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Nontrivial solutions for the fractional Laplacian problems without asymptotic limits near both infinity and zero
Numerical treatment of Gray-Scott model with operator splitting method
1. | Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |
2. | Department of Mathematics Education, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey |
This article focuses on the numerical solution of a classical, irreversible Gray Scott reaction-diffusion system describing the kinetics of a simple autocatalytic reaction in an unstirred ow reactor. A novel finite element numerical scheme based on B-spline collocation method is developed to solve this model. Before applying finite element method, "strang splitting" idea especially popularized for reaction-diffusion PDEs has been applied to the model. Then, using the underlying idea behind finite element approximation, the domain of integration is partitioned into subintervals which is sought as the basis for the B-spline approximate solution. Thus, the partial derivatives are transformed into a system of algebraic equations. Applicability and accuracy of this method is justified via comparison with the exact solution and calculating both the error norms $ L_2 $ and $ L_\infty $. Numerical results arising from the simulation experiments are also presented.
References:
[1] |
E. N. Aksan, H. Karabenli and A. Esen,
An Application Of Finite Element Method For a Moving Boundary Problem, Thermal Science, 22 (2018), 25-32.
doi: 10.2298/TSCI170613268A. |
[2] |
A. H. A. Ali, G. A. Gardner and L. R. T. Gardner,
A collocation solution for Burgers' equation using cubic B-spline finite elements, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 100 (1992), 325-337.
doi: 10.1016/0045-7825(92)90088-2. |
[3] |
İ. Çelikkaya,
Operator splitting solution of equal width wave equation based on the Lie-Trotter and strang splitting method, Konuralp J. Math., 6 (2018), 200-208.
|
[4] |
X. Cheng, J. Duan and D. Li,
A novel compact ADI scheme for two-dimensional Riesz space fractional nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations, Appl. Math. Comput., 346 (2019), 452-464.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2018.10.065. |
[5] |
M. Dehghan and A. Shokri,
A numerical method for solution of the two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation using the radial basis functions, Math. Comput. Simulation, 79 (2008), 700-715.
doi: 10.1016/j.matcom.2008.04.018. |
[6] |
F. Dkhil, E. Logak and Y. Nishiura,
Some analytical results on the Gray–Scott model, Asymptot. Anal., 39 (2004), 225-261.
|
[7] |
A. J. Doelman, T. J. Kaper and P. Zegeling,
Pattern formation in the one-dimensional Gray Scott model, Nonlinearity, 10 (1997), 523-563.
doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/10/2/013. |
[8] |
A. J. Doelman, R. A. Gardner and T. J. Kaper,
Stability analysis of singular patterns in the 1D Gray-Scott model: A matched asymptotics approach, Phys. D, 122 (1998), 1-36.
doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(98)00180-8. |
[9] |
A. Esen, O. Tasbozan, Y. Ucar and N. M. Yagmurlu,
A B-spline collocation method for solving fractional diffusion and fractional diffusion-wave equations, Tbilisi Math. J., 8 (2015), 181-193.
doi: 10.1515/tmj-2015-0020. |
[10] |
P. Gray and S. K. Scott, Autocatalytic reactions in the isothermal, continuous stirred tank reactor: Oscillations and instabilities in the system $A + 2B \rightarrow 3B$, $B \rightarrow C$, Chem. Eng. Sci., 39 (1984), 1087-1097. Google Scholar |
[11] |
S. Guo, L. Mei, Z. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. He and Y. Li,
Finite difference/Hermite-Galerkin spectral method for multi-dimensional time-fractional nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation in unbounded domains, Appl. Math. Model., 70 (2019), 246-263.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2019.01.018. |
[12] |
S. Hasnain, M. Saqib, M. F. Afzaal and N. A. Harbi,
Numerical study to coupled three dimensional reaction diffusion system, IEEE Access, 7 (2019), 46695-46705.
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903977. |
[13] |
R. S. Johnson, A Modern Introduction to The Mathematical Theory of Water Waves, Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511624056.![]() ![]() |
[14] |
B. Karaagac and A. Esen,
The Hunter-Saxton: A numerical approach using collocation method, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 34 (2018), 1637-1644.
doi: 10.1002/num.22199. |
[15] |
A. H. Khater, R. S. Temsah and M. M. Hassan,
A Chebyshev spectral collocation method for solving Burgers-type equations, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 222 (2008), 333-350.
doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2007.11.007. |
[16] | Y. S. Kivshar and G. P. Agrawal, Optical Solitons: From Fibers to Photonic Crystals, Academic Press, an Diego, 2003. Google Scholar |
[17] |
V. V. Konotop, Dark solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates: Theory, Springer, (2008), 65–83. Google Scholar |
[18] |
A. Korkmaz, O. Ersoy Hepson and ł. Dag,
Motion of patterns modeled by the Gray-Scott autocatalysis system in one dimension, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem., 77 (2017), 507-526.
|
[19] |
S. Kumar, R. Jiwari and R. C. Mittal,
Numerical simulation for computational modelling of reaction-diffusion Brusselator model arising in chemical processes, J. Math. Chem., 57 (2019), 149-179.
doi: 10.1007/s10910-018-0941-2. |
[20] |
S. Kutluay, Y. Ucar and N. M. Yagmurlu,
Numerical solutions of the modified Burgers equation by a cubic B-spline collocation method, Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc., 39 (2016), 1603-1614.
doi: 10.1007/s40840-015-0262-6. |
[21] |
S. A. Manaa and J. Rasheed, Successive and finite difference method for gray Scott model, Science Journal of University of Zakho, 1 (2013), 862-873. Google Scholar |
[22] |
G. Micula and S. Micula, Handbook of Splines, Mathematics and its Applications, 462, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1999.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-5338-6. |
[23] |
R. C. Mittal and R. K. Jain,
Numerical solutions of nonlinear Burgers equation with modified cubic B-splines collocation method, Appl. Math. Comput., 218 (2012), 7839-7855.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2012.01.059. |
[24] |
A. K. Mittal and V. K. Kukreja, Solution of Burger's equations by orthogonal collocation on finite elements hermite basis, 6th Int. Conference On Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics (Icaesam'2016) Dec. Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 2016, 40–45. Google Scholar |
[25] |
A. T. Onarcan, N. Adar and I. Dag, Numerical solutions of reaction-diffusion equation systems with trigonometric quintic B-spline collocation algorithm, preprint, arXiv: 1701.04558. Google Scholar |
[26] |
A. B. Orovio, D. Kay and K. Burrage,
Fourier spectral methods for fractional-in-space reaction-diffusion equations, BIT, 54 (2014), 937-954.
doi: 10.1007/s10543-014-0484-2. |
[27] |
O. Oruc, A. Esen and F. Bulut, A Haar wavelet collocation method for coupled nonlinear Schrödinger- KdV equations, Internat. J. Modern Phys., 27 (2016), 1650103, 16 pp.
doi: 10.1142/S0129183116501035. |
[28] |
K. M. Owolabi,
Numerical solution of diffusive HBV model in a fractional medium, SpringerPlus, 5 (2016), 2-19.
doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3295-x. |
[29] |
K. M. Owolabi and K. C. Patidar,
Higher-order time-stepping methods for time-dependent reaction-diffusion equations arising in biology, Appl. Math. Comput., 240 (2014), 30-50.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2014.04.055. |
[30] |
K. M. Owolabi,
Numerical analysis and pattern formation process for space-fractional superdiffusive systems, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 12 (2019), 543-566.
|
[31] |
K. M. Owolabi,
Robust IMEX schemes for solving two-dimensional reaction-diffusion models, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 16 (2015), 271-284.
doi: 10.1515/ijnsns-2015-0004. |
[32] |
K. M. Owolabi and A. Atangana,
Numerical simulations of chaotic and complex spatiotemporal patterns in fractional reaction-diffusion systems, Comput. Appl. Math., 37 (2018), 2166-2189.
doi: 10.1007/s40314-017-0445-x. |
[33] |
K. M. Owolabi and E. Pindza,
Mathematical and computational studies of fractional reaction-diffusion system modelling predator-prey interactions, J. Numer. Math., 26 (2018), 97-110.
|
[34] |
K. M. Owolabi and K. C. Patidar,
Numerical solution of singular patterns in one-dimensional Gray-Scott-like models, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 15 (2014), 437-462.
doi: 10.1515/ijnsns-2013-0124. |
[35] |
J. E. Pearson,
Complex patterns in a simple system, Science, 261 (1993), 189-192.
doi: 10.1126/science.261.5118.189. |
[36] |
L. A. Peletier, Pulses, kinks and fronts in the Gray-Scott model, Nonlinear Diffusive Systems-dynamics and Asymptotic Analysis (Japanese) (Kyoto, 2000), Surikaisekikenkyusho Kokyuroku, 1178 (2000), 16–28. |
[37] |
S. Z. Rida, A. M. A. El-Sayed and A. A. M. Arafa,
On the solutions of time-fractional reaction-diffusion equations, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 15 (2010), 3847-3854.
doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.02.007. |
[38] |
M. Rodrigo and M. Mimura,
Exact solutions of reaction-diffusion systems and nonlinear wave equations, Japan J. Indust. Appl. Math., 18 (2001), 657-696.
doi: 10.1007/BF03167410. |
[39] |
S. G. Rubin and R. A. Graves, A Cubic Spline Approximation for Problems in Fluid Mechanics, NASA TR R-436, Washington, DC, 1975. Google Scholar |
[40] |
N. Stollenwerk and J. P. Boto,
Reaction-superdiffusion systems in epidemiology, an application of fractional calculus, AIP Conf. Proc., 1168 (2009), 1548-1551.
doi: 10.1063/1.3241397. |
[41] |
V. Tuoi, Mathematical Analysis of Some Models for Drug Delivery, Phd thesis, National University of Ireland, 2012. Google Scholar |
[42] |
A. M. Turing, The chemical basis of morphogenesis, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 52 (1990), 153-197. Google Scholar |
[43] |
Y. Ucar, N. M. Yagmurlu and İ. Çelikkaya,
Operator splitting for numerical solution of the modified Burgers' equation using finite element method, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 35 (2019), 478-492.
doi: 10.1002/num.22309. |
[44] |
K. Wang and W. Wang,
Propagation of HBV with spatial dependence, Math. Biosci., 210 (2007), 78-95.
doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2007.05.004. |
[45] |
A. M. Wazwaz,
New solitary wave solutions to the modified Kawahara equation, Phys. Lett. A, 360 (2007), 588-592.
doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2006.08.068. |
[46] |
O. P. Yadav and R. Jiwari,
A finite element approach for analysis and computational modelling of coupled reaction diffusion models, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 35 (2019), 830-850.
doi: 10.1002/num.22328. |
show all references
References:
[1] |
E. N. Aksan, H. Karabenli and A. Esen,
An Application Of Finite Element Method For a Moving Boundary Problem, Thermal Science, 22 (2018), 25-32.
doi: 10.2298/TSCI170613268A. |
[2] |
A. H. A. Ali, G. A. Gardner and L. R. T. Gardner,
A collocation solution for Burgers' equation using cubic B-spline finite elements, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg., 100 (1992), 325-337.
doi: 10.1016/0045-7825(92)90088-2. |
[3] |
İ. Çelikkaya,
Operator splitting solution of equal width wave equation based on the Lie-Trotter and strang splitting method, Konuralp J. Math., 6 (2018), 200-208.
|
[4] |
X. Cheng, J. Duan and D. Li,
A novel compact ADI scheme for two-dimensional Riesz space fractional nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations, Appl. Math. Comput., 346 (2019), 452-464.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2018.10.065. |
[5] |
M. Dehghan and A. Shokri,
A numerical method for solution of the two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation using the radial basis functions, Math. Comput. Simulation, 79 (2008), 700-715.
doi: 10.1016/j.matcom.2008.04.018. |
[6] |
F. Dkhil, E. Logak and Y. Nishiura,
Some analytical results on the Gray–Scott model, Asymptot. Anal., 39 (2004), 225-261.
|
[7] |
A. J. Doelman, T. J. Kaper and P. Zegeling,
Pattern formation in the one-dimensional Gray Scott model, Nonlinearity, 10 (1997), 523-563.
doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/10/2/013. |
[8] |
A. J. Doelman, R. A. Gardner and T. J. Kaper,
Stability analysis of singular patterns in the 1D Gray-Scott model: A matched asymptotics approach, Phys. D, 122 (1998), 1-36.
doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(98)00180-8. |
[9] |
A. Esen, O. Tasbozan, Y. Ucar and N. M. Yagmurlu,
A B-spline collocation method for solving fractional diffusion and fractional diffusion-wave equations, Tbilisi Math. J., 8 (2015), 181-193.
doi: 10.1515/tmj-2015-0020. |
[10] |
P. Gray and S. K. Scott, Autocatalytic reactions in the isothermal, continuous stirred tank reactor: Oscillations and instabilities in the system $A + 2B \rightarrow 3B$, $B \rightarrow C$, Chem. Eng. Sci., 39 (1984), 1087-1097. Google Scholar |
[11] |
S. Guo, L. Mei, Z. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. He and Y. Li,
Finite difference/Hermite-Galerkin spectral method for multi-dimensional time-fractional nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation in unbounded domains, Appl. Math. Model., 70 (2019), 246-263.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2019.01.018. |
[12] |
S. Hasnain, M. Saqib, M. F. Afzaal and N. A. Harbi,
Numerical study to coupled three dimensional reaction diffusion system, IEEE Access, 7 (2019), 46695-46705.
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903977. |
[13] |
R. S. Johnson, A Modern Introduction to The Mathematical Theory of Water Waves, Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511624056.![]() ![]() |
[14] |
B. Karaagac and A. Esen,
The Hunter-Saxton: A numerical approach using collocation method, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 34 (2018), 1637-1644.
doi: 10.1002/num.22199. |
[15] |
A. H. Khater, R. S. Temsah and M. M. Hassan,
A Chebyshev spectral collocation method for solving Burgers-type equations, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 222 (2008), 333-350.
doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2007.11.007. |
[16] | Y. S. Kivshar and G. P. Agrawal, Optical Solitons: From Fibers to Photonic Crystals, Academic Press, an Diego, 2003. Google Scholar |
[17] |
V. V. Konotop, Dark solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates: Theory, Springer, (2008), 65–83. Google Scholar |
[18] |
A. Korkmaz, O. Ersoy Hepson and ł. Dag,
Motion of patterns modeled by the Gray-Scott autocatalysis system in one dimension, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem., 77 (2017), 507-526.
|
[19] |
S. Kumar, R. Jiwari and R. C. Mittal,
Numerical simulation for computational modelling of reaction-diffusion Brusselator model arising in chemical processes, J. Math. Chem., 57 (2019), 149-179.
doi: 10.1007/s10910-018-0941-2. |
[20] |
S. Kutluay, Y. Ucar and N. M. Yagmurlu,
Numerical solutions of the modified Burgers equation by a cubic B-spline collocation method, Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc., 39 (2016), 1603-1614.
doi: 10.1007/s40840-015-0262-6. |
[21] |
S. A. Manaa and J. Rasheed, Successive and finite difference method for gray Scott model, Science Journal of University of Zakho, 1 (2013), 862-873. Google Scholar |
[22] |
G. Micula and S. Micula, Handbook of Splines, Mathematics and its Applications, 462, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1999.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-5338-6. |
[23] |
R. C. Mittal and R. K. Jain,
Numerical solutions of nonlinear Burgers equation with modified cubic B-splines collocation method, Appl. Math. Comput., 218 (2012), 7839-7855.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2012.01.059. |
[24] |
A. K. Mittal and V. K. Kukreja, Solution of Burger's equations by orthogonal collocation on finite elements hermite basis, 6th Int. Conference On Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics (Icaesam'2016) Dec. Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 2016, 40–45. Google Scholar |
[25] |
A. T. Onarcan, N. Adar and I. Dag, Numerical solutions of reaction-diffusion equation systems with trigonometric quintic B-spline collocation algorithm, preprint, arXiv: 1701.04558. Google Scholar |
[26] |
A. B. Orovio, D. Kay and K. Burrage,
Fourier spectral methods for fractional-in-space reaction-diffusion equations, BIT, 54 (2014), 937-954.
doi: 10.1007/s10543-014-0484-2. |
[27] |
O. Oruc, A. Esen and F. Bulut, A Haar wavelet collocation method for coupled nonlinear Schrödinger- KdV equations, Internat. J. Modern Phys., 27 (2016), 1650103, 16 pp.
doi: 10.1142/S0129183116501035. |
[28] |
K. M. Owolabi,
Numerical solution of diffusive HBV model in a fractional medium, SpringerPlus, 5 (2016), 2-19.
doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3295-x. |
[29] |
K. M. Owolabi and K. C. Patidar,
Higher-order time-stepping methods for time-dependent reaction-diffusion equations arising in biology, Appl. Math. Comput., 240 (2014), 30-50.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2014.04.055. |
[30] |
K. M. Owolabi,
Numerical analysis and pattern formation process for space-fractional superdiffusive systems, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 12 (2019), 543-566.
|
[31] |
K. M. Owolabi,
Robust IMEX schemes for solving two-dimensional reaction-diffusion models, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 16 (2015), 271-284.
doi: 10.1515/ijnsns-2015-0004. |
[32] |
K. M. Owolabi and A. Atangana,
Numerical simulations of chaotic and complex spatiotemporal patterns in fractional reaction-diffusion systems, Comput. Appl. Math., 37 (2018), 2166-2189.
doi: 10.1007/s40314-017-0445-x. |
[33] |
K. M. Owolabi and E. Pindza,
Mathematical and computational studies of fractional reaction-diffusion system modelling predator-prey interactions, J. Numer. Math., 26 (2018), 97-110.
|
[34] |
K. M. Owolabi and K. C. Patidar,
Numerical solution of singular patterns in one-dimensional Gray-Scott-like models, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 15 (2014), 437-462.
doi: 10.1515/ijnsns-2013-0124. |
[35] |
J. E. Pearson,
Complex patterns in a simple system, Science, 261 (1993), 189-192.
doi: 10.1126/science.261.5118.189. |
[36] |
L. A. Peletier, Pulses, kinks and fronts in the Gray-Scott model, Nonlinear Diffusive Systems-dynamics and Asymptotic Analysis (Japanese) (Kyoto, 2000), Surikaisekikenkyusho Kokyuroku, 1178 (2000), 16–28. |
[37] |
S. Z. Rida, A. M. A. El-Sayed and A. A. M. Arafa,
On the solutions of time-fractional reaction-diffusion equations, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul., 15 (2010), 3847-3854.
doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.02.007. |
[38] |
M. Rodrigo and M. Mimura,
Exact solutions of reaction-diffusion systems and nonlinear wave equations, Japan J. Indust. Appl. Math., 18 (2001), 657-696.
doi: 10.1007/BF03167410. |
[39] |
S. G. Rubin and R. A. Graves, A Cubic Spline Approximation for Problems in Fluid Mechanics, NASA TR R-436, Washington, DC, 1975. Google Scholar |
[40] |
N. Stollenwerk and J. P. Boto,
Reaction-superdiffusion systems in epidemiology, an application of fractional calculus, AIP Conf. Proc., 1168 (2009), 1548-1551.
doi: 10.1063/1.3241397. |
[41] |
V. Tuoi, Mathematical Analysis of Some Models for Drug Delivery, Phd thesis, National University of Ireland, 2012. Google Scholar |
[42] |
A. M. Turing, The chemical basis of morphogenesis, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 52 (1990), 153-197. Google Scholar |
[43] |
Y. Ucar, N. M. Yagmurlu and İ. Çelikkaya,
Operator splitting for numerical solution of the modified Burgers' equation using finite element method, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 35 (2019), 478-492.
doi: 10.1002/num.22309. |
[44] |
K. Wang and W. Wang,
Propagation of HBV with spatial dependence, Math. Biosci., 210 (2007), 78-95.
doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2007.05.004. |
[45] |
A. M. Wazwaz,
New solitary wave solutions to the modified Kawahara equation, Phys. Lett. A, 360 (2007), 588-592.
doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2006.08.068. |
[46] |
O. P. Yadav and R. Jiwari,
A finite element approach for analysis and computational modelling of coupled reaction diffusion models, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 35 (2019), 830-850.
doi: 10.1002/num.22328. |



0.1 | 16.255794672 | 8.8693520879 | 16.255794674 | 8.8693521167 | |
0.05 | 4.7212245929 | 3.5788660872 | 4.7212245653 | 3.5788660765 | |
0.025 | 3.1114886810 | 3.6707532707 | 3.1114889322 | 3.6707531289 | |
0.0125 | 3.3850799985 | 9.7614962725 | 3.3850788862 | 9.7614970661 |
0.1 | 16.255794672 | 8.8693520879 | 16.255794674 | 8.8693521167 | |
0.05 | 4.7212245929 | 3.5788660872 | 4.7212245653 | 3.5788660765 | |
0.025 | 3.1114886810 | 3.6707532707 | 3.1114889322 | 3.6707531289 | |
0.0125 | 3.3850799985 | 9.7614962725 | 3.3850788862 | 9.7614970661 |
0.1 | 16.339991746 | 8.7969669421 | 16.339991702 | 8.7969670275 | |
0.05 | 4.8404628306 | 3.5790496331 | 4.8404627644 | 3.5790495422 | |
0.025 | 2.9993515295 | 3.6711268925 | 2.9993514761 | 3.6711268910 | |
0.0125 | 2.9168925317 | 3.7175342072 | 2.9168926962 | 3.7175350072 |
0.1 | 16.339991746 | 8.7969669421 | 16.339991702 | 8.7969670275 | |
0.05 | 4.8404628306 | 3.5790496331 | 4.8404627644 | 3.5790495422 | |
0.025 | 2.9993515295 | 3.6711268925 | 2.9993514761 | 3.6711268910 | |
0.0125 | 2.9168925317 | 3.7175342072 | 2.9168926962 | 3.7175350072 |
h | |||||
0.1 | 16.374721220 | 8.7933451145 | 16.374721299 | 8.7933453672 | |
0.05 | 4.9049725941 | 3.5790587130 | 4.9049726730 | 3.5790587406 | |
0.025 | 3.0513500430 | 3.6711456886 | 3.0513501767 | 3.6711458248 | |
0.0125 | 3.0513500430 | 3.6711456886 | 3.0513501767 | 3.6711458248 |
h | |||||
0.1 | 16.374721220 | 8.7933451145 | 16.374721299 | 8.7933453672 | |
0.05 | 4.9049725941 | 3.5790587130 | 4.9049726730 | 3.5790587406 | |
0.025 | 3.0513500430 | 3.6711456886 | 3.0513501767 | 3.6711458248 | |
0.0125 | 3.0513500430 | 3.6711456886 | 3.0513501767 | 3.6711458248 |
h | |||||
0.1 | 16.382270949 | 8.7929105788 | 16.382270862 | 8.7929107112 | |
0.05 | 4.9186006922 | 3.5790599957 | 4.9186005560 | 3.5790598445 | |
0.025 | 3.0624459954 | 3.6711482907 | 3.0624458638 | 3.6711480981 | |
0.0125 | 2.9466605008 | 3.7175784792 | 2.9466601800 | 3.7175779681 |
h | |||||
0.1 | 16.382270949 | 8.7929105788 | 16.382270862 | 8.7929107112 | |
0.05 | 4.9186006922 | 3.5790599957 | 4.9186005560 | 3.5790598445 | |
0.025 | 3.0624459954 | 3.6711482907 | 3.0624458638 | 3.6711480981 | |
0.0125 | 2.9466605008 | 3.7175784792 | 2.9466601800 | 3.7175779681 |
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