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A shape optimization problem constrained with the Stokes equations to address maximization of vortices
1. | Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan |
2. | Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan |
We study an optimization problem that aims to determine the shape of an obstacle that is submerged in a fluid governed by the Stokes equations. The mentioned flow takes place in a channel, which motivated the imposition of a Poiseuille-like input function on one end and a do-nothing boundary condition on the other. The maximization of the vorticity is addressed by the $ L^2 $-norm of the curl and the det-grad measure of the fluid. We impose a Tikhonov regularization in the form of a perimeter functional and a volume constraint to address the possibility of topological change. Having been able to establish the existence of an optimal shape, the first order necessary condition was formulated by utilizing the so-called rearrangement method. Finally, numerical examples are presented by utilizing a finite element method on the governing states, and a gradient descent method for the deformation of the domain. On the said gradient descent method, we use two approaches to address the volume constraint: one is by utilizing the augmented Lagrangian method; and the other one is by utilizing a class of divergence-free deformation fields.
References:
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H. Azegami, Solution of shape optimization problem and its application to product design, In Mathematical Analysis of Continuum Mechanics and Industrial Applications, (eds. H. Itou, M. Kimura, V. Chalupecký, K. Ohtsuka, D. Tagami and A. Takada), Springer Singapore, Singapore, 26 (2017), 83–98.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-2633-1_6. |
[2] |
J. Bacani and G. Peichl, On the first-order shape derivative of the Kohn–Vogelius cost functional of the Bernoulli problem, Abstr. Appl. Anal., 2013 (2013), Art. ID 384320, 19 pp.
doi: 10.1155/2013/384320. |
[3] |
D. Chenais,
On the existence of a solution in a domain identification problem, J. Math. Anal. Appl, 52 (1975), 189-219.
doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(75)90091-8. |
[4] |
M. S. Chong, A. E. Perry and B. J. Cantwell,
A general classification of three-dimensional flow fields, Phys. Fluids A, 2 (1990), 765-777.
doi: 10.1063/1.857730. |
[5] |
C. Dapogny, P. Frey, F. Omnès and Y. Privat,
Geometrical shape optimization in fluid mechanics using {F}ree{F}em++, Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 58 (2018), 2761-2788.
doi: 10.1007/s00158-018-2023-2. |
[6] |
M. Delfour and J.-P. Zolesio, Shapes and Geometries: Metrics, Analysis, Differential Calculus, and Optimization, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, PA, 2011.
doi: 10.1137/1.9780898719826. |
[7] |
M. Desai and K. Ito,
Optimal controls of Navier–Stokes equations, SIAM J. Control Optim., 32 (1994), 1428-1446.
doi: 10.1137/S0363012992224972. |
[8] |
M. F. Eggl and P. J. Schmid, Mixing enhancement in binary fluids using optimised stirring strategies, J. Fluid Mech., 899 (2020), A24, 21 pp.
doi: 10.1017/jfm.2020.448. |
[9] |
L. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, American Mathematical Society, 1998. |
[10] |
T. L. B. Flinois and T. Colonius,
Optimal control of circular cylinder wakes using long control horizons, Physics of Fluids, 27 (2015), 087105.
doi: 10.1063/1.4928896. |
[11] |
Z. M. Gao, Y. C. Ma and H. W. Zhuang,
Shape optimization for Navier–Stokes flow, Inverse Probl. Sci. Eng., 16 (2008), 583-616.
doi: 10.1080/17415970701743319. |
[12] |
V. Girault and P.-A. Raviart, Finite Element Methods for Navier–Stokes Equations: Theory and Algorithms, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, 5. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-61623-5. |
[13] |
K. Goto, K. Nakajima and H. Notsu, Twin vortex computer in fluid flow, New J. Phys., 23 (2021), 063051, 14 pp.
doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/ac024d. |
[14] |
J. Haslinger, K. Ito, T. Kozubek, K. Kunisch and G. Peichl,
On the shape derivative for problems of Bernoulli type, Interfaces Free Bound., 11 (2009), 317-330.
doi: 10.4171/IFB/213. |
[15] |
J. Haslinger, J. Málek and J. Stebel,
Shape optimization in problems governed by generalised Navier–Stokes equations: Existence analysis, Control Cybernet., 34 (2005), 283-303.
|
[16] |
F. Hecht,
New development in FreeFem++, J. Numer. Math., 20 (2012), 251-265.
doi: 10.1515/jnum-2012-0013. |
[17] |
A. Henrot and M. Pierre, Shape Variation and Optimization: A Geometrical Analysis, EMS Tracts in Mathematics, 28. European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2018.
doi: 10.4171/178. |
[18] |
A. Henrot and Y. Privat,
What is the optimal shape of a pipe?, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 196 (2010), 281-302.
doi: 10.1007/s00205-009-0243-8. |
[19] |
J. C. R. Hunt, A. A. Wray and P. Moin, Eddies, streams, and convergence zones in turbulent flows, In Proc. 1988 Summer Program of Center for Turbulence Research Program, (1998), 193–208. |
[20] |
K. Ito, K. Kunisch and G. H. Peichl,
Variational approach to shape derivatives, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 14 (2008), 517-539.
doi: 10.1051/cocv:2008002. |
[21] |
Y. Iwata, H. Azegami, T. Aoyama and E. Katamine,
Numerical solution to shape optimization problems for non-stationary Navier–Stokes problems, JSIAM Lett., 2 (2010), 37-40.
doi: 10.14495/jsiaml.2.37. |
[22] |
J. Jeong and F. Hussain,
On the identification of a vortex, J. Fluid Mech., 285 (1995), 69-94.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112095000462. |
[23] |
H. Kasumba and K. Kunisch,
Vortex control in channel flows using translational invariant cost functionals, Comput. Optim. Appl., 52 (2012), 691-717.
doi: 10.1007/s10589-011-9434-y. |
[24] |
G. Mather, I. Mezić, S. Grivopoulos, U. Vaidya and L. Petzold,
Optimal control of mixing in Stokes fluid flows, J. Fluid Mech., 580 (2007), 261-281.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112007005332. |
[25] |
B. Mohammadi and O. Pironneau, Applied Shape Optimization for Fluids, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Numerical Mathematics and Scientific Computations, Oxford University Press, 2010. |
[26] |
P. Monk, Finite Element Methods for Maxwell's Equations, Oxford University Press, 2003.
doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.001.0001. |
[27] |
M. T. Nair, M. Hegland and R. S. Anderssen,
The trade-off between regularity and stability in Tikhonov regularization, Math. Comp., 66 (1997), 193-206.
doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-97-00811-9. |
[28] |
J. Nocedal and S. Wright, Numerical Optimization, vol. 2 of Springer Series in Operations Research and Financial Engineering, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Springer, New York, 2006. |
[29] |
H. Notsu and M. Tabata,
Error estimates of a stabilized Lagrange-Galerkin scheme for the Navier–Stokes equations, ESAIM Math. Model. Numer. Anal., 50 (2016), 361-380.
doi: 10.1051/m2an/2015047. |
[30] |
M. Pošta and T. Roubíček,
Optimal control of Navier–Stokes equations by Oseen approximation, Comput. Math. Appl., 53 (2007), 569-581.
doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2006.02.034. |
[31] |
J. F. T. Rabago and H. Azegami,
An improved shape optimization formulation of the Bernoulli problem by tracking the Neumann data, J. Engrg. Math., 117 (2019), 1-29.
doi: 10.1007/s10665-019-10005-x. |
[32] |
J. F. T. Rabago and H. Azegami,
A second-order shape optimization algorithm for solving the exterior Bernoulli free boundary problem using a new boundary cost functional, Comput. Optim. Appl., 77 (2020), 251-305.
doi: 10.1007/s10589-020-00199-7. |
[33] |
S. Schmidt and V. Schulz,
Shape derivatives for general objective functions and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, Control Cybernet., 39 (2010), 677-713.
|
[34] |
J. Sokolowski and J.-P. Zolesio, Introduction to Shape Optimization: Shape Sensitivity Analysis, 1$^{st}$ edition, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, 16. Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1992.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-58106-9. |
show all references
References:
[1] |
H. Azegami, Solution of shape optimization problem and its application to product design, In Mathematical Analysis of Continuum Mechanics and Industrial Applications, (eds. H. Itou, M. Kimura, V. Chalupecký, K. Ohtsuka, D. Tagami and A. Takada), Springer Singapore, Singapore, 26 (2017), 83–98.
doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-2633-1_6. |
[2] |
J. Bacani and G. Peichl, On the first-order shape derivative of the Kohn–Vogelius cost functional of the Bernoulli problem, Abstr. Appl. Anal., 2013 (2013), Art. ID 384320, 19 pp.
doi: 10.1155/2013/384320. |
[3] |
D. Chenais,
On the existence of a solution in a domain identification problem, J. Math. Anal. Appl, 52 (1975), 189-219.
doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(75)90091-8. |
[4] |
M. S. Chong, A. E. Perry and B. J. Cantwell,
A general classification of three-dimensional flow fields, Phys. Fluids A, 2 (1990), 765-777.
doi: 10.1063/1.857730. |
[5] |
C. Dapogny, P. Frey, F. Omnès and Y. Privat,
Geometrical shape optimization in fluid mechanics using {F}ree{F}em++, Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 58 (2018), 2761-2788.
doi: 10.1007/s00158-018-2023-2. |
[6] |
M. Delfour and J.-P. Zolesio, Shapes and Geometries: Metrics, Analysis, Differential Calculus, and Optimization, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, PA, 2011.
doi: 10.1137/1.9780898719826. |
[7] |
M. Desai and K. Ito,
Optimal controls of Navier–Stokes equations, SIAM J. Control Optim., 32 (1994), 1428-1446.
doi: 10.1137/S0363012992224972. |
[8] |
M. F. Eggl and P. J. Schmid, Mixing enhancement in binary fluids using optimised stirring strategies, J. Fluid Mech., 899 (2020), A24, 21 pp.
doi: 10.1017/jfm.2020.448. |
[9] |
L. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, American Mathematical Society, 1998. |
[10] |
T. L. B. Flinois and T. Colonius,
Optimal control of circular cylinder wakes using long control horizons, Physics of Fluids, 27 (2015), 087105.
doi: 10.1063/1.4928896. |
[11] |
Z. M. Gao, Y. C. Ma and H. W. Zhuang,
Shape optimization for Navier–Stokes flow, Inverse Probl. Sci. Eng., 16 (2008), 583-616.
doi: 10.1080/17415970701743319. |
[12] |
V. Girault and P.-A. Raviart, Finite Element Methods for Navier–Stokes Equations: Theory and Algorithms, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, 5. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-61623-5. |
[13] |
K. Goto, K. Nakajima and H. Notsu, Twin vortex computer in fluid flow, New J. Phys., 23 (2021), 063051, 14 pp.
doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/ac024d. |
[14] |
J. Haslinger, K. Ito, T. Kozubek, K. Kunisch and G. Peichl,
On the shape derivative for problems of Bernoulli type, Interfaces Free Bound., 11 (2009), 317-330.
doi: 10.4171/IFB/213. |
[15] |
J. Haslinger, J. Málek and J. Stebel,
Shape optimization in problems governed by generalised Navier–Stokes equations: Existence analysis, Control Cybernet., 34 (2005), 283-303.
|
[16] |
F. Hecht,
New development in FreeFem++, J. Numer. Math., 20 (2012), 251-265.
doi: 10.1515/jnum-2012-0013. |
[17] |
A. Henrot and M. Pierre, Shape Variation and Optimization: A Geometrical Analysis, EMS Tracts in Mathematics, 28. European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2018.
doi: 10.4171/178. |
[18] |
A. Henrot and Y. Privat,
What is the optimal shape of a pipe?, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 196 (2010), 281-302.
doi: 10.1007/s00205-009-0243-8. |
[19] |
J. C. R. Hunt, A. A. Wray and P. Moin, Eddies, streams, and convergence zones in turbulent flows, In Proc. 1988 Summer Program of Center for Turbulence Research Program, (1998), 193–208. |
[20] |
K. Ito, K. Kunisch and G. H. Peichl,
Variational approach to shape derivatives, ESAIM Control Optim. Calc. Var., 14 (2008), 517-539.
doi: 10.1051/cocv:2008002. |
[21] |
Y. Iwata, H. Azegami, T. Aoyama and E. Katamine,
Numerical solution to shape optimization problems for non-stationary Navier–Stokes problems, JSIAM Lett., 2 (2010), 37-40.
doi: 10.14495/jsiaml.2.37. |
[22] |
J. Jeong and F. Hussain,
On the identification of a vortex, J. Fluid Mech., 285 (1995), 69-94.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112095000462. |
[23] |
H. Kasumba and K. Kunisch,
Vortex control in channel flows using translational invariant cost functionals, Comput. Optim. Appl., 52 (2012), 691-717.
doi: 10.1007/s10589-011-9434-y. |
[24] |
G. Mather, I. Mezić, S. Grivopoulos, U. Vaidya and L. Petzold,
Optimal control of mixing in Stokes fluid flows, J. Fluid Mech., 580 (2007), 261-281.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112007005332. |
[25] |
B. Mohammadi and O. Pironneau, Applied Shape Optimization for Fluids, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Numerical Mathematics and Scientific Computations, Oxford University Press, 2010. |
[26] |
P. Monk, Finite Element Methods for Maxwell's Equations, Oxford University Press, 2003.
doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.001.0001. |
[27] |
M. T. Nair, M. Hegland and R. S. Anderssen,
The trade-off between regularity and stability in Tikhonov regularization, Math. Comp., 66 (1997), 193-206.
doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-97-00811-9. |
[28] |
J. Nocedal and S. Wright, Numerical Optimization, vol. 2 of Springer Series in Operations Research and Financial Engineering, 2$^{nd}$ edition, Springer, New York, 2006. |
[29] |
H. Notsu and M. Tabata,
Error estimates of a stabilized Lagrange-Galerkin scheme for the Navier–Stokes equations, ESAIM Math. Model. Numer. Anal., 50 (2016), 361-380.
doi: 10.1051/m2an/2015047. |
[30] |
M. Pošta and T. Roubíček,
Optimal control of Navier–Stokes equations by Oseen approximation, Comput. Math. Appl., 53 (2007), 569-581.
doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2006.02.034. |
[31] |
J. F. T. Rabago and H. Azegami,
An improved shape optimization formulation of the Bernoulli problem by tracking the Neumann data, J. Engrg. Math., 117 (2019), 1-29.
doi: 10.1007/s10665-019-10005-x. |
[32] |
J. F. T. Rabago and H. Azegami,
A second-order shape optimization algorithm for solving the exterior Bernoulli free boundary problem using a new boundary cost functional, Comput. Optim. Appl., 77 (2020), 251-305.
doi: 10.1007/s10589-020-00199-7. |
[33] |
S. Schmidt and V. Schulz,
Shape derivatives for general objective functions and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, Control Cybernet., 39 (2010), 677-713.
|
[34] |
J. Sokolowski and J.-P. Zolesio, Introduction to Shape Optimization: Shape Sensitivity Analysis, 1$^{st}$ edition, Springer Series in Computational Mathematics, 16. Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1992.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-58106-9. |




















Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
|
6.0 | 20 | |
1.05 | |||
10 |
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
|
6.0 | 20 | |
1.05 | |||
10 |
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
|
1.3 | .5 | |
1.05 | |||
10 |
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
|
1.3 | .5 | |
1.05 | |||
10 |
Configuration | |||
1 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
2 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
3 | 8.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
4 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
5 | 10.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 |
6 | 11.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 |
7 | 12.0 | 1.0 | 7.0 |
8 | 13.0 | 1.0 | 8.0 |
9 | 14.0 | 1.0 | 9.0 |
10 | 15.0 | 1.0 | 10.0 |
Configuration | |||
1 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
2 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 |
3 | 8.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
4 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
5 | 10.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 |
6 | 11.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 |
7 | 12.0 | 1.0 | 7.0 |
8 | 13.0 | 1.0 | 8.0 |
9 | 14.0 | 1.0 | 9.0 |
10 | 15.0 | 1.0 | 10.0 |
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