_{2,k}(t)|\} $ for the solutions $ (x_{i,j}(t)) $ of system (99) with $ \vartheta = 1 $, and (a) $ c = 64 $, (b) $ c = 640 $, (c) $ c = 6400 $, in Example 2, starting from $ (14,12,-23,15,13,-22) $ at $ t_0 = 0 $

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Figure 3. Evolutions of $ Err(t): = \max_{1\leq k \leq 3}\{|x_{1,k}(t)-x_{2,k}(t)|\} $ for the solutions $ (x_{i,j}(t)) $ of system (114) with $ \vartheta = 1 $ and (a) $ c = 3014 $, (b) $ c = 6028 $, and (c) $ c = 12056 $, starting from $ (14,12,-23,15,13,-22) $ at $ t_0 = 0 $, in Example 3

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