American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Evaluating vaccination effectiveness of group-specific fractional-dose strategies

 1 School of Mathematics and Systems Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, 510665, China 2 Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China 3 School of Mathematical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China

* Corresponding author: Zhimin Chen

Received  September 2020 Revised  January 2021 Published  February 2021

Fund Project: Supported in part by the International Training Project for Outstanding Young Scientific Research Talents in Guangdong Universities in 2018 at South China Normal University, the NNSF of China, the Research Grants of Jiangsu University, the NSF of Guangdong Province and the General Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China

In this paper, we formulate a multi-group SIR epidemic model with the consideration of proportionate mixing patterns between groups and group-specific fractional-dose vaccination to evaluate the effects of fractionated dosing strategies on disease control and prevention in a heterogeneously mixing population. The basic reproduction number $\mathscr{R}_0$, the final size of the epidemic, and the infection attack rate are used as three measures of population-level implications of fractionated dosing programs. Theoretically, we identify the basic reproduction number, $\mathscr{R}_0$, establish the existence and uniqueness of the final size and the final size relation with $\mathscr{R}_0$, and obtain explicit calculation expressions of the infection attack rate for each group and the whole population. Furthermore, the simulation results suggest that dose fractionation policies take positive effects in lowering the $\mathscr{R}_0$, decreasing the final size and reducing the infection attack rate only when the fractional-dose influenza vaccine efficacy is high enough rather than just similar to standard-dose. We find evidences that fractional-dose vaccination in response to influenza vaccine shortages take negative community-level effects. Our results indicate that the role of fractional dose vaccines should not be overestimated even though fractional dosing strategies could extend the vaccine coverage.

Citation: Zhimin Chen, Kaihui Liu, Xiuxiang Liu. Evaluating vaccination effectiveness of group-specific fractional-dose strategies. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021062
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The transition diagram of the group-specific fractional-dose vaccination model with $K$ mixed groups. In $l$-th group, the flux of new infected individuals in subgroups $I^{(l)}_u$ and $I^{(l)}_v$ are denoted as $F^{(l)}_{UI} = \sum^{K}_{m = 1}\frac{c_l\beta_{lm}}{N}\left(I^{(m)}_u+p^{(m)}_i \varepsilon^{(m)}_i\left(n_m\right)I^{(m)}_v\right)S^{(l)}_u$ and $F^{(l)}_{VI} = \sum^{K}_{m = 1}\frac{c_l\beta_{lm}}{N}\left(I^{(m)}_u+p^{(m)}_i \varepsilon^{(m)}_i\left(n_m\right)I^{(m)}_v\right)p^{(l)}_s \varepsilon^{(l)}_s\left(n_l\right)S^{(l)}_v$ respectively, while the flux of new recovered individuals in compartment $R$ from subgroup $I^{(l)}_u$ and subgroup $I^{(l)}_v$ are respectively represented as $F^{(l)}_{UR} = \gamma_lI^{(l)}_u$ and $F^{(l)}_{VR} = \gamma_lp^{(l)}_r \varepsilon^{(l)}_r\left(n_l\right)I^{(l)}_v$, where $l = 1,\dots,K$
Illustration of the distributions of the basic reproduction number $\mathscr{R}_0$ (2(a)), the final size related quantity $\sum^3_{l = 1}\left(S^{(l)}_u(\infty)+S^{(l)}_v(\infty)\right)$ (2(b)), the outbreak size (2(c)), the peaking time (2(d)), the $IAR$ (2(e)) and the number of vaccines (2(f)) along standard-dose vaccine coverage for different target vaccination groups. In each plot, the red line with square markers indicates scenario $1$ (vaccinating only group $1$), the red line with asterisk markers scenario $2$ (vaccinating only group $2$), the green line with diamond markers scenario $3$ (vaccinating only group $3$), the magenta line with circle markers scenario $4$ (vaccinating groups $1$ and $2$), the blue line with downward-pointing triangle markers scenario $5$ (vaccinating groups $1$ and $3$), the cyan line with upward-pointing triangle markers scenario $6$ (vaccinating groups $2$ and $3$), and the black line with star markers scenario $7$ (vaccinating the entire population)
The variations of the basic reproduction number $\mathscr{R}_0$ ((g1)), the final size related quantity $\sum^3_{l = 1}\left(S^{(l)}_u(\infty)+S^{(l)}_v(\infty)\right)$ ((h1)), the outbreak size ((i1)), the peaking time ((j1)), and the $IAR$ ((k1)) over the standard-dose vaccine coverage for the entire population with different vaccine distributions in the first policy. In each plot, the red solid line with plus sign markers indicates the case of first group $1$ then group $2$ and last group $3$, the green dashed line with right-pointing triangle markers the case of first group $1$ then group $3$ and last group $2$, the black dash-dotted line with left-pointing triangle markers the case of first group $2$ then group $1$ and last group $3$, the blue solid line with point markers the case of first group $2$ then group $3$ and last group $1$, the magenta dotted line with six-pointed star markers the case of first group $3$ then group $1$ and last group $2$, the cyan dashed line with cross markers the case of first group $3$ then group $2$ and last group $1$
The variations of the basic reproduction number $\mathscr{R}_0$ ((g2)), the final size related quantity $\sum^3_{l = 1}\left(S^{(l)}_u(\infty)+S^{(l)}_v(\infty)\right)$ ((h2)), the outbreak size ((i2)), the peaking time ((j2)), and the $IAR$ ((k2)) with respect to the standard-dose vaccine coverage for the entire population with different vaccine distributions in the second policy. In each plot, the cyan dash-dotted line with upward-pointing triangle markers indicates the case of first groups $1$ and $2$ and then group $3$, the green dotted line with asterisk markers the case of first group $3$ and then groups $1$ and $2$, the red dashed line with square markers the case of first groups $1$ and $3$ and then group $2$, the blue solid line with circle markers the case of first group $2$ then groups $1$ and $3$, the magenta dashed line with downward-pointing triangle markers the case of first groups $2$ and $3$ and then group $1$, the black solid line with diamond markers the case of first group $1$ and then groups $2$ and $3$
Simulations showing the effect of changing $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{i,s}(5)$ and $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{e,f,r}(5)$ on $\mathscr{R}_0$ ((q1)), $\sum^3_{l = 1}\left(S^{(l)}_u(\infty)+S^{(l)}_v(\infty)\right)$ ((r1)) and IAR ((s1)) when first group $1$ then group $2$ and last group $3$ distribution is carried out. The white lines are contour lines and the black lines are the baselines which stand for corresponding values under the standard-dose only strategy in each subfigure. The values of $p_1$, $p_2$ and $p_3$ are $1$, $0.2$ and $0.5$, respectively
Simulations showing the effect of changing $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{i,s}(5)$ and $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{e,f,r}(5)$ on $\mathscr{R}_0$ ((q2)), $\sum^3_{l = 1}\left(S^{(l)}_u(\infty)+S^{(l)}_v(\infty)\right)$ ((r2)) and IAR ((s2)) when first group $1$ then group $3$ and last group $2$ distribution is carried out. The white lines are contour lines and the black lines are the baselines which stand for corresponding values under the standard-dose only strategy in each subfigure. The values of $p_1$, $p_2$ and $p_3$ are $1$, $0.1$ and $1$, respectively
Simulations showing the effect of changing $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{i,s}(5)$ and $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{e,f,r}(5)$ on $\mathscr{R}_0$ ((q3)), $\sum^3_{l = 1}\left(S^{(l)}_u(\infty)+S^{(l)}_v(\infty)\right)$ ((r3)) and IAR ((s3)) when first group $1$ then groups $2$ and $3$ distribution is carried out. The white lines are contour lines and the black lines are the baselines which stand for corresponding values under the standard-dose only strategy in each subfigure. The values of $p_1$, $p_2$ and $p_3$ are $1$, $0.01*2000/(1170+250)$ and $0.01*2000/(1170+250)$, respectively
Sensitivity analyses of $\sum\limits^3_{l = 1}\left(S^{(l)}_u(\infty)+S^{(l)}_v(\infty)\right)$ and IAR under the three optimal vaccine distribution schemes. (t1) and (u1), (t2) and (u2), and (t3) and (u3), present the effect of a change in each of $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{e}(5)$, $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{f}(5)$, $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{i}(5)$, $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{s}(5)$, and $\varepsilon^{(2)}_{r}(5)$ (abbreviated as e, f, i, s, and r, respectively) on the $\sum\limits^3_{l = 1}\left(S^{(l)}_u(\infty)+S^{(l)}_v(\infty)\right)$ and IAR under the first optimal distribution scheme with $p_1 = 1$, $p_2 = 0.2$ and $p_3 = 0.5$, the second optimal distribution strategy with $p_1 = 1$, $p_2 = 0.1$ and $p_3 = 1$, and the third optimal distribution measure with $p_1 = 1$, $p_2 = p_3 = 0.01*2000/(1170+250)$, respectively. The size of the change is chosen by increasing and decreasing each parameter $10\%$ off its baseline value
List of the compartments in the model $\left(1 \leq l \leq K\right)$
 Compartment Definition Initial Value $S^{(l)}_u(t)$ Total number of susceptible individuals in the $l$-th group who are unvaccinated or experiencing vaccine failure (i.e., the vaccine takes no effect in protecting the vaccinated individual from infection) at time $t$ $S^{(l)}_{u0}$ $I^{(l)}_u(t)$ Total number of individuals in the $l$-th group and in the infectious stage who are not vaccinated or experiencing vaccine failure at time $t$ $I^{(l)}_{u0}$ $S^{(l)}_v(t)$ Total number of susceptible individuals in the $l$-th group who are vaccinated and then gain partial protection at time $t$ $S^{(l)}_{v0}$ $I^{(l)}_v(t)$ Total number of individuals in the $l$-th group and in the infectious stage who are vaccinated and then gain partial protection at time $t$ $I^{(l)}_{v0}$ $V^{(l)}(t)$ Total number of individuals in the $l$-th group who are vaccinated and then gain full protection at time $t$ $V^{(l)}_0$ $R(t)$ Total number of recovered individuals at time $t$ $0$
 Compartment Definition Initial Value $S^{(l)}_u(t)$ Total number of susceptible individuals in the $l$-th group who are unvaccinated or experiencing vaccine failure (i.e., the vaccine takes no effect in protecting the vaccinated individual from infection) at time $t$ $S^{(l)}_{u0}$ $I^{(l)}_u(t)$ Total number of individuals in the $l$-th group and in the infectious stage who are not vaccinated or experiencing vaccine failure at time $t$ $I^{(l)}_{u0}$ $S^{(l)}_v(t)$ Total number of susceptible individuals in the $l$-th group who are vaccinated and then gain partial protection at time $t$ $S^{(l)}_{v0}$ $I^{(l)}_v(t)$ Total number of individuals in the $l$-th group and in the infectious stage who are vaccinated and then gain partial protection at time $t$ $I^{(l)}_{v0}$ $V^{(l)}(t)$ Total number of individuals in the $l$-th group who are vaccinated and then gain full protection at time $t$ $V^{(l)}_0$ $R(t)$ Total number of recovered individuals at time $t$ $0$
Description of the parameters in the model $\left(1 \leq l, m \leq K\right)$
 Parameter Definition Range $N$ Number of individuals in the total population $(0, \infty)$ $p$ Proportion of population that standard-dose vaccines can coverage for the total population $(0, 1]$ $p_l$ Vaccine coverage achievable with standard-dose vaccines for $l$-th group subpopulation $(0, 1]$ $n_l$ Fractionation number by each standard-dose vaccine for $l$-th group subpopulation ($n_lp_l\leq 1$) $[1, 5]$ $c_l$ Number of contacts per unit time an individual in the $l$-th group makes $(0, \infty)$ $\beta_{lm}$ Probability of infection given contact between a susceptible individual in the $l$-th group and an infected individual in the $m$-th group $(0,1]$ $\gamma_l$ Recovery rate of infective individuals without vaccine protection in the $l$-th group $(0, \infty)$ $p^{(l)}_e$ Probability that a standard-dose vaccine takes effects for individuals in the $l$-th group (providing full or partial protection) $(0,1]$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_e\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the probability that a $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine taking effects in the $l$-th group relative to that a standard-dose vaccine taking effects in the same group $(0, 1]$ $p^{(l)}_f$ Probability that a successfully vaccinated individual with a standard-dose vaccine gains full protection in the $l$-th group $(0,1]$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_f\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the probability that a successfully vaccinated individual in the $l$-th group gains full protection with a $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine relative to that with a standard-dose vaccine in the same group $(0, 1]$ $p^{(l)}_i$ The ratio of the transmissibility of a vaccinated individual with a standard-dose vaccine in the $l$-th group relative to that of an unvaccinated individual in the same group $(0,1]$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_i\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the transmissibility of a vaccinated individual with an $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine in the $l$-th group relative to that with a standard-dose vaccine in the same group $[1, 1/p^{(l)}_i]$ $p^{(l)}_s$ The ratio of susceptibility of a vaccinated individual in the $l$-th group with a standard dose vaccine relative to that of an unvaccinated individual in the same group $(0,1]$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_s\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the susceptibility of a vaccinated individual with an $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine in the $l$-th group relative to that with a standard-dose vaccine in the same group $[1, 1/p^{(l)}_s]$ $p^{(l)}_r$ The ratio of the recoverability of a vaccinated individual in the $l$-th group with a standard dose vaccine relative to that of an unvaccinated individual in the same group $[1, \infty)$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_r\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the recoverability of a vaccinated individual with an $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine in the $l$-th group relative to that with a standard-dose vaccine in the same group $[1/p^{(l)}_r, 1]$
 Parameter Definition Range $N$ Number of individuals in the total population $(0, \infty)$ $p$ Proportion of population that standard-dose vaccines can coverage for the total population $(0, 1]$ $p_l$ Vaccine coverage achievable with standard-dose vaccines for $l$-th group subpopulation $(0, 1]$ $n_l$ Fractionation number by each standard-dose vaccine for $l$-th group subpopulation ($n_lp_l\leq 1$) $[1, 5]$ $c_l$ Number of contacts per unit time an individual in the $l$-th group makes $(0, \infty)$ $\beta_{lm}$ Probability of infection given contact between a susceptible individual in the $l$-th group and an infected individual in the $m$-th group $(0,1]$ $\gamma_l$ Recovery rate of infective individuals without vaccine protection in the $l$-th group $(0, \infty)$ $p^{(l)}_e$ Probability that a standard-dose vaccine takes effects for individuals in the $l$-th group (providing full or partial protection) $(0,1]$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_e\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the probability that a $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine taking effects in the $l$-th group relative to that a standard-dose vaccine taking effects in the same group $(0, 1]$ $p^{(l)}_f$ Probability that a successfully vaccinated individual with a standard-dose vaccine gains full protection in the $l$-th group $(0,1]$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_f\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the probability that a successfully vaccinated individual in the $l$-th group gains full protection with a $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine relative to that with a standard-dose vaccine in the same group $(0, 1]$ $p^{(l)}_i$ The ratio of the transmissibility of a vaccinated individual with a standard-dose vaccine in the $l$-th group relative to that of an unvaccinated individual in the same group $(0,1]$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_i\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the transmissibility of a vaccinated individual with an $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine in the $l$-th group relative to that with a standard-dose vaccine in the same group $[1, 1/p^{(l)}_i]$ $p^{(l)}_s$ The ratio of susceptibility of a vaccinated individual in the $l$-th group with a standard dose vaccine relative to that of an unvaccinated individual in the same group $(0,1]$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_s\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the susceptibility of a vaccinated individual with an $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine in the $l$-th group relative to that with a standard-dose vaccine in the same group $[1, 1/p^{(l)}_s]$ $p^{(l)}_r$ The ratio of the recoverability of a vaccinated individual in the $l$-th group with a standard dose vaccine relative to that of an unvaccinated individual in the same group $[1, \infty)$ $\varepsilon^{(l)}_r\left(n_l\right)$ The ratio of the recoverability of a vaccinated individual with an $n_l$-fold fractional-dose vaccine in the $l$-th group relative to that with a standard-dose vaccine in the same group $[1/p^{(l)}_r, 1]$
Data of parameters and variables
 Symbol Description Value Unit Reference $N$ Total population $2,000$ Individuals Estimated $N^{(1)}_0$ Children aged 0–17 years (group $1$) $580$ Individuals Estimated $N^{(2)}_0$ Young adults aged 18–60 years (group $2$) $1170$ Individuals Estimated $N^{(3)}_0$ Older adults aged more than $60$ years (group $3$) $250$ Individuals Estimated $S^{(1)}_0$ Susceptible persons in group $1$ $577$ Individuals Estimated $S^{(2)}_0$ Susceptible persons in group $2$ $1163$ Individuals Estimated $S^{(3)}_0$ Susceptible persons in group $3$ $248$ Individuals Estimated $I^{(1)}_0$ Infected persons in group $1$ $3$ Individuals [24] $I^{(2)}_0$ Infected persons in group $2$ $7$ Individuals [24] $I^{(3)}_0$ Infected persons in group $3$ $2$ Individuals [24] $p$ Vaccine coverage for the total population $variable$ Dimensionless Estimated $\gamma$ Average recover rate for overall population ($\gamma_l=\gamma$ for $l=1$, $2$, $3$) $1/4.1$ days$^{-1}$ [18]
 Symbol Description Value Unit Reference $N$ Total population $2,000$ Individuals Estimated $N^{(1)}_0$ Children aged 0–17 years (group $1$) $580$ Individuals Estimated $N^{(2)}_0$ Young adults aged 18–60 years (group $2$) $1170$ Individuals Estimated $N^{(3)}_0$ Older adults aged more than $60$ years (group $3$) $250$ Individuals Estimated $S^{(1)}_0$ Susceptible persons in group $1$ $577$ Individuals Estimated $S^{(2)}_0$ Susceptible persons in group $2$ $1163$ Individuals Estimated $S^{(3)}_0$ Susceptible persons in group $3$ $248$ Individuals Estimated $I^{(1)}_0$ Infected persons in group $1$ $3$ Individuals [24] $I^{(2)}_0$ Infected persons in group $2$ $7$ Individuals [24] $I^{(3)}_0$ Infected persons in group $3$ $2$ Individuals [24] $p$ Vaccine coverage for the total population $variable$ Dimensionless Estimated $\gamma$ Average recover rate for overall population ($\gamma_l=\gamma$ for $l=1$, $2$, $3$) $1/4.1$ days$^{-1}$ [18]
List of estimated values and simulation results
 Symbol Value Unit $c_1$ $7$ Dimensionless $c_2$ $5$ Dimensionless $c_3$ $3$ Dimensionless $\beta_1$ $0.098$ Dimensionless $\beta_2$ $0.037$ Dimensionless $\beta_3$ $0.064$ Dimensionless $\mathcal{IAR}^{(1)}$ $59\%$ Dimensionless $\mathcal{IAR}^{(2)}$ $29\%$ Dimensionless $\mathcal{IAR}^{(3)}$ $45\%$ Dimensionless $\mathcal{IAR}$ $40\%$ Dimensionless $\mathscr{R}_0$ $1.35$ Dimensionless
 Symbol Value Unit $c_1$ $7$ Dimensionless $c_2$ $5$ Dimensionless $c_3$ $3$ Dimensionless $\beta_1$ $0.098$ Dimensionless $\beta_2$ $0.037$ Dimensionless $\beta_3$ $0.064$ Dimensionless $\mathcal{IAR}^{(1)}$ $59\%$ Dimensionless $\mathcal{IAR}^{(2)}$ $29\%$ Dimensionless $\mathcal{IAR}^{(3)}$ $45\%$ Dimensionless $\mathcal{IAR}$ $40\%$ Dimensionless $\mathscr{R}_0$ $1.35$ Dimensionless
Definition of the constant parameters
 Symbol Value Unit Reference $p^{(1)}_e$ $0.75$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_e$ $0.79$ Dimensionless [16] $p^{(3)}_e$ $0.77$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(1)}_f$ $0.59$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_f$ $0.63$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(3)}_f$ $0.61$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(1)}_i$ $0.67$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_i$ $0.65$ Dimensionless [18] $p^{(3)}_i$ $0.66$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(1)}_s$ $0.57$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_s$ $0.55$ Dimensionless [18] $p^{(3)}_s$ $0.56$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(1)}_r$ $2.3$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_r$ $2.5$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(3)}_r$ $2.4$ Dimensionless Estimated
 Symbol Value Unit Reference $p^{(1)}_e$ $0.75$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_e$ $0.79$ Dimensionless [16] $p^{(3)}_e$ $0.77$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(1)}_f$ $0.59$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_f$ $0.63$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(3)}_f$ $0.61$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(1)}_i$ $0.67$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_i$ $0.65$ Dimensionless [18] $p^{(3)}_i$ $0.66$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(1)}_s$ $0.57$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_s$ $0.55$ Dimensionless [18] $p^{(3)}_s$ $0.56$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(1)}_r$ $2.3$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(2)}_r$ $2.5$ Dimensionless Estimated $p^{(3)}_r$ $2.4$ Dimensionless Estimated
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