Assessment of lattice Boltzmann method for low-rise building wind flow simulation with limited resources

Martin L. Kliemank; Dominik Wilde; Mario C. Bedrunka; Andreas Krämer; Holger Foysi; Dirk Reith

doi:10.3934/dcdss.2023046

Article Contents

2024, Volume 17, Issue 11: 3205-3223. Doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2023046

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Assessment of lattice Boltzmann method for low-rise building wind flow simulation with limited resources

1.
Institute of Technology, Resource and Energy-efficient Engineering (TREE), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Germany
2.
Department of Energy and Automation Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
3.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Siegen, Germany
4.
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
5.
Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Germany

^*Corresponding author: Martin L. Kliemank
^*Corresponding author: Martin L. Kliemank

Received: December 2022

Revised: January 2023

Early access: March 13, 2023

Published online: March 13, 2023

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Abstract

The study of low-rise buildings' interaction with wind is gravitating toward large eddy simulation (LES) for simulating airflow. As it is straightforward to implement and also offers the option to simulate particles, sound, and heat flow, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) may be an interesting option among the LES methods but has so far barely been explored for this application. In this work, the LBM is investigated and assessed as a tool for the analysis of wind flow around low-rise buildings. The hardware resources used are limited to one GPU to mimic the limited resources an industrial setting or a preliminary study might allow for. We suggest an efficient LBM simulation setup and compare its results from the wind flow around nine exemplary gable roofed low-rise buildings to findings of previous studies, both in detail and in terms of found behaviors. All comparisons show good agreement between our findings and the previous results obtained via other simulation methods or wind tunnel measurements. These results confirm that the LBM may be used to investigate low-rise buildings, even with limited hardware. It is thus a further contender among the available LES methods and our setup may serve as starting point for its application.

Keywords:

Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 76P05; Secondary: 76F65.

Citation:

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Figure 1. Plain eave (left) and closed eave type roof overhang (right)

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Figure 2. Illustration of the used simulation domain and the boundary conditions making it up (1: Bounce-Back Boundary, 2: Zero-Gradient Boundary, 3: Equilibrium Boundary, 4: Synthetic Eddy Inlet)

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Figure 3. Illustration of the used simulation domain and its measurements relative to the building's length $ d $

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Figure 4. Comparison of the average values along the centerline of the building with 35° roof pitch and no overhang at different lattice resolutions $ d^\star $ showing that increasing the resolution further does not result in a significant change of the results

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Figure 5. Power law wind speed profile defining stream-wise average velocity $ U(z) $ at the inlet boundary

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Figure 6. Centerline and plane of the roof that are the focus of the comparison

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Figure 7. Visualization of one frame of the flow around the building with 35° roof pitch using a Q-criterion of $ {5\times 10^{-7}} $ colored by velocity magnitude (blue: slow, red: fast)

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Figure 8. Streamlines of the time-averaged velocity field around the building with 35° roof pitch colored by velocity magnitude (blue: slow, red: fast). View from near the origin (left), below (middle) and in y-direction (right)

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Figure 9. Comparison of the time-averaged pressure coefficients from the wind tunnel measurements by [47] with simulation results from this work along the centerline of the roof (starting at the windward eave)

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Figure 10. Comparison of the time-averaged, normalized wind velocities from the wind tunnel measurements by [47] (gray dots) with simulation results from this work (black line) at different locations (dashed lines) of the y-direction center plane. The main axes signify the position relative to the building. The auxiliary axis at the top right shows the scale of the normalized velocity

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Figure 11. Comparison of the normalized turbulent kinetic energy from the wind tunnel measurements by [47] (gray dots) with simulation results from this work (black line) at different locations (dashed lines) of the y-direction center plane. The main axes signify the position relative to the building. The auxiliary axis at the top right shows the scale of the normalized turbulent kinetic energy

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Figure 12. Comparison of the streamlines in the center plane at the different roof pitches (20°, 35°, 50° left to right) based on the time-averaged velocity values, background colored by velocity magnitude (blue: slow, red: fast)

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Figure 13. Comparison of the time-averaged pressure coefficient along the length of the roof at the three different roof pitches along the centerline of the roof (starting at the windward eave)

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Figure 14. Comparison of time-averaged pressure coefficients recorded in simulations with different inlet parameters near the roof with 35° roof pitch without roof overhang along the centerline of the roof (starting at the windward eave)

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Figure 15. Comparison of streamlines in center plane at the different roof pitches (20°, 35°, 50° left to right) with roof overhang based on the time-averaged velocity values, background colored by velocity magnitude (blue: slow, red: fast)

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Figure 16. Comparison of time-averaged pressure coefficients with and without roof overhang at the three different roof pitches along the centerline of the roof (starting at the windward eave)

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Figure 17. Comparison of time-averaged pressure coefficients recorded in simulations with different inlet parameters near the roof with 35° roof pitch with roof overhang along the centerline of the roof (starting at the windward eave)

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Table 1. Overview of simulated building shapes

over-hang	roof pitch
over-hang	20°	35°	50°
no
yes

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