# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

August  2013, 7(3): 863-884. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2013.7.863

## A conformal approach for surface inpainting

 1 Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China 2 Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong,, China 3 Department of Computer Sciences, Room 2425, Computer Science Building, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-4400

Received  December 2012 Revised  April 2013 Published  September 2013

We address the problem of surface inpainting, which aims to fill in holes or missing regions on a Riemann surface based on its surface geometry. In practical situation, surfaces obtained from range scanners often have holes or missing regions where the 3D models are incomplete. In order to analyze the 3D shapes effectively, restoring the incomplete shape by filling in the surface holes is necessary. In this paper, we propose a novel conformal approach to inpaint surface holes on a Riemann surface based on its surface geometry. The basic idea is to represent the Riemann surface using its conformal factor and mean curvature. According to Riemann surface theory, a Riemann surface can be uniquely determined by its conformal factor and mean curvature up to a rigid motion. Given a Riemann surface $S$, its mean curvature $H$ and conformal factor $\lambda$ can be computed easily through its conformal parameterization. Conversely, given $\lambda$ and $H$, a Riemann surface can be uniquely reconstructed by solving the Gauss-Codazzi equation on the conformal parameter domain. Hence, the conformal factor and the mean curvature are two geometric quantities fully describing the surface. With this $\lambda$-$H$ representation of the surface, the problem of surface inpainting can be reduced to the problem of image inpainting of $\lambda$ and $H$ on the conformal parameter domain. The inpainting of $\lambda$ and $H$ can be done by conventional image inpainting models. Once $\lambda$ and $H$ are inpainted, a Riemann surface can be reconstructed which effectively restores the 3D surface with missing holes. Since the inpainting model is based on the geometric quantities $\lambda$ and $H$, the restored surface follows the surface geometric pattern as much as possible. We test the proposed algorithm on synthetic data, 3D human face data and MRI-derived brain surfaces. Experimental results show that our proposed method is an effective surface inpainting algorithm to fill in surface holes on an incomplete 3D models based their surface geometry.
Citation: Lok Ming Lui, Chengfeng Wen, Xianfeng Gu. A conformal approach for surface inpainting. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2013, 7 (3) : 863-884. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2013.7.863
##### References:
 [1] T. F. Chan and J. Shen, Variational restoration of non-flat image features: Models and algorithms,, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 61 (2001), 1338.  doi: 10.1137/S003613999935799X.  Google Scholar [2] T. F. Chan and J. Shen, Mathematical models for local nontexture inpaintings,, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 62 (): 1019.  doi: 10.1137/S0036139900368844.  Google Scholar [3] S. Esedoglu and J. Shen, Digital inpainting based on the Mumford-Shah-Euler image model,, Eureopean Journal on Applied Mathematics, 13 (2002), 353.  doi: 10.1017/S0956792502004904.  Google Scholar [4] T. F. Chan and J. Shen, Variational image inpainting,, Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 58 (2005), 579.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.20075.  Google Scholar [5] T. F. Chan, S. H. Kang and J. Shen, Euler's elastica and curvature-based inpainting,, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 63 (2002), 564.  doi: 10.1137/S0036139901390088.  Google Scholar [6] S. Masnou and J. Morel, Level lines based disocclusion,, $5^{th}$ IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 3 (1998), 259.  doi: 10.1109/ICIP.1998.999016.  Google Scholar [7] M. Bertalmio, A. L. Bertozzi and G. Sapiro, Navier-Stokes, fluid dynamics, and image and video inpainting,, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1 (2001), 355.  doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2001.990497.  Google Scholar [8] T. F. Chan, J. Shen and H.-M. Zhou, Total variation wavelet inpainting,, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Visions, 25 (2006), 107.  doi: 10.1007/s10851-006-5257-3.  Google Scholar [9] J. A. Dobrosotskaya and A. L. Bertozzi, A wavelet-Laplace variational technique for image deconvolution and inpainting,, IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 17 (2008), 657.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2008.919367.  Google Scholar [10] A. Tsai, A. Yezzi, Jr. and A. S. Willsky, Curve evolution implementation of the Mumford-Shah functional for image segmentation, denoising, interpolation and magnification,, IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 10 (2001), 1169.  doi: 10.1109/83.935033.  Google Scholar [11] M. Desbrun, M. Meyer, P. Schrder and A. H. Barr, Implicit fairing of irregular meshes using diffusion and curvature flow,, in, (1999), 317.  doi: 10.1145/311535.311576.  Google Scholar [12] G. Taubin, Geometric signal processing on polygonal meshes,, Eurographics, (2000).   Google Scholar [13] P. Smereka, Semi implicit level set methods curvature surface diffusion motion,, Journal of Scientific Computing, 19 (2003), 439.  doi: 10.1023/A:1025324613450.  Google Scholar [14] M. Desbrun, M. Meyer, P. Schröder and A. H. Barr, Anisotropic feature preserving denoising of height fields and bivariate data,, Graphics Interface, (2000).   Google Scholar [15] M. Desbrun, M. Meyer, P. Schröder and A. H. Barr, Discrete differential geometry operators in nD,, in, (2002), 35.   Google Scholar [16] U. Clarenz, U. Diewald and M. Rumpf, Anisotropic diffusion in surface processing,, in, (2000), 397.  doi: 10.1109/VISUAL.2000.885721.  Google Scholar [17] C. L. Bajaj and G. Xu, Anisotropic diffusion of subdivision surfaces and functions on surfaces,, ACM Transaction on Graphics, 22 (2003), 4.   Google Scholar [18] T. Tasdizen, R. Whitaker, P. Burchard and S. Osher, Geometric surface processing via anisotropic diffusion of normals,, IEEE Visualization, (2002), 125.   Google Scholar [19] T. Tasdizen, R. Whitaker, P. Burchard and S. Osher, Geometric surface processing via normal maps,, ACM Transactions on Graphics, 22 (2003), 1012.  doi: 10.1145/944020.944024.  Google Scholar [20] V. Caselles, G. Haro, G. Sapiro and J. Verdera, On geometric variational models for inpainting surface holes,, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 111 (2008), 351.  doi: 10.1016/j.cviu.2008.01.002.  Google Scholar [21] J. Verdera, V. Caselles, M. Bertalmio and G. Sapiro, Inpainting surface holes,, in, (2003), 903.  doi: 10.1109/ICIP.2003.1246828.  Google Scholar [22] J. Davis, S. Marschner, M. Garr and M. Levoy, Filling holes in complex surfaces using volumetric diffusion,, in, (2002), 428.  doi: 10.1109/TDPVT.2002.1024098.  Google Scholar [23] U. Clarenz, U. Diewald, G. Dziuk, M. Rumpf and R. Rusu, A finite element method for surface restoration with smooth boundary conditions,, Computer Aided Geometric Design, 21 (2004), 427.  doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2004.02.004.  Google Scholar [24] A. Sharf, M. Alexa and D. Cohen, Context-based surface completion,, ACM Transaction on Graphics, 23 (2004), 878.   Google Scholar [25] V. Savchenko and N. Kojekine, An approach to blend surfaces,, Advances in Modeling, (2002), 139.  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0103-1_9.  Google Scholar [26] M. K. Hurdal and K. Stephenson, Discrete conformal methods for cortical brain flattening,, NeuroImage, 45 (2009).  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.045.  Google Scholar [27] B. Fischl, M. Sereno, R. Tootell and A. Dale, High-resolution intersubject averaging and a coordinate system for the cortical surface,, Human Brain Mapping, 8 (1999), 272.   Google Scholar [28] X. Gu, Y. Wang, T. F. Chan, P. M. Thompson and S.-T. Yau, Genus zero surface conformal mapping and its application to brain surface mapping,, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 23 (2004), 949.   Google Scholar [29] Y. Wang, L. M. Lui, X. Gu, K. M. Hayashi, T. F. Chan, A. W. Toga, P. M. Thompson and S.-T. Yau, Brain surface conformal parameterization using Riemann surface structure,, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 26 (2007), 853.  doi: 10.1109/TMI.2007.895464.  Google Scholar [30] X. Gu and S.-T. Yau, Computing conformal structures of surfaces,, Communication in Information System, 2 (2002), 121.   Google Scholar [31] X. Gu, Y. Wang and S.-T. Yau, Geometric compression using Riemann surface structure,, Communication in Information System, 3 (2004), 171.   Google Scholar [32] L. M. Lui, T. W. Wong, W. Zeng, X. Gu, P. M. Thompson, T. F. Chan and S.-T. Yau, Optimization of surface registrations using Beltrami holomorphic flow,, Journal of Scientific Computing, 50 (2012), 557.  doi: 10.1007/s10915-011-9506-2.  Google Scholar [33] L. M. Lui, T. W. Wong, X. Gu, P. M. Thompson, T. F. Chan and S.-T. Yau, Hippocampal shape registration using Beltrami holomorphic flow,, Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention(MICCAI), 6362 (2010), 323.   Google Scholar [34] L. M. Lui, K. C. Lam, T. W. Wong and X. Gu, Texture map and video compression using Beltrami representatio,, to appear in SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, (2013).   Google Scholar [35] S. Haker, S. Angenent, A. Tannenbaum, R. Kikinis, G. Sapiro and M. Halle, Conformal surface parameterization for texture mapping,, IEEE Transaction of Visualization and Computer Graphics, 6 (2000), 181.   Google Scholar [36] L. M. Lui, T. W. Wong, X. Gu, T. F. Chan and S.-T. Yau, Compression of surface diffeomorphism using Beltrami coefficient,, IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(CVPR), (2010), 2839.   Google Scholar [37] W. Zeng, L. M. Lui, F. Luo, T. F. Chan, S.-T. Yau and X. Gu, Computing quasiconformal maps using an auxiliary metric and discrete curvature flow,, Numerische Mathematik, 121 (2012), 671.  doi: 10.1007/s00211-012-0446-z.  Google Scholar [38] L. M. Lui, K. C. Lam, S.-T. Yau and X. Gu, Teichmüller extremal mapping and its applications to landmark matching registration,, , ().   Google Scholar [39] W. Zeng and X. Gu, Registration for 3D surfaces with large deformations using quasi-conformal curvature flow,, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR1), (2011), 20.   Google Scholar [40] H. Zhao, S. Osher, B. Merriman and and M. Kang, Implicit and non-parametric shape reconstruction from unorganized points using variational level set method,, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 80 (2000), 295.   Google Scholar [41] J. Liang, F. Park and H. Zhao, Robust and efficient implicit surface reconstruction of point clouds based on convexified image segmentation,, Journal of Scientific Computing, 54 (2013), 577.  doi: 10.1007/s10915-012-9674-8.  Google Scholar [42] A. Wong and H. Zhao, Computation of quasiconformal surface maps using discrete Beltrami flow,, UCLA CAM report 12-85., (): 12.   Google Scholar

show all references

##### References:
 [1] T. F. Chan and J. Shen, Variational restoration of non-flat image features: Models and algorithms,, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 61 (2001), 1338.  doi: 10.1137/S003613999935799X.  Google Scholar [2] T. F. Chan and J. Shen, Mathematical models for local nontexture inpaintings,, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 62 (): 1019.  doi: 10.1137/S0036139900368844.  Google Scholar [3] S. Esedoglu and J. Shen, Digital inpainting based on the Mumford-Shah-Euler image model,, Eureopean Journal on Applied Mathematics, 13 (2002), 353.  doi: 10.1017/S0956792502004904.  Google Scholar [4] T. F. Chan and J. Shen, Variational image inpainting,, Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 58 (2005), 579.  doi: 10.1002/cpa.20075.  Google Scholar [5] T. F. Chan, S. H. Kang and J. Shen, Euler's elastica and curvature-based inpainting,, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 63 (2002), 564.  doi: 10.1137/S0036139901390088.  Google Scholar [6] S. Masnou and J. Morel, Level lines based disocclusion,, $5^{th}$ IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 3 (1998), 259.  doi: 10.1109/ICIP.1998.999016.  Google Scholar [7] M. Bertalmio, A. L. Bertozzi and G. Sapiro, Navier-Stokes, fluid dynamics, and image and video inpainting,, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1 (2001), 355.  doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2001.990497.  Google Scholar [8] T. F. Chan, J. Shen and H.-M. Zhou, Total variation wavelet inpainting,, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Visions, 25 (2006), 107.  doi: 10.1007/s10851-006-5257-3.  Google Scholar [9] J. A. Dobrosotskaya and A. L. Bertozzi, A wavelet-Laplace variational technique for image deconvolution and inpainting,, IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 17 (2008), 657.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2008.919367.  Google Scholar [10] A. Tsai, A. Yezzi, Jr. and A. S. Willsky, Curve evolution implementation of the Mumford-Shah functional for image segmentation, denoising, interpolation and magnification,, IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, 10 (2001), 1169.  doi: 10.1109/83.935033.  Google Scholar [11] M. Desbrun, M. Meyer, P. Schrder and A. H. Barr, Implicit fairing of irregular meshes using diffusion and curvature flow,, in, (1999), 317.  doi: 10.1145/311535.311576.  Google Scholar [12] G. Taubin, Geometric signal processing on polygonal meshes,, Eurographics, (2000).   Google Scholar [13] P. Smereka, Semi implicit level set methods curvature surface diffusion motion,, Journal of Scientific Computing, 19 (2003), 439.  doi: 10.1023/A:1025324613450.  Google Scholar [14] M. Desbrun, M. Meyer, P. Schröder and A. H. Barr, Anisotropic feature preserving denoising of height fields and bivariate data,, Graphics Interface, (2000).   Google Scholar [15] M. Desbrun, M. Meyer, P. Schröder and A. H. Barr, Discrete differential geometry operators in nD,, in, (2002), 35.   Google Scholar [16] U. Clarenz, U. Diewald and M. Rumpf, Anisotropic diffusion in surface processing,, in, (2000), 397.  doi: 10.1109/VISUAL.2000.885721.  Google Scholar [17] C. L. Bajaj and G. Xu, Anisotropic diffusion of subdivision surfaces and functions on surfaces,, ACM Transaction on Graphics, 22 (2003), 4.   Google Scholar [18] T. Tasdizen, R. Whitaker, P. Burchard and S. Osher, Geometric surface processing via anisotropic diffusion of normals,, IEEE Visualization, (2002), 125.   Google Scholar [19] T. Tasdizen, R. Whitaker, P. Burchard and S. Osher, Geometric surface processing via normal maps,, ACM Transactions on Graphics, 22 (2003), 1012.  doi: 10.1145/944020.944024.  Google Scholar [20] V. Caselles, G. Haro, G. Sapiro and J. Verdera, On geometric variational models for inpainting surface holes,, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 111 (2008), 351.  doi: 10.1016/j.cviu.2008.01.002.  Google Scholar [21] J. Verdera, V. Caselles, M. Bertalmio and G. Sapiro, Inpainting surface holes,, in, (2003), 903.  doi: 10.1109/ICIP.2003.1246828.  Google Scholar [22] J. Davis, S. Marschner, M. Garr and M. Levoy, Filling holes in complex surfaces using volumetric diffusion,, in, (2002), 428.  doi: 10.1109/TDPVT.2002.1024098.  Google Scholar [23] U. Clarenz, U. Diewald, G. Dziuk, M. Rumpf and R. Rusu, A finite element method for surface restoration with smooth boundary conditions,, Computer Aided Geometric Design, 21 (2004), 427.  doi: 10.1016/j.cagd.2004.02.004.  Google Scholar [24] A. Sharf, M. Alexa and D. Cohen, Context-based surface completion,, ACM Transaction on Graphics, 23 (2004), 878.   Google Scholar [25] V. Savchenko and N. Kojekine, An approach to blend surfaces,, Advances in Modeling, (2002), 139.  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0103-1_9.  Google Scholar [26] M. K. Hurdal and K. Stephenson, Discrete conformal methods for cortical brain flattening,, NeuroImage, 45 (2009).  doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.045.  Google Scholar [27] B. Fischl, M. Sereno, R. Tootell and A. Dale, High-resolution intersubject averaging and a coordinate system for the cortical surface,, Human Brain Mapping, 8 (1999), 272.   Google Scholar [28] X. Gu, Y. Wang, T. F. Chan, P. M. Thompson and S.-T. Yau, Genus zero surface conformal mapping and its application to brain surface mapping,, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 23 (2004), 949.   Google Scholar [29] Y. Wang, L. M. Lui, X. Gu, K. M. Hayashi, T. F. Chan, A. W. Toga, P. M. Thompson and S.-T. Yau, Brain surface conformal parameterization using Riemann surface structure,, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 26 (2007), 853.  doi: 10.1109/TMI.2007.895464.  Google Scholar [30] X. Gu and S.-T. Yau, Computing conformal structures of surfaces,, Communication in Information System, 2 (2002), 121.   Google Scholar [31] X. Gu, Y. Wang and S.-T. Yau, Geometric compression using Riemann surface structure,, Communication in Information System, 3 (2004), 171.   Google Scholar [32] L. M. Lui, T. W. Wong, W. Zeng, X. Gu, P. M. Thompson, T. F. Chan and S.-T. Yau, Optimization of surface registrations using Beltrami holomorphic flow,, Journal of Scientific Computing, 50 (2012), 557.  doi: 10.1007/s10915-011-9506-2.  Google Scholar [33] L. M. Lui, T. W. Wong, X. Gu, P. M. Thompson, T. F. Chan and S.-T. Yau, Hippocampal shape registration using Beltrami holomorphic flow,, Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention(MICCAI), 6362 (2010), 323.   Google Scholar [34] L. M. Lui, K. C. Lam, T. W. Wong and X. Gu, Texture map and video compression using Beltrami representatio,, to appear in SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, (2013).   Google Scholar [35] S. Haker, S. Angenent, A. Tannenbaum, R. Kikinis, G. Sapiro and M. Halle, Conformal surface parameterization for texture mapping,, IEEE Transaction of Visualization and Computer Graphics, 6 (2000), 181.   Google Scholar [36] L. M. Lui, T. W. Wong, X. Gu, T. F. Chan and S.-T. Yau, Compression of surface diffeomorphism using Beltrami coefficient,, IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(CVPR), (2010), 2839.   Google Scholar [37] W. Zeng, L. M. Lui, F. Luo, T. F. Chan, S.-T. Yau and X. Gu, Computing quasiconformal maps using an auxiliary metric and discrete curvature flow,, Numerische Mathematik, 121 (2012), 671.  doi: 10.1007/s00211-012-0446-z.  Google Scholar [38] L. M. Lui, K. C. Lam, S.-T. Yau and X. Gu, Teichmüller extremal mapping and its applications to landmark matching registration,, , ().   Google Scholar [39] W. Zeng and X. Gu, Registration for 3D surfaces with large deformations using quasi-conformal curvature flow,, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR1), (2011), 20.   Google Scholar [40] H. Zhao, S. Osher, B. Merriman and and M. Kang, Implicit and non-parametric shape reconstruction from unorganized points using variational level set method,, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 80 (2000), 295.   Google Scholar [41] J. Liang, F. Park and H. Zhao, Robust and efficient implicit surface reconstruction of point clouds based on convexified image segmentation,, Journal of Scientific Computing, 54 (2013), 577.  doi: 10.1007/s10915-012-9674-8.  Google Scholar [42] A. Wong and H. Zhao, Computation of quasiconformal surface maps using discrete Beltrami flow,, UCLA CAM report 12-85., (): 12.   Google Scholar
 [1] Wenjun Liu, Yukun Xiao, Xiaoqing Yue. Classification of finite irreducible conformal modules over Lie conformal algebra $\mathcal{W}(a, b, r)$. Electronic Research Archive, , () : -. doi: 10.3934/era.2020123 [2] Petr Pauš, Shigetoshi Yazaki. Segmentation of color images using mean curvature flow and parametric curves. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (3) : 1123-1132. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020389 [3] Huyuan Chen, Dong Ye, Feng Zhou. On gaussian curvature equation in $\mathbb{R}^2$ with prescribed nonpositive curvature. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (6) : 3201-3214. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020125 [4] Mostafa Mbekhta. Representation and approximation of the polar factor of an operator on a Hilbert space. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2020  doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020463 [5] Xuemei Chen, Julia Dobrosotskaya. Inpainting via sparse recovery with directional constraints. Mathematical Foundations of Computing, 2020, 3 (4) : 229-247. doi: 10.3934/mfc.2020025 [6] Jie Li, Xiangdong Ye, Tao Yu. Mean equicontinuity, complexity and applications. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (1) : 359-393. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020167 [7] Guido Cavallaro, Roberto Garra, Carlo Marchioro. Long time localization of modified surface quasi-geostrophic equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020  doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020336 [8] Hua Zhong, Xiaolin Fan, Shuyu Sun. The effect of surface pattern property on the advancing motion of three-dimensional droplets. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2020  doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020366 [9] Tian Ma, Shouhong Wang. Topological phase transition III: Solar surface eruptions and sunspots. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021, 26 (1) : 501-514. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020350 [10] Waixiang Cao, Lueling Jia, Zhimin Zhang. A $C^1$ Petrov-Galerkin method and Gauss collocation method for 1D general elliptic problems and superconvergence. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021, 26 (1) : 81-105. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2020327 [11] Kohei Nakamura. An application of interpolation inequalities between the deviation of curvature and the isoperimetric ratio to the length-preserving flow. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (3) : 1093-1102. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020385 [12] Tetsuya Ishiwata, Takeshi Ohtsuka. Numerical analysis of an ODE and a level set methods for evolving spirals by crystalline eikonal-curvature flow. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (3) : 893-907. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020390 [13] Karoline Disser. Global existence and uniqueness for a volume-surface reaction-nonlinear-diffusion system. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (1) : 321-330. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020326 [14] Björn Augner, Dieter Bothe. The fast-sorption and fast-surface-reaction limit of a heterogeneous catalysis model. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2021, 14 (2) : 533-574. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2020406 [15] Illés Horváth, Kristóf Attila Horváth, Péter Kovács, Miklós Telek. Mean-field analysis of a scaling MAC radio protocol. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021, 17 (1) : 279-297. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2019111 [16] Jian Zhang, Tony T. Lee, Tong Ye, Liang Huang. An approximate mean queue length formula for queueing systems with varying service rate. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021, 17 (1) : 185-204. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2019106 [17] Laura Aquilanti, Simone Cacace, Fabio Camilli, Raul De Maio. A Mean Field Games model for finite mixtures of Bernoulli and categorical distributions. Journal of Dynamics & Games, 2020  doi: 10.3934/jdg.2020033 [18] Bixiang Wang. Mean-square random invariant manifolds for stochastic differential equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2021, 41 (3) : 1449-1468. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020324 [19] Theresa Lange, Wilhelm Stannat. Mean field limit of ensemble square root filters - discrete and continuous time. Foundations of Data Science, 2021  doi: 10.3934/fods.2021003 [20] Daniele Bartolucci, Changfeng Gui, Yeyao Hu, Aleks Jevnikar, Wen Yang. Mean field equations on tori: Existence and uniqueness of evenly symmetric blow-up solutions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (6) : 3093-3116. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020039

2019 Impact Factor: 1.373