Figure 1.
Malmquist TFP index trend versus technological change and efficiency change during 2011 to 2015
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August & September
2019, 12(4&5): 795-809.
doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2019053
Total factor productivity growth and technological change in the telecommunications industry
School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 Xi Tu Cheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100876, China |
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The fast growing telecommunications industry in China has been experiencing dramatic technological change and substantial productivity growth. The actual productivity growth pattern in the sector, however, need to be empirically examined. In this paper, using input and output data at the provincial level, we employ DEA-based Malmquist productivity index to estimate productivity change, technological change and relative efficiency change in China's telecommunications industry for the period spanning the years from 2011 to 2015. The results show that based on our sample, the productivity improved by 22.9% per annum, which was exclusively due to an average of 25.5% technological progress in the industry production function, while the average efficiency change is slightly negative. Our results also indicate that regions with relatively low levels of telecommunications (and economic) development have a greater chance and ability of enhancing telecommunications productivity growth through technological catch-up. In addition, we find that the industry experienced significantly higher productivity growth and technological progress in the later sample period between 2013 and 2015 than in the early period between 2011 and 2013.
Keywords:
Telecommunications,
productivity,
technological change,
data envelopment analysis,
malmquist index.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
Primary: 90B30, 62P20; Secondary: 91B38.
Citation:
Xuchen Lin, Ting-Jie Lu, Xia Chen. Total factor productivity growth and technological change in the telecommunications industry. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - S,
2019, 12
(4&5)
: 795-809.
doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2019053
![]()
References:
| [1] |
M. Abramovitz, Resource and output trends in the united states since 1870, in Resource and
Output Trends in the United States Since 1870, NBER, 1956, 1–23. |
| [2] |
R. D. Banker, Z. Cao, N. Menon and R. Natarajan,
Technological progress and productivity growth in the us mobile telecommunications industry, Annals of Operations Research, 173 (2010), 77-87.
|
| [3] |
M. Calvo, J. I. M. Torcal and L. R. García,
A new stepsize change technique for adams methods, Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 1 (2016), 547-558.
|
| [4] |
D. W. Caves, L. R. Christensen and W. E. Diewert, The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of input, output, and productivity, Econometrica: Journal of the
Econometric Society, 1393–1414. |
| [5] |
A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper and E. Rhodes,
Measuring the efficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2 (1978), 429-444.
doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8. |
| [6] |
H. W. Chesbrough and D. J. Teece,
When is virtual virtuous, Harvard Business Review, 74 (1996), 65-73.
|
| [7] |
T. Coelli, A guide to deap version 2.1: A data envelopment analysis (computer) program,
Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University of New England, Australia. |
| [8] |
L. Correa,
The economic impact of telecommunications diffusion on uk productivity growth, Information Economics and Policy, 18 (2006), 385-404.
|
| [9] |
A. Datta and S. Agarwal,
Telecommunications and economic growth: A panel data approach, Applied Economics, 36 (2004), 1649-1654.
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| [10] |
M. Denny, M. A. Fuss and L. Waverman,
The Measurement and Interpretation of Total Factor Productivity in Regulated Industries, with an Application to Canadian Telecommunications, Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, 1979. |
| [11] |
W. E. Diewert,
Exact and superlative index numbers, Journal of Econometrics, 4 (1976), 115-145.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4076(76)90009-9. |
| [12] |
A. Dutta,
Telecommunications and economic activity: An analysis of granger causality, Journal of Management Information Systems, 17 (2001), 71-95.
|
| [13] |
R. Färe and S. Grosskopf,
Malmquist productivity indexes and fisher ideal indexes, The Economic Journal, 102 (1992), 158-160.
|
| [14] |
R. Färe, S. Grosskopf, M. Norris and Z. Zhang,
Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries, The American economic review, (), 66-83.
|
| [15] |
R. Färe, S. Grosskopf and P. Roos,
Productivity and quality changes in swedish pharmacies, International Journal of Production Economics, 39 (1995), 137-144.
|
| [16] |
Y. Gao, M. Farahani and W. Gao,
Ontology optimization tactics via distance calculating, Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 1 (2016), 154-169.
|
| [17] |
D. I. Giokas and G. C. Pentzaropoulos,
Evaluating productive efficiency in telecommunications: Evidence from greece, Telecommunications Policy, 24 (2000), 781-794.
|
| [18] |
J. A. Hausman and W. E. Taylor, Partial deregulation in telecommunications: An update,
Journal of Competition Law and Economics. |
| [19] |
E. Hisali and B. Yawe,
Total factor productivity growth in uganda's telecommunications industry, Telecommunications Policy, 35 (2011), 12-19.
|
| [20] |
H. Kang,
Technology management in services: Knowledge-based vs. knowledge-embedded services, Strategic Change, 15 (2006), 67-74.
|
| [21] |
F. Kiss, Productivity gains in bell canada,
Economic Analysis of Telecommunications: Theory and Applications, Amsterdam: North-Holland. |
| [22] |
J.-J. Laffont and J. Tirole,
Competition in Telecommunications, MIT press, 2001. |
| [23] |
P. Lall, A. M. Featherstone and D. W. Norman,
Productivity growth in the western hemisphere (1978-94): The caribbean in perspective, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 17 (2002), 213-231.
|
| [24] |
P.-L. Lam and T. Lam,
Total factor productivity measures for hong kong telephone, Telecommunications Policy, 29 (2005), 53-68.
|
| [25] |
P.-L. Lam and A. Shiu,
Productivity analysis of the telecommunications sector in China, Telecommunications Policy, 32 (2008), 559-571.
|
| [26] |
D. Lien and Y. Peng,
Competition and production efficiency: Telecommunications in oecd countries, Information Economics and Policy, 13 (2001), 51-76.
|
| [27] |
G. Madden and S. J. Savage,
Telecommunications productivity, catch-up and innovation, Telecommunications Policy, 23 (1999), 65-81.
|
| [28] |
S. K. Majumdar,
Does new technology adoption pay? electronic switching patterns and firm-level performance in us telecommunications, Research Policy, 24 (1995), 803-822.
|
| [29] |
S. Malmquist,
Index numbers and indifference surfaces, Trabajos de Estadística, 4 (1953), 209-242.
doi: 10.1007/BF03006863. |
| [30] |
MIIT, Statistical bulletin of china's telecommunications industry in 2016,
http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146290/n1146402/n1146455/c5471508/content.html. |
| [31] |
M. I. Nadiri and M. Schankerman, The structure of production, technological change, and the rate of growth of total factor productivity in the bell system, 1979. |
| [32] |
M. Nishimizu and J. M. Page, Total factor productivity growth, technological progress and
technical efficiency change: dimensions of productivity change in yugoslavia, 1965-78, The
Economic Journal, 92 (1982), 920–936. |
| [33] |
H. Oniki, T. H. Oum, R. Stevenson and Y. Zhang,
The productivity effects of the liberalization of japanese telecommunication policy, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 5 (1994), 63-79.
|
| [34] |
J. B. Quinn and M. N. Baily,
Information technology: Increasing productivity in services, The Academy of Management Executive, 8 (1994), 28-48.
|
| [35] |
R. W. Shepherd,
Theory of Cost and Production Functions, Princeton University Press, 1970. |
| [36] |
N. D. Uri,
Measuring productivity change in telecommunications, Telecommunications Policy, 24 (2000), 439-452.
|
| [37] |
N. D. Uri,
Productivity change, technical progress, and efficiency improvement in telecommunications, Review of Industrial Organization, 18 (2001), 283-300.
|
| [38] |
C.-H. Yoon,
Liberalisation policy, industry structure and productivity changes in korea's telecommunications industry, Telecommunications Policy, 23 (1999), 289-306.
|
show all references
References:
| [1] |
M. Abramovitz, Resource and output trends in the united states since 1870, in Resource and
Output Trends in the United States Since 1870, NBER, 1956, 1–23. |
| [2] |
R. D. Banker, Z. Cao, N. Menon and R. Natarajan,
Technological progress and productivity growth in the us mobile telecommunications industry, Annals of Operations Research, 173 (2010), 77-87.
|
| [3] |
M. Calvo, J. I. M. Torcal and L. R. García,
A new stepsize change technique for adams methods, Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 1 (2016), 547-558.
|
| [4] |
D. W. Caves, L. R. Christensen and W. E. Diewert, The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of input, output, and productivity, Econometrica: Journal of the
Econometric Society, 1393–1414. |
| [5] |
A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper and E. Rhodes,
Measuring the efficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2 (1978), 429-444.
doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8. |
| [6] |
H. W. Chesbrough and D. J. Teece,
When is virtual virtuous, Harvard Business Review, 74 (1996), 65-73.
|
| [7] |
T. Coelli, A guide to deap version 2.1: A data envelopment analysis (computer) program,
Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University of New England, Australia. |
| [8] |
L. Correa,
The economic impact of telecommunications diffusion on uk productivity growth, Information Economics and Policy, 18 (2006), 385-404.
|
| [9] |
A. Datta and S. Agarwal,
Telecommunications and economic growth: A panel data approach, Applied Economics, 36 (2004), 1649-1654.
|
| [10] |
M. Denny, M. A. Fuss and L. Waverman,
The Measurement and Interpretation of Total Factor Productivity in Regulated Industries, with an Application to Canadian Telecommunications, Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, 1979. |
| [11] |
W. E. Diewert,
Exact and superlative index numbers, Journal of Econometrics, 4 (1976), 115-145.
doi: 10.1016/0304-4076(76)90009-9. |
| [12] |
A. Dutta,
Telecommunications and economic activity: An analysis of granger causality, Journal of Management Information Systems, 17 (2001), 71-95.
|
| [13] |
R. Färe and S. Grosskopf,
Malmquist productivity indexes and fisher ideal indexes, The Economic Journal, 102 (1992), 158-160.
|
| [14] |
R. Färe, S. Grosskopf, M. Norris and Z. Zhang,
Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries, The American economic review, (), 66-83.
|
| [15] |
R. Färe, S. Grosskopf and P. Roos,
Productivity and quality changes in swedish pharmacies, International Journal of Production Economics, 39 (1995), 137-144.
|
| [16] |
Y. Gao, M. Farahani and W. Gao,
Ontology optimization tactics via distance calculating, Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 1 (2016), 154-169.
|
| [17] |
D. I. Giokas and G. C. Pentzaropoulos,
Evaluating productive efficiency in telecommunications: Evidence from greece, Telecommunications Policy, 24 (2000), 781-794.
|
| [18] |
J. A. Hausman and W. E. Taylor, Partial deregulation in telecommunications: An update,
Journal of Competition Law and Economics. |
| [19] |
E. Hisali and B. Yawe,
Total factor productivity growth in uganda's telecommunications industry, Telecommunications Policy, 35 (2011), 12-19.
|
| [20] |
H. Kang,
Technology management in services: Knowledge-based vs. knowledge-embedded services, Strategic Change, 15 (2006), 67-74.
|
| [21] |
F. Kiss, Productivity gains in bell canada,
Economic Analysis of Telecommunications: Theory and Applications, Amsterdam: North-Holland. |
| [22] |
J.-J. Laffont and J. Tirole,
Competition in Telecommunications, MIT press, 2001. |
| [23] |
P. Lall, A. M. Featherstone and D. W. Norman,
Productivity growth in the western hemisphere (1978-94): The caribbean in perspective, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 17 (2002), 213-231.
|
| [24] |
P.-L. Lam and T. Lam,
Total factor productivity measures for hong kong telephone, Telecommunications Policy, 29 (2005), 53-68.
|
| [25] |
P.-L. Lam and A. Shiu,
Productivity analysis of the telecommunications sector in China, Telecommunications Policy, 32 (2008), 559-571.
|
| [26] |
D. Lien and Y. Peng,
Competition and production efficiency: Telecommunications in oecd countries, Information Economics and Policy, 13 (2001), 51-76.
|
| [27] |
G. Madden and S. J. Savage,
Telecommunications productivity, catch-up and innovation, Telecommunications Policy, 23 (1999), 65-81.
|
| [28] |
S. K. Majumdar,
Does new technology adoption pay? electronic switching patterns and firm-level performance in us telecommunications, Research Policy, 24 (1995), 803-822.
|
| [29] |
S. Malmquist,
Index numbers and indifference surfaces, Trabajos de Estadística, 4 (1953), 209-242.
doi: 10.1007/BF03006863. |
| [30] |
MIIT, Statistical bulletin of china's telecommunications industry in 2016,
http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146290/n1146402/n1146455/c5471508/content.html. |
| [31] |
M. I. Nadiri and M. Schankerman, The structure of production, technological change, and the rate of growth of total factor productivity in the bell system, 1979. |
| [32] |
M. Nishimizu and J. M. Page, Total factor productivity growth, technological progress and
technical efficiency change: dimensions of productivity change in yugoslavia, 1965-78, The
Economic Journal, 92 (1982), 920–936. |
| [33] |
H. Oniki, T. H. Oum, R. Stevenson and Y. Zhang,
The productivity effects of the liberalization of japanese telecommunication policy, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 5 (1994), 63-79.
|
| [34] |
J. B. Quinn and M. N. Baily,
Information technology: Increasing productivity in services, The Academy of Management Executive, 8 (1994), 28-48.
|
| [35] |
R. W. Shepherd,
Theory of Cost and Production Functions, Princeton University Press, 1970. |
| [36] |
N. D. Uri,
Measuring productivity change in telecommunications, Telecommunications Policy, 24 (2000), 439-452.
|
| [37] |
N. D. Uri,
Productivity change, technical progress, and efficiency improvement in telecommunications, Review of Industrial Organization, 18 (2001), 283-300.
|
| [38] |
C.-H. Yoon,
Liberalisation policy, industry structure and productivity changes in korea's telecommunications industry, Telecommunications Policy, 23 (1999), 289-306.
|
Table 1.
Operating environments of 31 DMUs in 2015
| DMU | GRP (billion yuan) | Population (million) | Per capita GRP(yuan) | Pr1 | Pr2 | Pr3 |
| Eastern region | ||||||
| Beijing | 2301 | 21.7 | 106009 | 36.2 | 181.7 | 76.5 |
| Tianjin | 1654 | 15.5 | 76178 | 22.2 | 88.5 | 63 |
| Liaoning | 2867 | 43.8 | 132054 | 23.7 | 97.9 | 62.2 |
| Shanghai | 2512 | 24.2 | 115723 | 33 | 129.7 | 73.1 |
| Jiangsu | 7012 | 79.8 | 322968 | 24.7 | 100.2 | 55.5 |
| Zhejiang | 4289 | 55.4 | 197543 | 26.6 | 131.5 | 65.3 |
| Fujian | 2598 | 38.4 | 119668 | 23.2 | 108.2 | 69.6 |
| Shandong | 6300 | 98.5 | 290200 | 11.4 | 92.3 | 48.9 |
| Guangdong | 7281 | 108.5 | 335387 | 25.9 | 133.5 | 72.4 |
| Hainan | 370 | 9.1 | 17056 | 18.8 | 98.2 | 51.6 |
| Whole region | 37185 | 495 | 75157 | 24.5 | 116.2 | 63.8 |
| Central region | ||||||
| Hebei | 2981 | 74.3 | 137292 | 13.2 | 82.6 | 50.5 |
| Shanxi | 1277 | 36.6 | 58805 | 12.1 | 88.5 | 54.2 |
| Jilin | 1406 | 27.5 | 64777 | 20.8 | 91.2 | 47.7 |
| Heilongjiang | 1508 | 38.1 | 69478 | 15.6 | 87.4 | 44.5 |
| Anhui | 2201 | 61.4 | 101362 | 12 | 68.2 | 39.4 |
| Jiangxi | 1672 | 45.7 | 77033 | 12.5 | 66.4 | 38.7 |
| Henan | 3700 | 94.8 | 170438 | 10.7 | 79.5 | 39.2 |
| Hubei | 2955 | 58.5 | 136113 | 14.9 | 77.4 | 46.8 |
| Hunan | 2890 | 67.8 | 133129 | 11.6 | 69.2 | 39.9 |
| Whole region | 20590 | 505 | 40790 | 14 | 79 | 45 |
| Western region | ||||||
| Inner Mongolia | 1783 | 25.1 | 82135 | 12.9 | 94.7 | 50.3 |
| Guangxi | 1680 | 48 | 77398 | 9.2 | 75 | 42.8 |
| Chongqing | 1572 | 30.2 | 72396 | 18.6 | 90.8 | 48.3 |
| Sichuan | 3005 | 82 | 138430 | 16.5 | 82.9 | 40 |
| Guizhou | 1050 | 35.3 | 48377 | 8.9 | 83.3 | 38.4 |
| Yunnan | 1362 | 47.4 | 62732 | 8 | 78.9 | 37.4 |
| Tibet | 103 | 3.2 | 4728 | 10.8 | 82.9 | 44.6 |
| Shanxi | 1277 | 36.6 | 58805 | 12.1 | 88.5 | 54.2 |
| Gansu | 679 | 26 | 31277 | 12.5 | 81 | 38.8 |
| Qinghai | 242 | 5.9 | 11133 | 17.7 | 87.9 | 54.5 |
| Ningxia | 291 | 6.7 | 13412 | 12.6 | 95.3 | 49.3 |
| Xinjiang | 932 | 23.6 | 42952 | 21.2 | 86 | 54.9 |
| Whole region | 13976 | 370 | 37770 | 13.4 | 85.6 | 46.1 |
| Whole country | 71751 | 1370 | 52389 | 17.1 | 93.5 | 51.4 |
| Note: DMU = Decision-making unit, GRP = Gross regional product, Pr1 = Fixed-line penetration rate(per 100 persons), Pr2 = Mobile penetration rate(per 100 persons), Pr3 = Internet penetration rate(%). Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2016. | ||||||
| DMU | GRP (billion yuan) | Population (million) | Per capita GRP(yuan) | Pr1 | Pr2 | Pr3 |
| Eastern region | ||||||
| Beijing | 2301 | 21.7 | 106009 | 36.2 | 181.7 | 76.5 |
| Tianjin | 1654 | 15.5 | 76178 | 22.2 | 88.5 | 63 |
| Liaoning | 2867 | 43.8 | 132054 | 23.7 | 97.9 | 62.2 |
| Shanghai | 2512 | 24.2 | 115723 | 33 | 129.7 | 73.1 |
| Jiangsu | 7012 | 79.8 | 322968 | 24.7 | 100.2 | 55.5 |
| Zhejiang | 4289 | 55.4 | 197543 | 26.6 | 131.5 | 65.3 |
| Fujian | 2598 | 38.4 | 119668 | 23.2 | 108.2 | 69.6 |
| Shandong | 6300 | 98.5 | 290200 | 11.4 | 92.3 | 48.9 |
| Guangdong | 7281 | 108.5 | 335387 | 25.9 | 133.5 | 72.4 |
| Hainan | 370 | 9.1 | 17056 | 18.8 | 98.2 | 51.6 |
| Whole region | 37185 | 495 | 75157 | 24.5 | 116.2 | 63.8 |
| Central region | ||||||
| Hebei | 2981 | 74.3 | 137292 | 13.2 | 82.6 | 50.5 |
| Shanxi | 1277 | 36.6 | 58805 | 12.1 | 88.5 | 54.2 |
| Jilin | 1406 | 27.5 | 64777 | 20.8 | 91.2 | 47.7 |
| Heilongjiang | 1508 | 38.1 | 69478 | 15.6 | 87.4 | 44.5 |
| Anhui | 2201 | 61.4 | 101362 | 12 | 68.2 | 39.4 |
| Jiangxi | 1672 | 45.7 | 77033 | 12.5 | 66.4 | 38.7 |
| Henan | 3700 | 94.8 | 170438 | 10.7 | 79.5 | 39.2 |
| Hubei | 2955 | 58.5 | 136113 | 14.9 | 77.4 | 46.8 |
| Hunan | 2890 | 67.8 | 133129 | 11.6 | 69.2 | 39.9 |
| Whole region | 20590 | 505 | 40790 | 14 | 79 | 45 |
| Western region | ||||||
| Inner Mongolia | 1783 | 25.1 | 82135 | 12.9 | 94.7 | 50.3 |
| Guangxi | 1680 | 48 | 77398 | 9.2 | 75 | 42.8 |
| Chongqing | 1572 | 30.2 | 72396 | 18.6 | 90.8 | 48.3 |
| Sichuan | 3005 | 82 | 138430 | 16.5 | 82.9 | 40 |
| Guizhou | 1050 | 35.3 | 48377 | 8.9 | 83.3 | 38.4 |
| Yunnan | 1362 | 47.4 | 62732 | 8 | 78.9 | 37.4 |
| Tibet | 103 | 3.2 | 4728 | 10.8 | 82.9 | 44.6 |
| Shanxi | 1277 | 36.6 | 58805 | 12.1 | 88.5 | 54.2 |
| Gansu | 679 | 26 | 31277 | 12.5 | 81 | 38.8 |
| Qinghai | 242 | 5.9 | 11133 | 17.7 | 87.9 | 54.5 |
| Ningxia | 291 | 6.7 | 13412 | 12.6 | 95.3 | 49.3 |
| Xinjiang | 932 | 23.6 | 42952 | 21.2 | 86 | 54.9 |
| Whole region | 13976 | 370 | 37770 | 13.4 | 85.6 | 46.1 |
| Whole country | 71751 | 1370 | 52389 | 17.1 | 93.5 | 51.4 |
| Note: DMU = Decision-making unit, GRP = Gross regional product, Pr1 = Fixed-line penetration rate(per 100 persons), Pr2 = Mobile penetration rate(per 100 persons), Pr3 = Internet penetration rate(%). Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2016. | ||||||
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of the input and output variables, 2011-2015 (n = 31)
| Telecom revenue(million) | Labour (person) | Cap 1 | Cap 2 | Cap 3 | Cap 4 | |
| 2011 | ||||||
| Mean | 37825 | 48776 | 390945 | 515413 | 14009 | 55366 |
| Median | 30775 | 43488 | 378032 | 433175 | 12154 | 44740 |
| S.D. | 30489 | 32707 | 254058 | 503184 | 10424 | 39246 |
| Minimum | 2386 | 1090 | 50642 | 34540 | 1270 | 2300 |
| Maximum | 161716 | 152384 | 1162101 | 2644348 | 47815 | 190767 |
| 2012 | ||||||
| Mean | 41879 | 49125 | 477203 | 508122 | 14112 | 59363 |
| Median | 34519 | 43579 | 441060 | 411477 | 11902 | 49244 |
| S.D. | 33254 | 32550 | 325007 | 497595 | 9840 | 42026 |
| Minimum | 3301 | 1090 | 63145 | 34540 | 1336 | 3420 |
| Maximum | 176638 | 152293 | 1567817 | 2587636 | 43606 | 203926 |
| 2013 | ||||||
| Mean | 50668 | 49600 | 563023 | 411595 | 13254 | 63406 |
| Median | 42938 | 44245 | 505633 | 342237 | 10255 | 52558 |
| S.D. | 40798 | 32412 | 372801 | 301962 | 9135 | 43518 |
| Minimum | 3965 | 1308 | 74047 | 16620 | 1337 | 3930 |
| Maximum | 217609 | 151377 | 1735687 | 1446394 | 40865 | 211481 |
| 2014 | ||||||
| Mean | 58511 | 50493 | 664920 | 315595 | 13069 | 66137 |
| Median | 52066 | 44681 | 584039 | 224364 | 8907 | 58580 |
| S.D. | 47187 | 33387 | 463481 | 281664 | 13534 | 44984 |
| Minimum | 4543 | 1635 | 88892 | 14310 | 536 | 3930 |
| Maximum | 249354 | 155175 | 2081008 | 1337449 | 74018 | 214181 |
| 2015 | ||||||
| Mean | 75311 | 50079 | 802043 | 268276 | 8530 | 70371 |
| Median | 69949 | 44354 | 656959 | 207480 | 7204 | 58941 |
| S.D. | 60863 | 32599 | 570614 | 209756 | 6017 | 47591 |
| Minimum | 5379 | 1617 | 115695 | 12870 | 115 | 4480 |
| Maximum | 315003 | 150432 | 2511543 | 851520 | 28447 | 220258 |
| Note: Cap 1 = the length of optical cable lines (in kilometres); Cap 2 = the capacity of long-distance telephone exchanges(in circuits); Cap 3 = the capacity of local office telephone exchanges(in thousand exchange lines); Cap 4 = the capacity of mobile telephone exchanges(in thousand subscribers). | ||||||
| Telecom revenue(million) | Labour (person) | Cap 1 | Cap 2 | Cap 3 | Cap 4 | |
| 2011 | ||||||
| Mean | 37825 | 48776 | 390945 | 515413 | 14009 | 55366 |
| Median | 30775 | 43488 | 378032 | 433175 | 12154 | 44740 |
| S.D. | 30489 | 32707 | 254058 | 503184 | 10424 | 39246 |
| Minimum | 2386 | 1090 | 50642 | 34540 | 1270 | 2300 |
| Maximum | 161716 | 152384 | 1162101 | 2644348 | 47815 | 190767 |
| 2012 | ||||||
| Mean | 41879 | 49125 | 477203 | 508122 | 14112 | 59363 |
| Median | 34519 | 43579 | 441060 | 411477 | 11902 | 49244 |
| S.D. | 33254 | 32550 | 325007 | 497595 | 9840 | 42026 |
| Minimum | 3301 | 1090 | 63145 | 34540 | 1336 | 3420 |
| Maximum | 176638 | 152293 | 1567817 | 2587636 | 43606 | 203926 |
| 2013 | ||||||
| Mean | 50668 | 49600 | 563023 | 411595 | 13254 | 63406 |
| Median | 42938 | 44245 | 505633 | 342237 | 10255 | 52558 |
| S.D. | 40798 | 32412 | 372801 | 301962 | 9135 | 43518 |
| Minimum | 3965 | 1308 | 74047 | 16620 | 1337 | 3930 |
| Maximum | 217609 | 151377 | 1735687 | 1446394 | 40865 | 211481 |
| 2014 | ||||||
| Mean | 58511 | 50493 | 664920 | 315595 | 13069 | 66137 |
| Median | 52066 | 44681 | 584039 | 224364 | 8907 | 58580 |
| S.D. | 47187 | 33387 | 463481 | 281664 | 13534 | 44984 |
| Minimum | 4543 | 1635 | 88892 | 14310 | 536 | 3930 |
| Maximum | 249354 | 155175 | 2081008 | 1337449 | 74018 | 214181 |
| 2015 | ||||||
| Mean | 75311 | 50079 | 802043 | 268276 | 8530 | 70371 |
| Median | 69949 | 44354 | 656959 | 207480 | 7204 | 58941 |
| S.D. | 60863 | 32599 | 570614 | 209756 | 6017 | 47591 |
| Minimum | 5379 | 1617 | 115695 | 12870 | 115 | 4480 |
| Maximum | 315003 | 150432 | 2511543 | 851520 | 28447 | 220258 |
| Note: Cap 1 = the length of optical cable lines (in kilometres); Cap 2 = the capacity of long-distance telephone exchanges(in circuits); Cap 3 = the capacity of local office telephone exchanges(in thousand exchange lines); Cap 4 = the capacity of mobile telephone exchanges(in thousand subscribers). | ||||||
Table 3.
Malmquist productivity change index
| DMU | Annual averages (2011-2015) | ||||
| EffCh | TechCh | PEffCh | SEffCh | TFPCh | |
| Eastern region | |||||
| Beijing | 1.000 | 1.110 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.110 |
| Tianjin | 0.919 | 1.158 | 0.986 | 0.932 | 1.064 |
| Liaoning | 0.872 | 1.175 | 0.871 | 1.001 | 1.025 |
| Shanghai | 0.998 | 1.137 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 1.134 |
| Jiangsu | 1.003 | 1.246 | 1.000 | 1.003 | 1.250 |
| Zhejian | 1.000 | 1.218 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.218 |
| Fujian | 1.019 | 1.289 | 1.017 | 1.002 | 1.314 |
| Shandong | 0.935 | 1.235 | 0.936 | 0.999 | 1.155 |
| Guangdong | 1.000 | 1.209 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.209 |
| Hainan | 1.016 | 1.309 | 1.000 | 1.016 | 1.330 |
| Central region | |||||
| Hebei | 0.921 | 1.221 | 0.924 | 0.996 | 1.124 |
| Shanxi | 0.929 | 1.272 | 0.931 | 0.998 | 1.182 |
| Jilin | 0.946 | 1.260 | 0.952 | 0.994 | 1.191 |
| Heilongjiang | 0.888 | 1.177 | 0.899 | 0.988 | 1.045 |
| Anhui | 1.040 | 1.360 | 1.068 | 0.974 | 1.415 |
| Jiangxi | 0.993 | 1.234 | 0.992 | 1.001 | 1.225 |
| Henan | 0.987 | 1.289 | 1.014 | 0.973 | 1.272 |
| Hubei | 0.996 | 1.296 | 1.003 | 0.993 | 1.291 |
| Hunan | 0.958 | 1.266 | 0.957 | 1.001 | 1.213 |
| Western region | |||||
| Inner Mongolia | 0.914 | 1.349 | 0.930 | 0.983 | 1.232 |
| Guangxi | 0.972 | 1.137 | 0.969 | 1.003 | 1.105 |
| Chongqing | 1.017 | 1.337 | 1.015 | 1.002 | 1.361 |
| Sichuan | 0.963 | 1.371 | 1.000 | 0.963 | 1.320 |
| Guizhou | 1.061 | 1.166 | 1.060 | 1.001 | 1.237 |
| Yunnan | 1.009 | 1.274 | 1.009 | 1.001 | 1.285 |
| Tibet | 1.000 | 1.351 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.351 |
| Shanxi | 1.016 | 1.268 | 1.022 | 0.994 | 1.288 |
| Gansu | 1.043 | 1.291 | 1.060 | 0.984 | 1.347 |
| Qinghai | 1.043 | 1.439 | 1.000 | 1.043 | 1.501 |
| Ningxia | 1.006 | 1.259 | 1.000 | 1.006 | 1.266 |
| Xinjiang | 0.932 | 1.275 | 0.947 | 0.983 | 1.188 |
| Eastern region | 0.975 | 1.207 | 0.980 | 0.995 | 1.177 |
| Central region | 0.961 | 1.263 | 0.970 | 0.991 | 1.214 |
| Western region | 0.997 | 1.291 | 1.000 | 0.997 | 1.287 |
| All regions | 0.979 | 1.255 | 0.985 | 0.994 | 1.229 |
| DMU | Annual averages (2011-2015) | ||||
| EffCh | TechCh | PEffCh | SEffCh | TFPCh | |
| Eastern region | |||||
| Beijing | 1.000 | 1.110 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.110 |
| Tianjin | 0.919 | 1.158 | 0.986 | 0.932 | 1.064 |
| Liaoning | 0.872 | 1.175 | 0.871 | 1.001 | 1.025 |
| Shanghai | 0.998 | 1.137 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 1.134 |
| Jiangsu | 1.003 | 1.246 | 1.000 | 1.003 | 1.250 |
| Zhejian | 1.000 | 1.218 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.218 |
| Fujian | 1.019 | 1.289 | 1.017 | 1.002 | 1.314 |
| Shandong | 0.935 | 1.235 | 0.936 | 0.999 | 1.155 |
| Guangdong | 1.000 | 1.209 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.209 |
| Hainan | 1.016 | 1.309 | 1.000 | 1.016 | 1.330 |
| Central region | |||||
| Hebei | 0.921 | 1.221 | 0.924 | 0.996 | 1.124 |
| Shanxi | 0.929 | 1.272 | 0.931 | 0.998 | 1.182 |
| Jilin | 0.946 | 1.260 | 0.952 | 0.994 | 1.191 |
| Heilongjiang | 0.888 | 1.177 | 0.899 | 0.988 | 1.045 |
| Anhui | 1.040 | 1.360 | 1.068 | 0.974 | 1.415 |
| Jiangxi | 0.993 | 1.234 | 0.992 | 1.001 | 1.225 |
| Henan | 0.987 | 1.289 | 1.014 | 0.973 | 1.272 |
| Hubei | 0.996 | 1.296 | 1.003 | 0.993 | 1.291 |
| Hunan | 0.958 | 1.266 | 0.957 | 1.001 | 1.213 |
| Western region | |||||
| Inner Mongolia | 0.914 | 1.349 | 0.930 | 0.983 | 1.232 |
| Guangxi | 0.972 | 1.137 | 0.969 | 1.003 | 1.105 |
| Chongqing | 1.017 | 1.337 | 1.015 | 1.002 | 1.361 |
| Sichuan | 0.963 | 1.371 | 1.000 | 0.963 | 1.320 |
| Guizhou | 1.061 | 1.166 | 1.060 | 1.001 | 1.237 |
| Yunnan | 1.009 | 1.274 | 1.009 | 1.001 | 1.285 |
| Tibet | 1.000 | 1.351 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.351 |
| Shanxi | 1.016 | 1.268 | 1.022 | 0.994 | 1.288 |
| Gansu | 1.043 | 1.291 | 1.060 | 0.984 | 1.347 |
| Qinghai | 1.043 | 1.439 | 1.000 | 1.043 | 1.501 |
| Ningxia | 1.006 | 1.259 | 1.000 | 1.006 | 1.266 |
| Xinjiang | 0.932 | 1.275 | 0.947 | 0.983 | 1.188 |
| Eastern region | 0.975 | 1.207 | 0.980 | 0.995 | 1.177 |
| Central region | 0.961 | 1.263 | 0.970 | 0.991 | 1.214 |
| Western region | 0.997 | 1.291 | 1.000 | 0.997 | 1.287 |
| All regions | 0.979 | 1.255 | 0.985 | 0.994 | 1.229 |
Table 4.
Malmquist TFP index summary of annual averages during 2011 to 2015
| Year | EffCh | TechCh | PEffCh | SEffCh | TFPCh |
| 2012 | 1.006 | 1.068 | 1.006 | 1.000 | 1.074 |
| 2013 | 0.916 | 1.293 | 0.934 | 0.981 | 1.185 |
| 2014 | 1.017 | 1.293 | 1.007 | 1.010 | 1.315 |
| 2015 | 0.982 | 1.390 | 0.993 | 0.988 | 1.364 |
| Year | EffCh | TechCh | PEffCh | SEffCh | TFPCh |
| 2012 | 1.006 | 1.068 | 1.006 | 1.000 | 1.074 |
| 2013 | 0.916 | 1.293 | 0.934 | 0.981 | 1.185 |
| 2014 | 1.017 | 1.293 | 1.007 | 1.010 | 1.315 |
| 2015 | 0.982 | 1.390 | 0.993 | 0.988 | 1.364 |
Table 5.
Comparison of the indexes between the period of 2011– 2013 and the period of 2013–2015
| EffCh | TechCh | PEffCh | SEffCh | TFPCh | |
| 2011-2013 | 0.960 | 1.175 | 0.970 | 0.990 | 1.128 |
| 2013-2015 | 0.999 | 1.340 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.339 |
| EffCh | TechCh | PEffCh | SEffCh | TFPCh | |
| 2011-2013 | 0.960 | 1.175 | 0.970 | 0.990 | 1.128 |
| 2013-2015 | 0.999 | 1.340 | 1.000 | 0.999 | 1.339 |
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