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December  2020, 25(12): 4853-4867. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020130

## Using automatic differentiation to compute periodic orbits of delay differential equations

 Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath), Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain

* Corresponding author: Joan Gimeno

Received  October 2019 Revised  January 2020 Published  April 2020

Fund Project: This work has been supported by the Spanish grants PGC2018-100699-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and the Catalan grant 2017 SGR 1374. The project leading to this application has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 734557

In this paper we focus on the computation of periodic solutions of Delay Differential Equations (DDEs) with constant delays. The method is based on defining a Poincaré section in a suitable functional space and looking for a fixed point of the flow in this section. This is done by applying a Newton method on a suitable discretisation of the section. To avoid computing and storing large matrices we use a GMRES method to solve the linear system because in this case GMRES converges very fast due to the compactness of the flow of the DDE. The derivatives of the Poincaré map are obtained in a simple way, by applying Automatic Differentiation to the numerical integration. The stability of the periodic orbit is also obtained in a very efficient way by means of Arnoldi methods. The examples considered include temporal and spatial Poincaré sections.

Citation: Joan Gimeno, Àngel Jorba. Using automatic differentiation to compute periodic orbits of delay differential equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020, 25 (12) : 4853-4867. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020130
##### References:

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##### References:
Space Poincaré section $\sigma(x)$ starting with initial symbols $\boldsymbol{u}'$. After $t_S$ units of time the solution is crossing the section again with directional derivatives $\boldsymbol{v}'$ but it may not be in the section, so a projection to it can be done with the tangent vector $\frac{d}{dt} x_{t_S}$ and the normal to the section $\frac{d}{dx}s(x_{t_S})$
Continuation of periodic orbits of (4.3) with respect to parameters; (a) has $\varepsilon = 10^{-4}$ and $\tau = 1$, (b) has $\alpha = 1.5$ and $\tau = 1$, and (c) has $\alpha = 1.5$ and $\varepsilon = 10^{-4}$. Black colour means stable
Periodic orbit of the equation (4.1). In the left hand side, the orbit is displayed with the initial condition in $-1\leq t \leq 0$ and final lag-segment once the second has been crossed two times. The phase space of the periodic orbit is shown in the right hand side
Continuation of periodic orbits with respect to $\alpha$ starting at the periodic orbit computed for $\alpha = 1.57$, $\varepsilon = 10^{-4}$ and $\tau = 1$ of Equation (4.1). The $y$-axis represents the $\infty$-norm of the initial condition of each of the periodic orbits. Black colour means stable
Same continuation as in Figure 4.3, left. Left plot: positions vs. time. Right plot: derivatives vs. positions
Same continuation as in Figure 4.3, left, now showing the evolution of the spectral radius. We have added a horizontal straight line at 1 to visualise the changes of stability
Periodic orbit of (4.4) with parameters $\lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = 2.5$, $\lambda_3 = 0.25$, $\tau_1 = 1.65$, $\tau_2 = 0.35$ and $\tau_3 = 1$. The final period is almost $3.5894$ units of time
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