American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
May  2011, 5(2): 511-530. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2011.5.511

Non-local regularization of inverse problems

Gabriel Peyré 1, , Sébastien Bougleux 2, and  Laurent Cohen 1,

1. 

Ceremade, Université Paris-Dauphine, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France, France
2. 

GREYC, Université de Caen, 14050 Caen Cedex, France

Received  October 2009 Revised  September 2010 Published  May 2011

This article proposes a new framework to regularize imaging linear inverse problems using an adaptive non-local energy. A non-local graph is optimized to match the structures of the image to recover. This allows a better reconstruction of geometric edges and textures present in natural images. A fast algorithm computes iteratively both the solution of the regularization process and the non-local graph adapted to this solution. The graph adaptation is efficient to solve inverse problems with randomized measurements such as inpainting random pixels or compressive sensing recovery. Our non-local regularization gives state-of-the-art results for this class of inverse problems. On more challenging problems such as image super-resolution, our method gives results comparable to sparse regularization in a translation invariant wavelet frame.
Keywords: Non-local regularization, inpainting, compressive sensing., super-resolution.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 68U10, 94A08; Secondary: 49N4.
Citation: Gabriel Peyré, Sébastien Bougleux, Laurent Cohen. Non-local regularization of inverse problems. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2011, 5 (2) : 511-530. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2011.5.511
References:
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M. Bertalmìo, G. Sapiro, V. Caselles and C. Ballester, Image inpainting,, In, (2000), 417.   Google Scholar

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A. Buades, B. Coll and J. M. Morel, A review of image denoising algorithms, with a new one,, Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 4 (2005), 490.  doi: 10.1137/040616024.  Google Scholar

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A. Buades, B. Coll, J-M. Morel and C. Sbert, Self similarity driven demosaicking,, IEEE Trans. Image Proc., 18 (2009), 1192.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2009.2017171.  Google Scholar

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E. Candès and T. Tao, Near-optimal signal recovery from random projections: Universal encoding strategies?, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52 (2006), 5406.  doi: 10.1109/TIT.2006.885507.  Google Scholar

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A. Chambolle, An algorithm for total variation minimization and applications,, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 20 (2004), 89.   Google Scholar

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T. Chan and J. Shen, Mathematical models for local nontexture inpaintings,, SIAM J. Appl. Math, 62 (2002), 1019.  doi: 10.1137/S0036139900368844.  Google Scholar

[14]

P. G. Ciarlet, "Introduction to Numerical Linear Algebra and Optimisation,", Cambridge University Press, (1989).   Google Scholar

[15]

R. R. Coifman, S. Lafon, A. B. Lee, M. Maggioni, B. Nadler, F. Warner and S. W. Zucker, Geometric diffusions as a tool for harmonic analysis and structure definition of data: Diffusion maps,, Proc. of the Nat. Ac. of Science, 102 (2005), 7426.  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500334102.  Google Scholar

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D. Donoho, Y. Tsaig, I. Drori and J-L. Starck, Sparse solution of underdetermined linear equations by stagewise orthogonal matching pursuit,, Preprint, (2006).   Google Scholar

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M. Ebrahimi and E. R. Vrscay, Solving the inverse problem of image zooming using 'self examples',, In, (2007), 117.   Google Scholar

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A. A. Efros and T. K. Leung, Texture synthesis by non-parametric sampling,, In, (1033).   Google Scholar

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M. Elad and M. Aharon, Image denoising via sparse and redundant representations over learned dictionaries,, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 15 (2006), 3736.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2006.881969.  Google Scholar

[26]

M. Elad, J.-L Starck, D. Donoho and P. Querre, Simultaneous cartoon and texture image inpainting using morphological component analysis (MCA),, Journal on Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, 19 (2005), 340.  doi: 10.1016/j.acha.2005.03.005.  Google Scholar

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M. J. Fadili, J.-L. Starck and F. Murtagh, Inpainting and zooming using sparse representations,, The Computer Journal, 52 (2009), 64.  doi: 10.1093/comjnl/bxm055.  Google Scholar

[30]

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[31]

W. T. Freeman, T. R. Jones and E. C. Pasztor, Example-based super-resolution,, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 22 (2002), 56.  doi: 10.1109/38.988747.  Google Scholar

[32]

G. Gilboa, J. Darbon, S. Osher and T. F. Chan, "Nonlocal Convex Functionals for Image Regularization,", UCLA CAM Report 06-57, (2006), 06.   Google Scholar

[33]

G. Gilboa and S. Osher, Nonlocal linear image regularization and supervised segmentation,, SIAM Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 6 (2007), 595.  doi: 10.1137/060669358.  Google Scholar

[34]

G. Gilboa and S. Osher, Nonlocal operators with applications to image processing,, SIAM Multiscale Modeling & Simulation, 7 (2008), 1005.   Google Scholar

[35]

S. Kindermann, S. Osher and P. W. Jones, Deblurring and denoising of images by nonlocal functionals,, SIAM Mult. Model. and Simul., 4 (2005), 1091.  doi: 10.1137/050622249.  Google Scholar

[36]

M. Mahmoudi and G. Sapiro, Fast image and video denoising via nonlocal means of similar neighborhoods,, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 12 (2005), 839.  doi: 10.1109/LSP.2005.859509.  Google Scholar

[37]

J. Mairal, M. Elad and G. Sapiro, Sparse representation for color image restoration,, IEEE Trans. Image Proc., 17 (2008), 53.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2007.911828.  Google Scholar

[38]

F. Malgouyres and F. Guichard, Edge direction preserving image zooming: A mathematical and numerical analysis,, SIAM Journal on Numer. An., 39 (2001), 1.   Google Scholar

[39]

S. Mallat, "A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing," 3rd edition,, Academic Press, (2008).   Google Scholar

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S. Masnou, Disocclusion: A variational approach using level lines,, IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 11 (2002), 68.  doi: 10.1109/83.982815.  Google Scholar

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M. Mignotte, A non-local regularization strategy for image deconvolution,, Pattern Recognition Letters, 29 (2008), 2206.  doi: 10.1016/j.patrec.2008.08.004.  Google Scholar

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B. A. Olshausen and D. J. Field, Emergence of simple-cell receptive-field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images,, Nature, 381 (1996), 607.  doi: 10.1038/381607a0.  Google Scholar

[44]

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[45]

G. Peyré, Image processing with non-local spectral bases,, SIAM Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 7 (2008), 703.  doi: 10.1137/07068881X.  Google Scholar

[46]

G. Peyré, Sparse modeling of textures,, J. Math. Imaging Vis., 34 (2009), 17.  doi: 10.1007/s10851-008-0120-3.  Google Scholar

[47]

G. Peyré, S. Bougleux and L. D. Cohen, Non-local regularization of inverse problems,, In, 5304 (2008), 57.   Google Scholar

[48]

G. Peyré, J. Fadili and J-L. Starck, Learning the morphological diversity,, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, (2010).   Google Scholar

[49]

M. Rudelson and R. Vershynin, On sparse reconstruction from fourier and gaussian measurements,, Commun. on Pure and Appl. Math., 61 (2008), 1025.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.20227.  Google Scholar

[50]

L. I. Rudin, S. Osher and E. Fatemi, Nonlinear total variation based noise removal algorithms,, Phys. D, 60 (1992), 259.  doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(92)90242-F.  Google Scholar

[51]

J. Shanks, Computation of the fast walsh-fourier transform,, IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-18 (1969), 457.  doi: 10.1109/T-C.1969.222685.  Google Scholar

[52]

S. M. Smith and J. M. Brady, SUSAN - a new approach to low level image processing,, International Journal of Computer Vision, 23 (1997), 45.  doi: 10.1023/A:1007963824710.  Google Scholar

[53]

A. Spira, R. Kimmel and N. Sochen, A short time beltrami kernel for smoothing images and manifolds,, IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 16 (2007), 1628.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2007.894253.  Google Scholar

[54]

A. D. Szlam, M. Maggioni and R. R. Coifman, Regularization on graphs with function-adapted diffusion processes,, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9 (2008), 1711.   Google Scholar

[55]

C. Tomasi and R. Manduchi, Bilateral filtering for gray and color images,, In, (1998), 839.   Google Scholar

[56]

D. Tschumperlé and R. Deriche, Vector-valued image regularization with PDEs: Acommon framework for different applications,, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell, 27 (2005), 506.  doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2005.87.  Google Scholar

[57]

P. Tseng, Convergence of a block coordinate descent method for nondifferentiable minimization,, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 109 (2001), 475.  doi: 10.1023/A:1017501703105.  Google Scholar

[58]

L-Y. Wei and M. Levoy, Fast texture synthesis using tree-structured vector quantization,, In, (2000), 479.   Google Scholar

[59]

L. P. Yaroslavsky, "Digital Picture Processing - An Introduction,", Springer, (1985).   Google Scholar

[60]

X. Zhang, M. Burger, X. Bresson and S. Osher, Bregmanized nonlocal regularization for deconvolution and sparse reconstruction,, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 3 (2010), 253.  doi: 10.1137/090746379.  Google Scholar

[61]

D. Zhou and B. Scholkopf, Regularization on discrete spaces,, In, 3663 (2005), 361.   Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

A. Adams, N. Gelfand, J. Dolson and M. Levoy, Gaussian KD-trees for fast high-dimensional filtering,, ACM Transactions on Graphics, 28 (2009).   Google Scholar

[2]

J.-F. Aujol, Some first-order algorithms for total variation based image restoration,, J. Math. Imaging Vis., 34 (2009), 307.  doi: 10.1007/s10851-009-0149-y.  Google Scholar

[3]

J.-F. Aujol, S. Ladjal and S. Masnou, Exemplar-based inpainting from a variational point of view,, SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, 42 (2010), 1246.  doi: 10.1137/080743883.  Google Scholar

[4]

M. Avriel, "Nonlinear Programming: Analysis and Methods,", Dover Publishing, (2003).   Google Scholar

[5]

C. Ballester, M. Bertalmìo, V. Caselles, G. Sapiro and J. Verdera, Filling-in by joint interpolation of vector fields and gray levels,, IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 10 (2001), 1200.  doi: 10.1109/83.935036.  Google Scholar

[6]

J. Bect, L. Blanc Féraud, G. Aubert and A. Chambolle, A $\l_1$-unified variational framework for image restoration,, In, IV (2004), 1.   Google Scholar

[7]

M. Bertalmìo, G. Sapiro, V. Caselles and C. Ballester, Image inpainting,, In, (2000), 417.   Google Scholar

[8]

A. Buades, B. Coll and J. M. Morel, A review of image denoising algorithms, with a new one,, Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 4 (2005), 490.  doi: 10.1137/040616024.  Google Scholar

[9]

A. Buades, B. Coll and J-M. Morel, "Image Enhancement By Non-local Reverse Heat Equation,", Preprint CMLA 2006-22, (2006), 2006.   Google Scholar

[10]

A. Buades, B. Coll, J-M. Morel and C. Sbert, Self similarity driven demosaicking,, IEEE Trans. Image Proc., 18 (2009), 1192.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2009.2017171.  Google Scholar

[11]

E. Candès and T. Tao, Near-optimal signal recovery from random projections: Universal encoding strategies?, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52 (2006), 5406.  doi: 10.1109/TIT.2006.885507.  Google Scholar

[12]

A. Chambolle, An algorithm for total variation minimization and applications,, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 20 (2004), 89.   Google Scholar

[13]

T. Chan and J. Shen, Mathematical models for local nontexture inpaintings,, SIAM J. Appl. Math, 62 (2002), 1019.  doi: 10.1137/S0036139900368844.  Google Scholar

[14]

P. G. Ciarlet, "Introduction to Numerical Linear Algebra and Optimisation,", Cambridge University Press, (1989).   Google Scholar

[15]

R. R. Coifman, S. Lafon, A. B. Lee, M. Maggioni, B. Nadler, F. Warner and S. W. Zucker, Geometric diffusions as a tool for harmonic analysis and structure definition of data: Diffusion maps,, Proc. of the Nat. Ac. of Science, 102 (2005), 7426.  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0500334102.  Google Scholar

[16]

P. L. Combettes and V. R. Wajs, Signal recovery by proximal forward-backward splitting,, Multiscale Modeling & Simulation, 4 (2005), 1168.  doi: 10.1137/050626090.  Google Scholar

[17]

A. Criminisi, P. Pérez and K. Toyama, Region filling and object removal by exemplar-based image inpainting,, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 13 (2004), 1200.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2004.833105.  Google Scholar

[18]

D. Datsenko and M. Elad, Example-based single image super-resolution: A global map approach with outlier rejection,, Journal of Mult. System and Sig. Proc., 18 (2007), 103.  doi: 10.1007/s11045-007-0018-z.  Google Scholar

[19]

I. Daubechies, M. Defrise and C. De Mol, An iterative thresholding algorithm for linear inverse problems with a sparsity constraint,, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 57 (2004), 1413.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.20042.  Google Scholar

[20]

D. Donoho, Compressed sensing,, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52 (2006), 1289.  doi: 10.1109/TIT.2006.871582.  Google Scholar

[21]

D. Donoho and I. Johnstone, Ideal spatial adaptation via wavelet shrinkage,, Biometrika, 81 (1994), 425.  doi: 10.1093/biomet/81.3.425.  Google Scholar

[22]

D. Donoho, Y. Tsaig, I. Drori and J-L. Starck, Sparse solution of underdetermined linear equations by stagewise orthogonal matching pursuit,, Preprint, (2006).   Google Scholar

[23]

M. Ebrahimi and E. R. Vrscay, Solving the inverse problem of image zooming using 'self examples',, In, (2007), 117.   Google Scholar

[24]

A. A. Efros and T. K. Leung, Texture synthesis by non-parametric sampling,, In, (1033).   Google Scholar

[25]

M. Elad and M. Aharon, Image denoising via sparse and redundant representations over learned dictionaries,, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 15 (2006), 3736.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2006.881969.  Google Scholar

[26]

M. Elad, J.-L Starck, D. Donoho and P. Querre, Simultaneous cartoon and texture image inpainting using morphological component analysis (MCA),, Journal on Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, 19 (2005), 340.  doi: 10.1016/j.acha.2005.03.005.  Google Scholar

[27]

A. Elmoataz, O. Lezoray and S. Bougleux, Nonlocal discrete regularization on weighted graphs: a framework for image and manifold processing,, IEEE Tr. on Image Processing, 17 (2008), 1047.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2008.924284.  Google Scholar

[28]

G. Facciolo, P. Arias, V. Caselles and G. Sapiro, "Exemplar-based Interpolation of Sparsely Sampled Images,", IMA Preprint Series # 2264, (2264).   Google Scholar

[29]

M. J. Fadili, J.-L. Starck and F. Murtagh, Inpainting and zooming using sparse representations,, The Computer Journal, 52 (2009), 64.  doi: 10.1093/comjnl/bxm055.  Google Scholar

[30]

S. Farsiu, D. Robinson, M. Elad and P. Milanfar, Advances and challenges in super-resolution,, Int. Journal of Imaging Sys. and Tech., 14 (2004), 47.  doi: 10.1002/ima.20007.  Google Scholar

[31]

W. T. Freeman, T. R. Jones and E. C. Pasztor, Example-based super-resolution,, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 22 (2002), 56.  doi: 10.1109/38.988747.  Google Scholar

[32]

G. Gilboa, J. Darbon, S. Osher and T. F. Chan, "Nonlocal Convex Functionals for Image Regularization,", UCLA CAM Report 06-57, (2006), 06.   Google Scholar

[33]

G. Gilboa and S. Osher, Nonlocal linear image regularization and supervised segmentation,, SIAM Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 6 (2007), 595.  doi: 10.1137/060669358.  Google Scholar

[34]

G. Gilboa and S. Osher, Nonlocal operators with applications to image processing,, SIAM Multiscale Modeling & Simulation, 7 (2008), 1005.   Google Scholar

[35]

S. Kindermann, S. Osher and P. W. Jones, Deblurring and denoising of images by nonlocal functionals,, SIAM Mult. Model. and Simul., 4 (2005), 1091.  doi: 10.1137/050622249.  Google Scholar

[36]

M. Mahmoudi and G. Sapiro, Fast image and video denoising via nonlocal means of similar neighborhoods,, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 12 (2005), 839.  doi: 10.1109/LSP.2005.859509.  Google Scholar

[37]

J. Mairal, M. Elad and G. Sapiro, Sparse representation for color image restoration,, IEEE Trans. Image Proc., 17 (2008), 53.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2007.911828.  Google Scholar

[38]

F. Malgouyres and F. Guichard, Edge direction preserving image zooming: A mathematical and numerical analysis,, SIAM Journal on Numer. An., 39 (2001), 1.   Google Scholar

[39]

S. Mallat, "A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing," 3rd edition,, Academic Press, (2008).   Google Scholar

[40]

S. Masnou, Disocclusion: A variational approach using level lines,, IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 11 (2002), 68.  doi: 10.1109/83.982815.  Google Scholar

[41]

M. Mignotte, A non-local regularization strategy for image deconvolution,, Pattern Recognition Letters, 29 (2008), 2206.  doi: 10.1016/j.patrec.2008.08.004.  Google Scholar

[42]

Y. Nesterov, Smooth minimization of non-smooth functions,, Math. Program. Ser. A, 103 (2005), 127.  doi: 10.1007/s10107-004-0552-5.  Google Scholar

[43]

B. A. Olshausen and D. J. Field, Emergence of simple-cell receptive-field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images,, Nature, 381 (1996), 607.  doi: 10.1038/381607a0.  Google Scholar

[44]

S. C. Park, M. K. Park and M. G. Kang, Super-resolution image reconstruction: A technical overview,, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 20 (2003), 21.  doi: 10.1109/MSP.2003.1203207.  Google Scholar

[45]

G. Peyré, Image processing with non-local spectral bases,, SIAM Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, 7 (2008), 703.  doi: 10.1137/07068881X.  Google Scholar

[46]

G. Peyré, Sparse modeling of textures,, J. Math. Imaging Vis., 34 (2009), 17.  doi: 10.1007/s10851-008-0120-3.  Google Scholar

[47]

G. Peyré, S. Bougleux and L. D. Cohen, Non-local regularization of inverse problems,, In, 5304 (2008), 57.   Google Scholar

[48]

G. Peyré, J. Fadili and J-L. Starck, Learning the morphological diversity,, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, (2010).   Google Scholar

[49]

M. Rudelson and R. Vershynin, On sparse reconstruction from fourier and gaussian measurements,, Commun. on Pure and Appl. Math., 61 (2008), 1025.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.20227.  Google Scholar

[50]

L. I. Rudin, S. Osher and E. Fatemi, Nonlinear total variation based noise removal algorithms,, Phys. D, 60 (1992), 259.  doi: 10.1016/0167-2789(92)90242-F.  Google Scholar

[51]

J. Shanks, Computation of the fast walsh-fourier transform,, IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-18 (1969), 457.  doi: 10.1109/T-C.1969.222685.  Google Scholar

[52]

S. M. Smith and J. M. Brady, SUSAN - a new approach to low level image processing,, International Journal of Computer Vision, 23 (1997), 45.  doi: 10.1023/A:1007963824710.  Google Scholar

[53]

A. Spira, R. Kimmel and N. Sochen, A short time beltrami kernel for smoothing images and manifolds,, IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 16 (2007), 1628.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2007.894253.  Google Scholar

[54]

A. D. Szlam, M. Maggioni and R. R. Coifman, Regularization on graphs with function-adapted diffusion processes,, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9 (2008), 1711.   Google Scholar

[55]

C. Tomasi and R. Manduchi, Bilateral filtering for gray and color images,, In, (1998), 839.   Google Scholar

[56]

D. Tschumperlé and R. Deriche, Vector-valued image regularization with PDEs: Acommon framework for different applications,, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell, 27 (2005), 506.  doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2005.87.  Google Scholar

[57]

P. Tseng, Convergence of a block coordinate descent method for nondifferentiable minimization,, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 109 (2001), 475.  doi: 10.1023/A:1017501703105.  Google Scholar

[58]

L-Y. Wei and M. Levoy, Fast texture synthesis using tree-structured vector quantization,, In, (2000), 479.   Google Scholar

[59]

L. P. Yaroslavsky, "Digital Picture Processing - An Introduction,", Springer, (1985).   Google Scholar

[60]

X. Zhang, M. Burger, X. Bresson and S. Osher, Bregmanized nonlocal regularization for deconvolution and sparse reconstruction,, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 3 (2010), 253.  doi: 10.1137/090746379.  Google Scholar

[61]

D. Zhou and B. Scholkopf, Regularization on discrete spaces,, In, 3663 (2005), 361.   Google Scholar

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