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Upper semi-continuity of attractors for non-autonomous fractional stochastic parabolic equations with delay
Dynamics of the food-chain population in a polluted environment with impulsive input of toxicant
Department of Mathematics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China |
Some industrial behaviors, such as wasting outputs and inadequately treated and stored hazardous materials, may pollute our environment, so some populations in the polluted habitats are at the edge of extinction. In this work, we develop a mathematical model that validates the dynamics of the food-chain population in a polluted environment with impulsive toxicant input. Based on the model, we obtain a sufficient condition for the extinction of populations. When the concentration of toxicants surpasses the threshold, it will contribute to the extinction of populations in the related environment. Also, sufficient conditions for the permanence of populations are obtained in our analysis. Several numerical simulations validate the theoretical conclusions and further reflect the influence of toxicants.
References:
[1] |
S. Aquino and D. Stuckey,
Soluble microbial products formation in anaerobic chemostats in the presence of toxic compounds, Water Res., 38 (2004), 255-266.
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.031. |
[2] |
F. S. Bacelar, S. Dueri, E. Hernández-García and J. Zaldívar,
Joint effects of nutrients and contaminants on the dynamics of a food chain in marine ecosystems, Math. Biosci., 218 (2009), 24-32.
doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.12.002. |
[3] |
M. P. Boer, B. W. Kooi and S. A. L. M. Kooijman,
Food chain dynamics in the chemostat, Math. Biosci., 150 (1998), 43-62.
doi: 10.1016/S0025-5564(98)00010-8. |
[4] |
M. P. Boer, B. W. Kooi and S. A. L. M. Kooijman,
Multiple attractors and boundary crises in a tri-trophic food chain, Math. Biosci., 169 (2001), 109-128.
doi: 10.1016/S0025-5564(00)00058-4. |
[5] |
G. Cabana and J. B. Rasmussen,
Modelling food chain structure and contaminant bioaccumulation using stable nitrogen isotopes, Nature, 372 (1994), 255-257.
doi: 10.1038/372255a0. |
[6] |
M. M. A. El-Sheikh and S. A. A. Mahrouf,
Stability and bifurcation of a simple food chain in a chemostat with removal rates, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 23 (2005), 1475-1489.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2004.06.079. |
[7] |
R. Fekih-Salem, C. Lobry and T. Sari,
A density-dependent model of competition for one resource in the chemostat, Math. Biosci., 286 (2017), 104-122.
doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.02.007. |
[8] |
R. Fekih-Salem, A. Rapaport and T. Sari,
Emergence of coexistence and limit cycles in the chemostat model with flocculation for a general class of functional responses, Appl. Math. Model., 40 (2016), 7656-7677.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2016.03.028. |
[9] |
J. W. Fleeger, K. R. Carman and R. M. Nisbet,
Indirect effects of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, Sci. Total Environ., 317 (2003), 207-233.
doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00141-4. |
[10] |
A. Gragnani, O. De Feo and S. Rinaldi,
Food chains in the chemostat: Relationships between mean yield and complex dynamics, B. Math. Biol., 60 (1998), 703-719.
doi: 10.1006/bulm.1997.0039. |
[11] |
C. R. Gwaltney and M. A. Stadtherr,
Reliable computation of equilibrium states and bifurcations in ecological systems analysis, Comput. Chem. Eng., 31 (2007), 993-1005.
doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2006.10.011. |
[12] |
S. J. Hamilton,
Review of selenium toxicity in the aquatic food chain, Sci. Total Environ., 326 (2004), 1-31.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.019. |
[13] |
A. Hastings and T. Powell,
Chaos in a three-species food chain, Ecology, 72 (1991), 896-903.
doi: 10.2307/1940591. |
[14] |
S. B. Hsu, S. Hubbell and P. Waltman,
A mathematical theory for single-nutrient competition in continuous cultures of micro-organisms, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 32 (1977), 366-383.
doi: 10.1137/0132030. |
[15] |
J. Jiao, K. Ye and L. Chen,
Dynamical analysis of a five-dimensioned chemostat model with impulsive diffusion and pulse input environmental toxicant, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 44 (2011), 17-27.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2010.11.001. |
[16] |
J. Jiao and L. Chen,
Dynamical analysis of a chemostat model with delayed response in growth and pulse input in polluted environment, J. Math. Chem., 46 (2009), 502-513.
doi: 10.1007/s10910-008-9474-4. |
[17] |
Yu. A. Kuznetsov, O. De Feo and S. Rinaldi,
Belyakov homoclinic bifurcations in a tritrophic food chain model, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 62 (2001), 462-487.
doi: 10.1137/S0036139900378542. |
[18] |
B. Li and Y. Kuang,
Simple food chain in a chemostat with distinct removal rates, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 242 (2000), 75-92.
doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1999.6655. |
[19] |
Y. Li and X. Meng, Dynamics of an impulsive stochastic nonautonomous chemostat model with two different growth rates in a polluted environment, Discrete Dyn. Nat. Soc., 2019 (2019), ID 5498569, 15 pp.
doi: 10.1155/2019/5498569. |
[20] |
B. Liu, L. Chen and Y. Zhang,
The effects of impulsive toxicant input on a population in a polluted environment, J. Biol. Syst., 11 (2003), 265-274.
doi: 10.1142/S0218339003000907. |
[21] |
X. Meng, L. Wang and T. Zhang,
Global dynamics analysis of a nonlinear impulsive stochastic chemostat system in a polluted environment, J. Appl. Anal. Comput., 6 (2016), 865-875.
doi: 10.11948/2016055. |
[22] |
X. Meng, Z. Li and J. J. Nieto, Dynamic analysis of Michaelis–Menten chemostat-type competition models with time delay and pulse in a polluted environment, J. Math. Chem., 47 (2010), 123.
doi: 10.1007/s10910-009-9536-2. |
[23] |
J. Monod, La technique de culture continue: Theorie et applications, Selected Papers in Molecular Biology by Jacques Monod, 1978,184–204.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-460482-7.50023-3. |
[24] |
J. Monod,
The growth of bacterial cultures, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 3 (1949), 371-394.
doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.03.100149.002103. |
[25] |
M. Newman, Fundamentals of ecotoxicology: The science of pollution, 5$^{th}$ edition, Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2019.
[26] A. Novick and L. Szilard, Descriptio
doi: 10.1201/9781351133999. |
[26] |
A. Novick and L. Szilard, Description of the chemostat, Science, 112 (1950), S715–716.
doi: 10.1126/science.112.2920.715. |
[27] |
A. Novick and L. Szilard,
Experiments with the chemostat on spontaneous mutations of bacteria, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 36 (1950), 708-719.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.36.12.708. |
[28] |
D. M. Post, M. L. Pace and N. G. Hairston,
Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes, Nature, 405 (2000), 1047-1049.
doi: 10.1038/35016565. |
[29] |
M. P. Rayman,
Food-chain selenium and human health: Emphasis on intake, Brit. J. Nutr., 100 (2008), 254-268.
doi: 10.1017/S0007114508939830. |
[30] |
R. Relyea and J. Hoverman,
Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: A review and synthesis in freshwater systems, Ecol. Lett., 9 (2006), 1157-1171.
doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00966.x. |
[31] |
J. R. Rohr, J. L. Kerby and A. Sih,
Community ecology as a framework for predicting contaminant effects, Trends Ecol. Evol., 21 (2006), 606-613.
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.002. |
[32] |
M. Scheffer and S. R. Carpenter,
Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: Linking theory to observation, Trends Ecol. Evol., 18 (2003), 648-656.
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.002. |
[33] |
M. Scheffer, S. Carpenter, J. A. Foley, C. Folke and B. Walker,
Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems, Nature, 413 (2001), 591-596.
doi: 10.1038/35098000. |
[34] |
H. L. Smith and P. Waltman, The theory of the chemostat: Dynamics of microbial competition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511530043. |
[35] |
G. Suter II, Ecological Risk Assessment, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006. Google Scholar |
[36] |
A. M. Verschoor, M. Vos and I. Van Der Stap,
Inducible defences prevent strong population fluctuations in bi-and tritrophic food chains, Ecol. Lett., 7 (2004), 1143-1148.
doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00675.x. |
[37] |
F. Wang, C. Hao and L. Chen,
Bifurcation and chaos in a Monod–Haldene type food chain chemostat with pulsed input and washout, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 32 (2007), 181-194.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2005.10.083. |
[38] |
F. Wang, C. Hao and L. Chen,
Bifurcation and chaos in a Tessiet type food chain chemostat with pulsed input and washout, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 32 (2007), 1547-1561.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2005.12.006. |
[39] |
Y. Zhang, Z. Xiu and L. Chen,
Chaos in a food chain chemostat with pulsed input and washout, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 26 (2005), 159-166.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2004.12.040. |
[40] |
Z. Zhao, L. Chen and X. Song,
Extinction and permanence of chemostat model with pulsed input in a polluted environment, Commun. Nonlinear Sci., 14 (2009), 1737-1745.
doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2008.01.009. |
show all references
References:
[1] |
S. Aquino and D. Stuckey,
Soluble microbial products formation in anaerobic chemostats in the presence of toxic compounds, Water Res., 38 (2004), 255-266.
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.031. |
[2] |
F. S. Bacelar, S. Dueri, E. Hernández-García and J. Zaldívar,
Joint effects of nutrients and contaminants on the dynamics of a food chain in marine ecosystems, Math. Biosci., 218 (2009), 24-32.
doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.12.002. |
[3] |
M. P. Boer, B. W. Kooi and S. A. L. M. Kooijman,
Food chain dynamics in the chemostat, Math. Biosci., 150 (1998), 43-62.
doi: 10.1016/S0025-5564(98)00010-8. |
[4] |
M. P. Boer, B. W. Kooi and S. A. L. M. Kooijman,
Multiple attractors and boundary crises in a tri-trophic food chain, Math. Biosci., 169 (2001), 109-128.
doi: 10.1016/S0025-5564(00)00058-4. |
[5] |
G. Cabana and J. B. Rasmussen,
Modelling food chain structure and contaminant bioaccumulation using stable nitrogen isotopes, Nature, 372 (1994), 255-257.
doi: 10.1038/372255a0. |
[6] |
M. M. A. El-Sheikh and S. A. A. Mahrouf,
Stability and bifurcation of a simple food chain in a chemostat with removal rates, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 23 (2005), 1475-1489.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2004.06.079. |
[7] |
R. Fekih-Salem, C. Lobry and T. Sari,
A density-dependent model of competition for one resource in the chemostat, Math. Biosci., 286 (2017), 104-122.
doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.02.007. |
[8] |
R. Fekih-Salem, A. Rapaport and T. Sari,
Emergence of coexistence and limit cycles in the chemostat model with flocculation for a general class of functional responses, Appl. Math. Model., 40 (2016), 7656-7677.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2016.03.028. |
[9] |
J. W. Fleeger, K. R. Carman and R. M. Nisbet,
Indirect effects of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, Sci. Total Environ., 317 (2003), 207-233.
doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00141-4. |
[10] |
A. Gragnani, O. De Feo and S. Rinaldi,
Food chains in the chemostat: Relationships between mean yield and complex dynamics, B. Math. Biol., 60 (1998), 703-719.
doi: 10.1006/bulm.1997.0039. |
[11] |
C. R. Gwaltney and M. A. Stadtherr,
Reliable computation of equilibrium states and bifurcations in ecological systems analysis, Comput. Chem. Eng., 31 (2007), 993-1005.
doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2006.10.011. |
[12] |
S. J. Hamilton,
Review of selenium toxicity in the aquatic food chain, Sci. Total Environ., 326 (2004), 1-31.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.019. |
[13] |
A. Hastings and T. Powell,
Chaos in a three-species food chain, Ecology, 72 (1991), 896-903.
doi: 10.2307/1940591. |
[14] |
S. B. Hsu, S. Hubbell and P. Waltman,
A mathematical theory for single-nutrient competition in continuous cultures of micro-organisms, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 32 (1977), 366-383.
doi: 10.1137/0132030. |
[15] |
J. Jiao, K. Ye and L. Chen,
Dynamical analysis of a five-dimensioned chemostat model with impulsive diffusion and pulse input environmental toxicant, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 44 (2011), 17-27.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2010.11.001. |
[16] |
J. Jiao and L. Chen,
Dynamical analysis of a chemostat model with delayed response in growth and pulse input in polluted environment, J. Math. Chem., 46 (2009), 502-513.
doi: 10.1007/s10910-008-9474-4. |
[17] |
Yu. A. Kuznetsov, O. De Feo and S. Rinaldi,
Belyakov homoclinic bifurcations in a tritrophic food chain model, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 62 (2001), 462-487.
doi: 10.1137/S0036139900378542. |
[18] |
B. Li and Y. Kuang,
Simple food chain in a chemostat with distinct removal rates, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 242 (2000), 75-92.
doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1999.6655. |
[19] |
Y. Li and X. Meng, Dynamics of an impulsive stochastic nonautonomous chemostat model with two different growth rates in a polluted environment, Discrete Dyn. Nat. Soc., 2019 (2019), ID 5498569, 15 pp.
doi: 10.1155/2019/5498569. |
[20] |
B. Liu, L. Chen and Y. Zhang,
The effects of impulsive toxicant input on a population in a polluted environment, J. Biol. Syst., 11 (2003), 265-274.
doi: 10.1142/S0218339003000907. |
[21] |
X. Meng, L. Wang and T. Zhang,
Global dynamics analysis of a nonlinear impulsive stochastic chemostat system in a polluted environment, J. Appl. Anal. Comput., 6 (2016), 865-875.
doi: 10.11948/2016055. |
[22] |
X. Meng, Z. Li and J. J. Nieto, Dynamic analysis of Michaelis–Menten chemostat-type competition models with time delay and pulse in a polluted environment, J. Math. Chem., 47 (2010), 123.
doi: 10.1007/s10910-009-9536-2. |
[23] |
J. Monod, La technique de culture continue: Theorie et applications, Selected Papers in Molecular Biology by Jacques Monod, 1978,184–204.
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-460482-7.50023-3. |
[24] |
J. Monod,
The growth of bacterial cultures, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 3 (1949), 371-394.
doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.03.100149.002103. |
[25] |
M. Newman, Fundamentals of ecotoxicology: The science of pollution, 5$^{th}$ edition, Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2019.
[26] A. Novick and L. Szilard, Descriptio
doi: 10.1201/9781351133999. |
[26] |
A. Novick and L. Szilard, Description of the chemostat, Science, 112 (1950), S715–716.
doi: 10.1126/science.112.2920.715. |
[27] |
A. Novick and L. Szilard,
Experiments with the chemostat on spontaneous mutations of bacteria, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 36 (1950), 708-719.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.36.12.708. |
[28] |
D. M. Post, M. L. Pace and N. G. Hairston,
Ecosystem size determines food-chain length in lakes, Nature, 405 (2000), 1047-1049.
doi: 10.1038/35016565. |
[29] |
M. P. Rayman,
Food-chain selenium and human health: Emphasis on intake, Brit. J. Nutr., 100 (2008), 254-268.
doi: 10.1017/S0007114508939830. |
[30] |
R. Relyea and J. Hoverman,
Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: A review and synthesis in freshwater systems, Ecol. Lett., 9 (2006), 1157-1171.
doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00966.x. |
[31] |
J. R. Rohr, J. L. Kerby and A. Sih,
Community ecology as a framework for predicting contaminant effects, Trends Ecol. Evol., 21 (2006), 606-613.
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.002. |
[32] |
M. Scheffer and S. R. Carpenter,
Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: Linking theory to observation, Trends Ecol. Evol., 18 (2003), 648-656.
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.002. |
[33] |
M. Scheffer, S. Carpenter, J. A. Foley, C. Folke and B. Walker,
Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems, Nature, 413 (2001), 591-596.
doi: 10.1038/35098000. |
[34] |
H. L. Smith and P. Waltman, The theory of the chemostat: Dynamics of microbial competition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511530043. |
[35] |
G. Suter II, Ecological Risk Assessment, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006. Google Scholar |
[36] |
A. M. Verschoor, M. Vos and I. Van Der Stap,
Inducible defences prevent strong population fluctuations in bi-and tritrophic food chains, Ecol. Lett., 7 (2004), 1143-1148.
doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00675.x. |
[37] |
F. Wang, C. Hao and L. Chen,
Bifurcation and chaos in a Monod–Haldene type food chain chemostat with pulsed input and washout, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 32 (2007), 181-194.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2005.10.083. |
[38] |
F. Wang, C. Hao and L. Chen,
Bifurcation and chaos in a Tessiet type food chain chemostat with pulsed input and washout, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 32 (2007), 1547-1561.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2005.12.006. |
[39] |
Y. Zhang, Z. Xiu and L. Chen,
Chaos in a food chain chemostat with pulsed input and washout, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 26 (2005), 159-166.
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2004.12.040. |
[40] |
Z. Zhao, L. Chen and X. Song,
Extinction and permanence of chemostat model with pulsed input in a polluted environment, Commun. Nonlinear Sci., 14 (2009), 1737-1745.
doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2008.01.009. |







Term | Biological meaning |
Concentration of nutrient at time |
|
Concentration of prey, predator and superpredator at time |
|
Concentration of toxicant in the population at time |
|
Concentration of toxicant in the environment at time |
|
Concentration of input nutrient | |
Dilution rate of the system | |
Sum of dilution rate of system and | |
mortality rate of populations ( |
|
Maximum growth rate ( |
|
Half saturation constant ( |
|
Rate of decrease of the growth rate for population |
|
Environmental toxicant uptake rate per unit mass population | |
Population net ingestion and depuration rates of toxicant | |
Loss rate of toxicants from the environment through volatilization | |
Impulsive input constant for toxicant at time |
Term | Biological meaning |
Concentration of nutrient at time |
|
Concentration of prey, predator and superpredator at time |
|
Concentration of toxicant in the population at time |
|
Concentration of toxicant in the environment at time |
|
Concentration of input nutrient | |
Dilution rate of the system | |
Sum of dilution rate of system and | |
mortality rate of populations ( |
|
Maximum growth rate ( |
|
Half saturation constant ( |
|
Rate of decrease of the growth rate for population |
|
Environmental toxicant uptake rate per unit mass population | |
Population net ingestion and depuration rates of toxicant | |
Loss rate of toxicants from the environment through volatilization | |
Impulsive input constant for toxicant at time |
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