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June  2017, 11(3): 539-551. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2017025

Subspace clustering by (k,k)-sparse matrix factorization

Haixia Liu , , Jian-Feng Cai and  Yang Wang

Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

* Corresponding author

Received  April 2016 Revised  February 2017 Published  April 2017

High-dimensional data often lie in low-dimensional subspaces instead of the whole space. Subspace clustering is a problem to analyze data that are from multiple low-dimensional subspaces and cluster them into the corresponding subspaces. In this work, we propose a $(k,k)$-sparse matrix factorization method for subspace clustering. In this method, data itself is considered as the "dictionary", and each data point is represented as a linear combination of the basis of its cluster in the dictionary. Thus, the coefficient matrix is low-rank and sparse. With an appropriate permutation, it is also blockwise with each block corresponding to a cluster. With an assumption that each block is no more than $k$-by-$k$ in matrix recovery, we seek a low-rank and $(k,k)$-sparse coefficient matrix, which will be used for the construction of affinity matrix in spectral clustering. The advantage of our proposed method is that we recover a coefficient matrix with $(k,k)$-sparse and low-rank simultaneously, which is better fit for subspace clustering. Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness that it is better than SSC and LRR in real-world classification problems such as face clustering and motion segmentation.

Keywords: Subspace clustering, matrix factorization, (k, k)-sparse, low-rank, ksupport norm.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 68T04; Secondary: 65F04.
Citation: Haixia Liu, Jian-Feng Cai, Yang Wang. Subspace clustering by (k,k)-sparse matrix factorization. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2017, 11 (3) : 539-551. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2017025
References:
[1]

P. K. Agarwal and N. H. Mustafa, k-means projective clustering, in Proceedings of the twenty-third ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems, ACM, 2004, 155–165. doi: 10.1145/1055558.1055581.  Google Scholar

[2]

A. Argyriou, R. Foygel and N. Srebro, Sparse prediction with the k-support norm, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2012, 1457–1465. Google Scholar

[3]

J. Bolte, S. Sabach and M. Teboulle, Proximal alternating linearized minimization for nonconvex and nonsmooth problems, Mathematical Programming, 146 (2014), 459-494.  doi: 10.1007/s10107-013-0701-9.  Google Scholar

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V. Chandrasekaran, B. Recht, P. A. Parrilo and A. S. Willsky, The convex geometry of linear inverse problems, Foundations of Computational mathematics,, 12 (2012), 805-849.   Google Scholar

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G. Chen and G. Lerman, Spectral curvature clustering (scc), International Journal of Computer Vision, 81 (2009), 317-330.  doi: 10.1007/s11263-008-0178-9.  Google Scholar

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J. P. Costeira and T. Kanade, A multibody factorization method for independently moving objects, International Journal of Computer Vision, 29 (1998), 159-179.   Google Scholar

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H. Derksen, Y. Ma, W. Hong and J. Wright, Segmentation of multivariate mixed data via lossy coding and compression in Electronic Imaging 2007, International Society for Optics and Photonics (2007), 65080H. doi: 10.1117/12.714912.  Google Scholar

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E. Elhamifar and R. Vidal, Sparse subspace clustering: Algorithm, theory, and applications, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 35 (2013), 2765-2781.  doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2013.57.  Google Scholar

[9]

P. Favaro, R. Vidal and A. Ravichandran, A closed form solution to robust subspace estimation and clustering, in 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE, 2011, 1801–1807. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995365.  Google Scholar

[10]

J. Feng, Z. Lin, H. Xu and S. Yan, Robust subspace segmentation with block-diagonal prior, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, 2014, 3818–3825. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2014.482.  Google Scholar

[11]

A. Goh and R. Vidal, Segmenting motions of different types by unsupervised manifold clustering, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, 2007, 1–6. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383235.  Google Scholar

[12]

L. N. Hutchins, S. M. Murphy, P. Singh and J. H. Graber, Position-dependent motif characterization using non-negative matrix factorization, Bioinformatics, 24 (2008), 2684-2690.  doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn526.  Google Scholar

[13]

K. Lee, J. Ho and D. Kriegman, Acquiring linear subspaces for face recognition under variable lighting, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 27 (2005), 684-698.   Google Scholar

[14]

G. Liu, Z. Lin and Y. Yu, Robust subspace segmentation by low-rank representation, in Proceedings of the 27th international conference on machine learning, 2010, 663–670. Google Scholar

[15]

L. Lu and R. Vidal, Combined central and subspace clustering for computer vision applications, in Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning, ACM, 2006, 593–600. doi: 10.1145/1143844.1143919.  Google Scholar

[16]

B. Nasihatkon and R. Hartley, Graph connectivity in sparse subspace clustering, in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011 IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2011, 2137–2144. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995679.  Google Scholar

[17]

A. Y. Ng, M. I. Jordan and Y. Weiss, On spectral clustering: Analysis and an algorithm, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2 (2002), 849-856.   Google Scholar

[18]

S. Oymak, A. Jalali, M. Fazel, Y. C. Eldar and B. Hassibi, Simultaneously structured models with application to sparse and low-rank matrices, Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, 61 (2015), 2886-2908.  doi: 10.1109/TIT.2015.2401574.  Google Scholar

[19]

N. Parikh and S. Boyd, Proximal algorithms, Foundations and Trends in optimization, 1 (2014), 127-239.  doi: 10.1561/2400000003.  Google Scholar

[20]

M. J. D. Powell, On search directions for minimization algorithms, Mathematical Programming, 4 (1973), 193-201.  doi: 10.1007/BF01584660.  Google Scholar

[21]

S. R. Rao, R. Tron, R. Vidal and Y. Ma, Motion segmentation via robust subspace separation in the presence of outlying, incomplete, or corrupted trajectories, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, 2008, 1–8. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587437.  Google Scholar

[22]

E. Richard, G. R. Obozinski and J. -P. Vert, Tight convex relaxations for sparse matrix factorization, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2014, 3284–3292. Google Scholar

[23]

Y. Sugaya and K. Kanatani, Geometric structure of degeneracy for multi-body motion segmentation, in Statistical Methods in Video Processing, Springer, 2004, 13–25. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-30212-4_2.  Google Scholar

[24]

M. E. Tipping and C. M. Bishop, Mixtures of probabilistic principal component analyzers, Neural Computation, 11 (1999), 443-482.  doi: 10.1162/089976699300016728.  Google Scholar

[25]

R. Vidal, A tutorial on subspace clustering, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 28 (2010), 52-68.   Google Scholar

[26]

R. Vidal, Y. Ma and S. Sastry, Generalized Principal Component Analysis (GPCA), Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, 40. Springer, New York, 2016. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-87811-9.  Google Scholar

[27]

Y. -X. Wang, H. Xu and C. Leng, Provable subspace clustering: When LRR meets SSC, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2013, 64–72. Google Scholar

[28]

J. Yan and M. Pollefeys, A general framework for motion segmentation: Independent, articulated, rigid, non-rigid, degenerate and non-degenerate, in Computer Vision–ECCV 2006, Springer, 2006, 94–106. doi: 10.1007/11744085_8.  Google Scholar

[29]

W. I. Zangwill, Nonlinear Programming: A Unified Approach, vol. 196, Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1969.  Google Scholar

[30]

T. Zhang, A. Szlam, Y. Wang and G. Lerman, Hybrid linear modeling via local best-fit flats, International Journal of Computer Vision, 100 (2012), 217-240.  doi: 10.1007/s11263-012-0535-6.  Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

P. K. Agarwal and N. H. Mustafa, k-means projective clustering, in Proceedings of the twenty-third ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems, ACM, 2004, 155–165. doi: 10.1145/1055558.1055581.  Google Scholar

[2]

A. Argyriou, R. Foygel and N. Srebro, Sparse prediction with the k-support norm, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2012, 1457–1465. Google Scholar

[3]

J. Bolte, S. Sabach and M. Teboulle, Proximal alternating linearized minimization for nonconvex and nonsmooth problems, Mathematical Programming, 146 (2014), 459-494.  doi: 10.1007/s10107-013-0701-9.  Google Scholar

[4]

V. Chandrasekaran, B. Recht, P. A. Parrilo and A. S. Willsky, The convex geometry of linear inverse problems, Foundations of Computational mathematics,, 12 (2012), 805-849.   Google Scholar

[5]

G. Chen and G. Lerman, Spectral curvature clustering (scc), International Journal of Computer Vision, 81 (2009), 317-330.  doi: 10.1007/s11263-008-0178-9.  Google Scholar

[6]

J. P. Costeira and T. Kanade, A multibody factorization method for independently moving objects, International Journal of Computer Vision, 29 (1998), 159-179.   Google Scholar

[7]

H. Derksen, Y. Ma, W. Hong and J. Wright, Segmentation of multivariate mixed data via lossy coding and compression in Electronic Imaging 2007, International Society for Optics and Photonics (2007), 65080H. doi: 10.1117/12.714912.  Google Scholar

[8]

E. Elhamifar and R. Vidal, Sparse subspace clustering: Algorithm, theory, and applications, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 35 (2013), 2765-2781.  doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2013.57.  Google Scholar

[9]

P. Favaro, R. Vidal and A. Ravichandran, A closed form solution to robust subspace estimation and clustering, in 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), IEEE, 2011, 1801–1807. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995365.  Google Scholar

[10]

J. Feng, Z. Lin, H. Xu and S. Yan, Robust subspace segmentation with block-diagonal prior, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, 2014, 3818–3825. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2014.482.  Google Scholar

[11]

A. Goh and R. Vidal, Segmenting motions of different types by unsupervised manifold clustering, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, 2007, 1–6. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383235.  Google Scholar

[12]

L. N. Hutchins, S. M. Murphy, P. Singh and J. H. Graber, Position-dependent motif characterization using non-negative matrix factorization, Bioinformatics, 24 (2008), 2684-2690.  doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn526.  Google Scholar

[13]

K. Lee, J. Ho and D. Kriegman, Acquiring linear subspaces for face recognition under variable lighting, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 27 (2005), 684-698.   Google Scholar

[14]

G. Liu, Z. Lin and Y. Yu, Robust subspace segmentation by low-rank representation, in Proceedings of the 27th international conference on machine learning, 2010, 663–670. Google Scholar

[15]

L. Lu and R. Vidal, Combined central and subspace clustering for computer vision applications, in Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning, ACM, 2006, 593–600. doi: 10.1145/1143844.1143919.  Google Scholar

[16]

B. Nasihatkon and R. Hartley, Graph connectivity in sparse subspace clustering, in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011 IEEE Conference on, IEEE, 2011, 2137–2144. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995679.  Google Scholar

[17]

A. Y. Ng, M. I. Jordan and Y. Weiss, On spectral clustering: Analysis and an algorithm, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2 (2002), 849-856.   Google Scholar

[18]

S. Oymak, A. Jalali, M. Fazel, Y. C. Eldar and B. Hassibi, Simultaneously structured models with application to sparse and low-rank matrices, Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, 61 (2015), 2886-2908.  doi: 10.1109/TIT.2015.2401574.  Google Scholar

[19]

N. Parikh and S. Boyd, Proximal algorithms, Foundations and Trends in optimization, 1 (2014), 127-239.  doi: 10.1561/2400000003.  Google Scholar

[20]

M. J. D. Powell, On search directions for minimization algorithms, Mathematical Programming, 4 (1973), 193-201.  doi: 10.1007/BF01584660.  Google Scholar

[21]

S. R. Rao, R. Tron, R. Vidal and Y. Ma, Motion segmentation via robust subspace separation in the presence of outlying, incomplete, or corrupted trajectories, in IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE, 2008, 1–8. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587437.  Google Scholar

[22]

E. Richard, G. R. Obozinski and J. -P. Vert, Tight convex relaxations for sparse matrix factorization, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2014, 3284–3292. Google Scholar

[23]

Y. Sugaya and K. Kanatani, Geometric structure of degeneracy for multi-body motion segmentation, in Statistical Methods in Video Processing, Springer, 2004, 13–25. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-30212-4_2.  Google Scholar

[24]

M. E. Tipping and C. M. Bishop, Mixtures of probabilistic principal component analyzers, Neural Computation, 11 (1999), 443-482.  doi: 10.1162/089976699300016728.  Google Scholar

[25]

R. Vidal, A tutorial on subspace clustering, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 28 (2010), 52-68.   Google Scholar

[26]

R. Vidal, Y. Ma and S. Sastry, Generalized Principal Component Analysis (GPCA), Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, 40. Springer, New York, 2016. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-87811-9.  Google Scholar

[27]

Y. -X. Wang, H. Xu and C. Leng, Provable subspace clustering: When LRR meets SSC, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2013, 64–72. Google Scholar

[28]

J. Yan and M. Pollefeys, A general framework for motion segmentation: Independent, articulated, rigid, non-rigid, degenerate and non-degenerate, in Computer Vision–ECCV 2006, Springer, 2006, 94–106. doi: 10.1007/11744085_8.  Google Scholar

[29]

W. I. Zangwill, Nonlinear Programming: A Unified Approach, vol. 196, Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1969.  Google Scholar

[30]

T. Zhang, A. Szlam, Y. Wang and G. Lerman, Hybrid linear modeling via local best-fit flats, International Journal of Computer Vision, 100 (2012), 217-240.  doi: 10.1007/s11263-012-0535-6.  Google Scholar

Figure 1.  The plot of RSS vs. the reduced dimension $s$
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Figure 2.  The ExtendedYale data B
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Algorithm 1.  ADMM Algorithm to solve Model (11)
    Data: Initialize $E=0$, $U=0$, $V=0$, $\lambda_1=0$, $\lambda_2=0$.
1 while not convergence do
2 │ Update $Z$ with Equation (14);
3 │ Update $E$ with Equation (15) and $U$, $V$ with Equation (16), respectively;
4 │ Update $\lambda_1$ with Equation (17) and $\lambda_2$ with Equation (18);
5 end
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    Data: Initialize $E=0$, $U=0$, $V=0$, $\lambda_1=0$, $\lambda_2=0$.
1 while not convergence do
2 │ Update $Z$ with Equation (14);
3 │ Update $E$ with Equation (15) and $U$, $V$ with Equation (16), respectively;
4 │ Update $\lambda_1$ with Equation (17) and $\lambda_2$ with Equation (18);
5 end
Algorithm 2.  The algorithm for proximity operator of $\frac{1}{2\alpha}(\|\cdot\|_{sp}^{k})^2$ with input $\mathbf{h}$
    Data: $\mathbf{h}\in\mathbb{R}^n$ and the parameter $\alpha$.
    Result: $\mathbf{p}=\underset{\mathbf{g}}{\arg\min}\left\{\frac{1}{2\alpha}(\|\mathbf{g}\|^{sp}_{k})^2+\frac{1}{2}\|\mathbf{g}-\mathbf{h}\|^2_2\right\}$
1 Let $\tilde{\mathbf{h}}=[\tilde{h}_1,\cdots,\tilde{h}_n]^T$, i.e., $\tilde{h}_i$ is the $i$-th largest element of $|\mathbf{h}|$. Let $\Pi$ be the permutation matrix such that $\tilde{\mathbf{h}}=\Pi|\mathbf{h}|$. For simplicity, define $\tilde{h}_0:=+\infty$, $\tilde{h}_{n+1}:=-\infty$ and $\gamma_{r,l}:=\sum^l_{i=k-r}\tilde{h}_i$
2 Find $r\in\{0,\cdots,k-1\}$ and $l\in\{k,\cdots,n\}$ such that
            $\frac{\tilde{h}_{k-r-1}}{\alpha+1}>\frac{\gamma_{r, l}}{l-k+(\alpha+1)(r+1)}\ge\frac{\tilde{h}_{k-r}}{\alpha+1}, $
            $\tilde{u}_l>\frac{\gamma_{r, l}}{l-k+(\alpha+1)(r+1)}\ge \tilde{g}_{l+1}.$
3 Define
            $ q_i = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}\tilde{h}_i & \textrm{if}\; i=1, \cdots, k-r-1\\ \tilde{h}_i-\frac{\gamma_{r, l}}{l-k+(\alpha+1)(r+1)}\\ & \textrm{if}\; i=k-r, \cdots, l\\ 0 & \textrm{if} \; i=l+1, \cdots, n \end{array} \right.$
4 Set $\mathbf{p}=[p_1,\ldots,p_n]^T$, where $p_i=\mathrm{sign}(h_i)(\Pi^{-1}\mathbf{q})_i$.
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    Data: $\mathbf{h}\in\mathbb{R}^n$ and the parameter $\alpha$.
    Result: $\mathbf{p}=\underset{\mathbf{g}}{\arg\min}\left\{\frac{1}{2\alpha}(\|\mathbf{g}\|^{sp}_{k})^2+\frac{1}{2}\|\mathbf{g}-\mathbf{h}\|^2_2\right\}$
1 Let $\tilde{\mathbf{h}}=[\tilde{h}_1,\cdots,\tilde{h}_n]^T$, i.e., $\tilde{h}_i$ is the $i$-th largest element of $|\mathbf{h}|$. Let $\Pi$ be the permutation matrix such that $\tilde{\mathbf{h}}=\Pi|\mathbf{h}|$. For simplicity, define $\tilde{h}_0:=+\infty$, $\tilde{h}_{n+1}:=-\infty$ and $\gamma_{r,l}:=\sum^l_{i=k-r}\tilde{h}_i$
2 Find $r\in\{0,\cdots,k-1\}$ and $l\in\{k,\cdots,n\}$ such that
            $\frac{\tilde{h}_{k-r-1}}{\alpha+1}>\frac{\gamma_{r, l}}{l-k+(\alpha+1)(r+1)}\ge\frac{\tilde{h}_{k-r}}{\alpha+1}, $
            $\tilde{u}_l>\frac{\gamma_{r, l}}{l-k+(\alpha+1)(r+1)}\ge \tilde{g}_{l+1}.$
3 Define
            $ q_i = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \frac{\alpha}{\alpha+1}\tilde{h}_i & \textrm{if}\; i=1, \cdots, k-r-1\\ \tilde{h}_i-\frac{\gamma_{r, l}}{l-k+(\alpha+1)(r+1)}\\ & \textrm{if}\; i=k-r, \cdots, l\\ 0 & \textrm{if} \; i=l+1, \cdots, n \end{array} \right.$
4 Set $\mathbf{p}=[p_1,\ldots,p_n]^T$, where $p_i=\mathrm{sign}(h_i)(\Pi^{-1}\mathbf{q})_i$.
Table 1.  The error rate (mean % and median %) for face clustering on Extended Yale dataset B
# Classes mean/median SSC LRR (3, 3)-SMF (4, 4)-SMF
error s error s
2 mean 15.83 6.37 3.38 18 3.53 18
median 15.63 6.25 2.34 2.34
3 mean 28.13 9.57 6.19 25 6.06 25
median 28.65 8.85 5.73 5.73
5 mean 37.90 14.86 11.06 35 10.04 35
median 38.44 14.38 9.38 9.06
8 mean 44.25 23.27 23.08 50 22.51 50
median 44.82 21.29 27.54 26.06
10 mean 50.78 29.38 25.36 65 23.91 65
median 49.06 32.97 27.19 27.34
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# Classes mean/median SSC LRR (3, 3)-SMF (4, 4)-SMF
error s error s
2 mean 15.83 6.37 3.38 18 3.53 18
median 15.63 6.25 2.34 2.34
3 mean 28.13 9.57 6.19 25 6.06 25
median 28.65 8.85 5.73 5.73
5 mean 37.90 14.86 11.06 35 10.04 35
median 38.44 14.38 9.38 9.06
8 mean 44.25 23.27 23.08 50 22.51 50
median 44.82 21.29 27.54 26.06
10 mean 50.78 29.38 25.36 65 23.91 65
median 49.06 32.97 27.19 27.34
Table 2.  The error rate (mean %/median %) for motion segmentation on Hopkins155 dataset
SSC LRR (3, 3)-SMF (4, 4)-SMF
Mean 9.28 8.43 6.61 7.16
Median 0.24 1.54 1.20 1.32
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SSC LRR (3, 3)-SMF (4, 4)-SMF
Mean 9.28 8.43 6.61 7.16
Median 0.24 1.54 1.20 1.32
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