# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

October  2017, 10(5): 1133-1148. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2017061

## Lyapunov-type inequalities and solvability of second-order ODEs across multi-resonance

 a. College of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China b. School of Mathematics and Statistics and Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China c. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China

* Corresponding author: zhanghe14@mails.jlu.edu.cn

Received  October 2016 Revised  November 2016 Published  June 2017

Fund Project: This work was completed with the support by National Basic Research Program of China Grant 2013CB834100, NSFC Grant 11571065, NSFC Grant 11171132 and NSFC Grant 11201173

We present some new Lyapunov-type inequalities for boundary value problems of the form $y''+u(x)y=0$, $y(0)=0=y(1)$, where $-A≤ u(x)≤ B$ and there are many resonance points lying inside the interval $[-A, B]$. The classical Lyapunov's inequality and its reverse are improved by using Pontryagin's maximum principle. As applications, we establish two readily verifiable unique solvability criteria for general $u(x)$. Some relevant examples are given to illustrate our results. Variants of Lyapunov-type inequalities for nonlinear BVPs are discussed at the end of the paper.

Citation: He Zhang, Xue Yang, Yong Li. Lyapunov-type inequalities and solvability of second-order ODEs across multi-resonance. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2017, 10 (5) : 1133-1148. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2017061
##### References:
 [1] S. R. Bernfeld and V. Lakshmikantham, An Introduction to Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems, Elsevier, 1974. Google Scholar [2] G. Borg, On a liapounoff criterion of stability, American Journal of Mathematics, 71 (1949), 67-70. doi: 10.2307/2372093. Google Scholar [3] A. Cañada, J. A. Montero and S. Villegas, Lyapunov-type inequalities and neumann boundary value problems at resonance, Math. Inequal. Appl., 8 (2005), 459-475. doi: 10.7153/mia-08-42. Google Scholar [4] A. Cañada, J. A. Montero and S. Villegas, Lyapunov inequalities for partial differential equations, Journal of Functional Analysis, 237 (2006), 176-193. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2005.12.011. Google Scholar [5] A. Cañada, J. A. Montero and S. Villegas, Lyapunov-type inequalities for differential equations, Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics, 3 (2006), 177-187. doi: 10.1007/s00009-006-0071-0. Google Scholar [6] A. Cañada and S. Villegas, Optimal lyapunov inequalities for disfocality and neumann boundary conditions using lp norms, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, 20 (2008), 877-888. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2008.20.877. Google Scholar [7] A. Cañada and S. Villegas, Lyapunov inequalities for neumann boundary conditions at higher eigenvalues, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 12 (2010), 163-178. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/193. Google Scholar [8] A. Cañada and S. Villegas, Lyapunov inequalities for partial differential equations at radial higher eigenvalues, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 33 (2013), 111-122. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2013.33.111. Google Scholar [9] X. Chang and Q. Huang, Two-point boundary value problems for duffing equations across resonance, Journal of optimization theory and applications, 140 (2009), 419-430. doi: 10.1007/s10957-008-9461-8. Google Scholar [10] S.-S. Cheng, Lyapunov inequalities for differential and difference equations, Fasc. Math, 23 (1991), 25-41. Google Scholar [11] S. B. Eliason, A lyapunov inequality for a certain second order non-linear differential equation, Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2 (1970), 461-466. doi: 10.1112/jlms/2.Part_3.461. Google Scholar [12] B. Harris and Q. Kong, On the oscillation of differential equations with an oscillatory coefficient, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 347 (1995), 1831-1839. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1995-1283552-4. Google Scholar [13] P. Hartman, Ordinary Differential Equations, Birkhauser, Boston, 1982. Google Scholar [14] J. Henderson, Best interval lengths for boundary value problems for third order lipschitz equations, SIAM journal on mathematical analysis, 18 (1987), 293-305. doi: 10.1137/0518023. Google Scholar [15] J. Henderson, Optimal interval lengths for nonlocal boundary value problems for second order lipschitz equations, Communications in Applied Analysis, 15 (2011), 475-482. Google Scholar [16] M. Grigor'evich Krein, On certain problems on the maximum and minimum of characteristic values and on the lyapunov zones of stability, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl., 1 (1955), 163-187. doi: 10.1090/trans2/001/08. Google Scholar [17] M. Lees, Discrete methods for nonlinear two-point boundary value problems, Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations, 1 (1966), 59-72. Google Scholar [18] Y. Li and H. Wang, Neumann problems for second order ordinary differential equations across resonance, Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik ZAMP, 46 (1995), 393-406. doi: 10.1007/BF01003558. Google Scholar [19] A. Liapounoff, Problème général de la stabilité du mouvement, In Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse, 9 (1907), 203-474. Université Paul Sabatier. Google Scholar [20] G. López and J.-A. Montero-Sánchez, Neumann boundary value problems across resonance, ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations, 12 (2006), 398-408. doi: 10.1051/cocv:2006009. Google Scholar [21] J. Mawhin and J. Ward, Nonresonance and existence for nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems, Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, 5 (1981), 677-684. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(81)90084-5. Google Scholar [22] J. P. Pinasco, Lower bounds for eigenvalues of the one-dimensional p-laplacian, In Abstract and Applied Analysis, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2004,147-153. doi: 10.1155/S108533750431002X. Google Scholar [23] J. Qi and S. Chen, Extremal norms of the potentials recovered from inverse dirichlet problems, Inverse Problems, 32 (2016), 035007, 13pp. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/32/3/035007. Google Scholar [24] K. Shen and M. Zhang, An optimal class of non-degenerate potentials for second-order ordinary differential equations, Boundary Value Problems, 2015 (2015), 1-17. doi: 10.1186/s13661-015-0451-0. Google Scholar [25] X. Tang and M. Zhang, Lyapunov inequalities and stability for linear hamiltonian systems, Journal of Differential Equations, 252 (2012), 358-381. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.08.002. Google Scholar [26] H. Wang and Y. Li, Two point boundary value problems for second-order ordinary differential equations across many resonant points, Journal of mathematical analysis and applications, 179 (1993), 61-75. doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1993.1335. Google Scholar [27] H. Wang and Y. Li, Neumann boundary value problems for second-order ordinary differential equations across resonance, SIAM journal on control and optimization, 33 (1995), 1312-1325. doi: 10.1137/S036301299324532X. Google Scholar [28] H. Wang and Y. Li, Existence and uniqueness of solutions to two point boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations, Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik ZAMP, 47 (1996), 373-384. doi: 10.1007/BF00916644. Google Scholar [29] M. Zhang, Extremal values of smallest eigenvalues of hill's operators with potentials in $L^1$ balls, Journal of Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 4188-4220. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2009.03.016. Google Scholar

show all references

##### References:
 [1] S. R. Bernfeld and V. Lakshmikantham, An Introduction to Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems, Elsevier, 1974. Google Scholar [2] G. Borg, On a liapounoff criterion of stability, American Journal of Mathematics, 71 (1949), 67-70. doi: 10.2307/2372093. Google Scholar [3] A. Cañada, J. A. Montero and S. Villegas, Lyapunov-type inequalities and neumann boundary value problems at resonance, Math. Inequal. Appl., 8 (2005), 459-475. doi: 10.7153/mia-08-42. Google Scholar [4] A. Cañada, J. A. Montero and S. Villegas, Lyapunov inequalities for partial differential equations, Journal of Functional Analysis, 237 (2006), 176-193. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2005.12.011. Google Scholar [5] A. Cañada, J. A. Montero and S. Villegas, Lyapunov-type inequalities for differential equations, Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics, 3 (2006), 177-187. doi: 10.1007/s00009-006-0071-0. Google Scholar [6] A. Cañada and S. Villegas, Optimal lyapunov inequalities for disfocality and neumann boundary conditions using lp norms, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. A, 20 (2008), 877-888. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2008.20.877. Google Scholar [7] A. Cañada and S. Villegas, Lyapunov inequalities for neumann boundary conditions at higher eigenvalues, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 12 (2010), 163-178. doi: 10.4171/JEMS/193. Google Scholar [8] A. Cañada and S. Villegas, Lyapunov inequalities for partial differential equations at radial higher eigenvalues, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 33 (2013), 111-122. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2013.33.111. Google Scholar [9] X. Chang and Q. Huang, Two-point boundary value problems for duffing equations across resonance, Journal of optimization theory and applications, 140 (2009), 419-430. doi: 10.1007/s10957-008-9461-8. Google Scholar [10] S.-S. Cheng, Lyapunov inequalities for differential and difference equations, Fasc. Math, 23 (1991), 25-41. Google Scholar [11] S. B. Eliason, A lyapunov inequality for a certain second order non-linear differential equation, Journal of the London Mathematical Society, 2 (1970), 461-466. doi: 10.1112/jlms/2.Part_3.461. Google Scholar [12] B. Harris and Q. Kong, On the oscillation of differential equations with an oscillatory coefficient, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 347 (1995), 1831-1839. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1995-1283552-4. Google Scholar [13] P. Hartman, Ordinary Differential Equations, Birkhauser, Boston, 1982. Google Scholar [14] J. Henderson, Best interval lengths for boundary value problems for third order lipschitz equations, SIAM journal on mathematical analysis, 18 (1987), 293-305. doi: 10.1137/0518023. Google Scholar [15] J. Henderson, Optimal interval lengths for nonlocal boundary value problems for second order lipschitz equations, Communications in Applied Analysis, 15 (2011), 475-482. Google Scholar [16] M. Grigor'evich Krein, On certain problems on the maximum and minimum of characteristic values and on the lyapunov zones of stability, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl., 1 (1955), 163-187. doi: 10.1090/trans2/001/08. Google Scholar [17] M. Lees, Discrete methods for nonlinear two-point boundary value problems, Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations, 1 (1966), 59-72. Google Scholar [18] Y. Li and H. Wang, Neumann problems for second order ordinary differential equations across resonance, Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik ZAMP, 46 (1995), 393-406. doi: 10.1007/BF01003558. Google Scholar [19] A. Liapounoff, Problème général de la stabilité du mouvement, In Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse, 9 (1907), 203-474. Université Paul Sabatier. Google Scholar [20] G. López and J.-A. Montero-Sánchez, Neumann boundary value problems across resonance, ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations, 12 (2006), 398-408. doi: 10.1051/cocv:2006009. Google Scholar [21] J. Mawhin and J. Ward, Nonresonance and existence for nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems, Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, 5 (1981), 677-684. doi: 10.1016/0362-546X(81)90084-5. Google Scholar [22] J. P. Pinasco, Lower bounds for eigenvalues of the one-dimensional p-laplacian, In Abstract and Applied Analysis, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2004,147-153. doi: 10.1155/S108533750431002X. Google Scholar [23] J. Qi and S. Chen, Extremal norms of the potentials recovered from inverse dirichlet problems, Inverse Problems, 32 (2016), 035007, 13pp. doi: 10.1088/0266-5611/32/3/035007. Google Scholar [24] K. Shen and M. Zhang, An optimal class of non-degenerate potentials for second-order ordinary differential equations, Boundary Value Problems, 2015 (2015), 1-17. doi: 10.1186/s13661-015-0451-0. Google Scholar [25] X. Tang and M. Zhang, Lyapunov inequalities and stability for linear hamiltonian systems, Journal of Differential Equations, 252 (2012), 358-381. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2011.08.002. Google Scholar [26] H. Wang and Y. Li, Two point boundary value problems for second-order ordinary differential equations across many resonant points, Journal of mathematical analysis and applications, 179 (1993), 61-75. doi: 10.1006/jmaa.1993.1335. Google Scholar [27] H. Wang and Y. Li, Neumann boundary value problems for second-order ordinary differential equations across resonance, SIAM journal on control and optimization, 33 (1995), 1312-1325. doi: 10.1137/S036301299324532X. Google Scholar [28] H. Wang and Y. Li, Existence and uniqueness of solutions to two point boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations, Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik ZAMP, 47 (1996), 373-384. doi: 10.1007/BF00916644. Google Scholar [29] M. Zhang, Extremal values of smallest eigenvalues of hill's operators with potentials in $L^1$ balls, Journal of Differential Equations, 246 (2009), 4188-4220. doi: 10.1016/j.jde.2009.03.016. Google Scholar
Comparison of the classical Lyapunov inequality, main results in [28] and our revised inequalities
The corresponding nontrivial solution $y(x)$
The nontrivial solution $y(x)$
The nontrivial solution $y(x)$
The nontrivial solution $y(x)$
The nontrivial solution $y(x)$
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