American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2020050

Image retinex based on the nonconvex TV-type regularization

Yuan Wang 1, , Zhi-Feng Pang 1,, , Yuping Duan 2, and  Ke Chen 3,

1. 

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
2. 

Center for Applied Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
3. 

Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, L693BX, United Kingdom

* Corresponding author: Zhi-Feng Pang

Received  October 2019 Revised  May 2020 Early access  August 2020

Fund Project: Dr. Z.-F. Pang was partially supported by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program No.2015CB856003), and also gratefully acknowledges financial support from China Scholarship Council(CSC) as a research scholar to visit the University of Liverpool from August 2017 to August 2018

Retinex theory is introduced to show how the human visual system perceives the color and the illumination effect such as Retinex illusions, medical image intensity inhomogeneity and color shadow effect etc.. Many researchers have studied this ill-posed problem based on the framework of the variation energy functional for decades. However, to the best of our knowledge, the existing models via the sparsity of the image based on the nonconvex $ \ell^p $-quasinorm were limited. To deal with this problem, this paper considers a TV$ _p $-HOTV$ _q $-based retinex model with $ p, q\in(0, 1) $. Specially, the TV$ _p $ term based on the total variation(TV) regularization can describe the reflectance efficiently, which has the piecewise constant structure. The HOTV$ _q $ term based on the high order total variation(HOTV) regularization can penalize the smooth structure called the illumination. Since the proposed model is non-convex, non-smooth and non-Lipschitz, we employ the iteratively reweighed $ \ell_1 $ (IRL1) algorithm to solve it. We also discuss some properties of our proposed model and algorithm. Experimental experiments on the simulated and real images illustrate the effectiveness and the robustness of our proposed model both visually and quantitatively by compared with some related state-of-the-art variational models.

Keywords: Image Retinex, TV$ _p $-HOTV$ _q $ Regularization, Iteratively Reweighed $ \ell_1 $ Algorithm, Alternating Minimization Method, Bias Field Correction.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 80M30, 80M50, 68U10.
Citation: Yuan Wang, Zhi-Feng Pang, Yuping Duan, Ke Chen. Image retinex based on the nonconvex TV-type regularization. Inverse Problems & Imaging, doi: 10.3934/ipi.2020050
References:
[1]

R. Amestoy, E. Provenzi, M. Bertalmío and V. Caselles, A perceptually inspired variational framework for color enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31 (2009), 458-474.   Google Scholar

[2]

M. Benning, F. Knoll, C. Schonlieb and T. Valkonen, Preconditioned ADMM with nonlinear operator constraint, IFIP Conference on System Modeling and Optimization, 494 (2015), 117-126.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55795-3_10.  Google Scholar

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[4]

M. Bertalmío, V. Caselles and E. Provenzi, Issues about retinex theory and contrast enhancement, International Journal of Computer Vision, 83 (2009), 101-119.   Google Scholar

[5]

A. Blake, Boundary conditions for lightness computation in Mondrian world, Computer Vision Graphics Image Processing, 32 (1985), 314-327.  doi: 10.1016/0734-189X(85)90054-4.  Google Scholar

[6]

S. Boyd, N. Parikh, E. Chu, B. Peleato and J. Eckstein, Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers, Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, 3 (2011), 1-122.  doi: 10.1561/9781601984616.  Google Scholar

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E. Candes, M. Wakin and S. Boyd, Enhancing sparsity by reweighted $l_1$ minimization, Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, 14 (2008), 877-905.  doi: 10.1007/s00041-008-9045-x.  Google Scholar

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T. Cooper and F. Baqai, Analysis and extensions of the frankle-mccann retinex algorithm, Journal of Electronic Imaging, 13 (2004), 85-93.  doi: 10.1117/1.1636182.  Google Scholar

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X. Chen, F. Xu and Y. Ye, Lower bound theory of nonzero entries in solutions of $\ell^2-\ell^p$ minimization, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 32 (2010), 2832-2852.  doi: 10.1137/090761471.  Google Scholar

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Y. Duan, H. Chang, W. Huang, J. Zhou, Z. Lu and C. Wu, The $L_0$ regularized Mumford-Shah model for bias correction and segmentation of medical images, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 24 (2015), 3927-3938.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2015.2451957.  Google Scholar

[13]

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N. Galatsanos and A. Katsaggelos, Methods for choosing the regularization parameter and estimating the noise variance in image restoration and their relation, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1 (1992), 322-336.  doi: 10.1109/83.148606.  Google Scholar

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Z. Gu, F. Li and X. Lv, A detail preserving variational model for image Retinex, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 68 (2019), 643-661.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.052.  Google Scholar

[19]

P. Hansen and D. Leary, The use of the L-curve in the regularization of discrete ill-posed problems, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 14 (1993), 1487-1503.  doi: 10.1137/0914086.  Google Scholar

[20]

B. Horn, Determining lightness from an image, Computer Graphics Image Processing, 3 (1974), 277-299.  doi: 10.1016/0146-664X(74)90022-7.  Google Scholar

[21]

B. Horn, Understanding image intensities, Artificial Intelligence, 8 (1977), 201-231.  doi: 10.1016/0004-3702(77)90020-0.  Google Scholar

[22]

D. Jobson, Z. Rahman and G. Woodell, Properties and performance of a center/surround retinex, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6 (1997), 451-462.  doi: 10.1109/83.557356.  Google Scholar

[23]

D. Jobson, Z. Rahman and G. Woodell, A multiscale Retinex for bridging the gap between color image and the human observation of scenes, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6 (2002), 965-976.  doi: 10.1109/83.597272.  Google Scholar

[24]

Y. Jung, T. Jeong and S. Yun, Non-convex TV denoising corrupted by impulse noise, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 11 (2017), 689-702.  doi: 10.3934/ipi.2017032.  Google Scholar

[25]

R. Kimmel, M. Elad, D. Shaked, R. Keshet and I. Sobel, A variational framework for retinex, International Journal of Computer Vision, 52 (2003), 7-23.   Google Scholar

[26]

M. Lai, Y. Xu and W. Yin, Improved iteratively reweighted least squares for unconstrained smoothed $\ell_q$ minimization, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 51 (2013), 927-957.  doi: 10.1137/110840364.  Google Scholar

[27]

E. Land and J. Mccann, Lightness and Retinex theory, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61 (1971), 1-11.   Google Scholar

[28]

E. Land, The Retinex theory of color vision, Scientific American, 237 (1977), 108-128.   Google Scholar

[29]

E. Land, An alternative technique for the computation of the designator in the retinex theory of color vision, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83 (1986), 3078-3080.   Google Scholar

[30]

M. Langer and S. Zucker, Spatially varying illumination: A computational model of converging and diverging sources, European Conference on Computer Vision, 801 (1994), 226-232.  doi: 10.1007/BFb0028356.  Google Scholar

[31]

A. Lanza1, S. Morigi1 and F. Sgallari, Constrained $TV_p-\ell_2$ model for image restoration, Journal of Scientific Computing, 68 (2016), 64-91.  doi: 10.1007/s10915-015-0129-x.  Google Scholar

[32]

L. Liu, Z. Pang and Y. Duan, Retinex based on exponent-type total variation scheme, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 12 (2018), 1199-1217.  doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018050.  Google Scholar

[33]

Z. Liu, C. Wu and Y. Zhao, A new globally convergent algorithm for non-Lipschitz $\ell^p-\ell^q$ minimization, Advances in Computational Mathematics, 45 (2019), 1369-1399.  doi: 10.1007/s10444-019-09668-y.  Google Scholar

[34]

J. Liang and X. Zhang, Retinex by higher order total variation ${L}^1$ decomposition, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 52 (2015), 345-355.  doi: 10.1007/s10851-015-0568-x.  Google Scholar

[35]

Z. Lu, Iterative reweighted minimization methods for $\ell^p$ regularized unconstrained nonlinear programming, Mathematical Programming: Series A and B, 147 (2014), 277-307.  doi: 10.1007/s10107-013-0722-4.  Google Scholar

[36]

D. Marini and A. Rizzi, A computational approach to color adaptation effects, Image and Vision Computing, 18 (2000), 1005-1014.   Google Scholar

[37]

W. Ma and S. Osher, A TV bregman iterative model of retinex theory, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 6 (2012), 697-708.  doi: 10.3934/ipi.2012.6.697.  Google Scholar

[38]

J. Mccann, Lessons learned from mondrians applied to real images and color gamuts, Proceedings of the IST/SID 7th Color Imaging Conference, 1999, 1–8. Google Scholar

[39]

J. Morel, A. Petro and C. Sbert, Fast implementation of color constancy algorithms, Proceedings of SPIE, 7241, 2009. Google Scholar

[40]

J. Morel, A. Petro and C. Sbert, A PDE formalization of retinex theory, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 19 (2010), 2825-2837.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2010.2049239.  Google Scholar

[41]

V. Morozov, Methods for Solving Incorrectly Posed Problems, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5280-1.  Google Scholar

[42]

M. Ng and W. Wang, A total variation model for retinex, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 4 (2011), 345-365.  doi: 10.1137/100806588.  Google Scholar

[43]

P. Ochs, A. Dosovitskiy, T. Brox and T. Pock, On iteratively reweighted algorithms for nonsmooth nonconvex optimization in computer vision, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 8 (2015), 331-372.  doi: 10.1137/140971518.  Google Scholar

[44]

J. Oliveira, J. Dias and M. Figueiredo, Adaptive total variation image deblurring: A majorizationCminimization approach, Signal Processing, 89 (2009), 1683-1693.   Google Scholar

[45]

H. Pan, Y. Wen and H. Zhu, A regularization parameter selection model for total variation based image noise removal, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 68 (2019), 353-367.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.032.  Google Scholar

[46]

E. Provenzi, D. Marini, L. De Carli and A. Rizzi, Mathematical definition and analysis of the retinex algorithm, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 22 (2005), 2613-2621.  doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.22.002613.  Google Scholar

[47]

S. Sabacha and M. Teboulle, Lagrangian methods for composite optimization, Handbook of Numerical Analysis, 20 (2019), 401-436.   Google Scholar

[48]

A. Theljani and K. Chen, A Nash game based variational model for joint image intensity correction and registration to deal with varying illumination, Inverse Problems, 36 (2020), 034002. Google Scholar

[49]

Y. Wen and R. Chan, Using generalized cross validation to select regularization parameter for total variation regularization problems, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 12 (2018), 1103-1120.  doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018046.  Google Scholar

[50]

W. Wang and C. He, A variational model with barrier functionals for Retinex, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 8 (2015), 1955-1980.  doi: 10.1137/15M1006908.  Google Scholar

[51]

J. Zhang, R. Chen, C. Deng and S. Wang, Fast linearized augmented method for Euler's elastica model, Numerical Mathematics:Theory, Methods and Applications, 10 (2017), 98-115.  doi: 10.4208/nmtma.2017.m1611.  Google Scholar

[52]

X. Zhang, Y. Shi, Z. Pang and Y. Zhu, Fast algorithm for image denoising with different boundary conditions, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 354 (2017), 4595-4614.  doi: 10.1016/j.jfranklin.2017.04.011.  Google Scholar

[53]

D. Zosso, G. Tran and S. Osher, A unifying retinex model based on non-local differential operators, Computational Imaging XI, 865702, 2013.. Google Scholar

[54]

W. Zuo, D. Meng, L. Zhang, X. Feng and D. Zhang, A generalized iterated shrinkage algorithm for non-convex sparse coding, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2013,217–224. Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

R. Amestoy, E. Provenzi, M. Bertalmío and V. Caselles, A perceptually inspired variational framework for color enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31 (2009), 458-474.   Google Scholar

[2]

M. Benning, F. Knoll, C. Schonlieb and T. Valkonen, Preconditioned ADMM with nonlinear operator constraint, IFIP Conference on System Modeling and Optimization, 494 (2015), 117-126.  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55795-3_10.  Google Scholar

[3]

M. Bertalmío, V. Caselles, E. Provenzi and A. Rizzi, Perceptual color correction through variational techniques, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 16 (2007), 1058-1072.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2007.891777.  Google Scholar

[4]

M. Bertalmío, V. Caselles and E. Provenzi, Issues about retinex theory and contrast enhancement, International Journal of Computer Vision, 83 (2009), 101-119.   Google Scholar

[5]

A. Blake, Boundary conditions for lightness computation in Mondrian world, Computer Vision Graphics Image Processing, 32 (1985), 314-327.  doi: 10.1016/0734-189X(85)90054-4.  Google Scholar

[6]

S. Boyd, N. Parikh, E. Chu, B. Peleato and J. Eckstein, Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers, Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, 3 (2011), 1-122.  doi: 10.1561/9781601984616.  Google Scholar

[7]

E. Candes, M. Wakin and S. Boyd, Enhancing sparsity by reweighted $l_1$ minimization, Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, 14 (2008), 877-905.  doi: 10.1007/s00041-008-9045-x.  Google Scholar

[8]

T. Cooper and F. Baqai, Analysis and extensions of the frankle-mccann retinex algorithm, Journal of Electronic Imaging, 13 (2004), 85-93.  doi: 10.1117/1.1636182.  Google Scholar

[9]

X. Chen, F. Xu and Y. Ye, Lower bound theory of nonzero entries in solutions of $\ell^2-\ell^p$ minimization, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 32 (2010), 2832-2852.  doi: 10.1137/090761471.  Google Scholar

[10]

X. Chen and W. Zhou, Convergence of the reweighted $\ell_1$ minimization algorithm for $\ell_2-\ell^p$ minimization, Journal Computational Optimization and Application, 59 (2014), 47-61.  doi: 10.1007/s10589-013-9553-8.  Google Scholar

[11]

J. Douglas and H. Rachford, On the numerical solution of heat conduction problems in two and three space variables, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 82 (1956), 421-439.  doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1956-0084194-4.  Google Scholar

[12]

Y. Duan, H. Chang, W. Huang, J. Zhou, Z. Lu and C. Wu, The $L_0$ regularized Mumford-Shah model for bias correction and segmentation of medical images, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 24 (2015), 3927-3938.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2015.2451957.  Google Scholar

[13]

D. Gabay and B. Mercier, A dual algorithm for the solution of nonlinear variational problems via finite element approximations, Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 2 (1976), 17-40.  doi: 10.1016/0898-1221(76)90003-1.  Google Scholar

[14]

N. Galatsanos and A. Katsaggelos, Methods for choosing the regularization parameter and estimating the noise variance in image restoration and their relation, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1 (1992), 322-336.  doi: 10.1109/83.148606.  Google Scholar

[15]

D. Ghilli and K. Kunisch, On monotone and primal-dual active set schemes for $\ell^p$-type problems, $p\in(0, 1]$, Computational Optimizationand Applications, 72 (2019), 45-85.  doi: 10.1007/s10589-018-0036-9.  Google Scholar

[16]

R. Glowinski, S. Luo and X. Tai, Fast operator-splitting algorithms for variational imaging models: Some recent developments, Handbook of Numerical Analysis, 20 (2019), 191-232.   Google Scholar

[17]

R. Glowinski, S. Osher and W. Yin, Splitting Methods in Communication, Imaging, Science, and Engineering, Springer, Cham, 2016. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41589-5.  Google Scholar

[18]

Z. Gu, F. Li and X. Lv, A detail preserving variational model for image Retinex, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 68 (2019), 643-661.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.052.  Google Scholar

[19]

P. Hansen and D. Leary, The use of the L-curve in the regularization of discrete ill-posed problems, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 14 (1993), 1487-1503.  doi: 10.1137/0914086.  Google Scholar

[20]

B. Horn, Determining lightness from an image, Computer Graphics Image Processing, 3 (1974), 277-299.  doi: 10.1016/0146-664X(74)90022-7.  Google Scholar

[21]

B. Horn, Understanding image intensities, Artificial Intelligence, 8 (1977), 201-231.  doi: 10.1016/0004-3702(77)90020-0.  Google Scholar

[22]

D. Jobson, Z. Rahman and G. Woodell, Properties and performance of a center/surround retinex, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6 (1997), 451-462.  doi: 10.1109/83.557356.  Google Scholar

[23]

D. Jobson, Z. Rahman and G. Woodell, A multiscale Retinex for bridging the gap between color image and the human observation of scenes, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6 (2002), 965-976.  doi: 10.1109/83.597272.  Google Scholar

[24]

Y. Jung, T. Jeong and S. Yun, Non-convex TV denoising corrupted by impulse noise, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 11 (2017), 689-702.  doi: 10.3934/ipi.2017032.  Google Scholar

[25]

R. Kimmel, M. Elad, D. Shaked, R. Keshet and I. Sobel, A variational framework for retinex, International Journal of Computer Vision, 52 (2003), 7-23.   Google Scholar

[26]

M. Lai, Y. Xu and W. Yin, Improved iteratively reweighted least squares for unconstrained smoothed $\ell_q$ minimization, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 51 (2013), 927-957.  doi: 10.1137/110840364.  Google Scholar

[27]

E. Land and J. Mccann, Lightness and Retinex theory, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61 (1971), 1-11.   Google Scholar

[28]

E. Land, The Retinex theory of color vision, Scientific American, 237 (1977), 108-128.   Google Scholar

[29]

E. Land, An alternative technique for the computation of the designator in the retinex theory of color vision, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83 (1986), 3078-3080.   Google Scholar

[30]

M. Langer and S. Zucker, Spatially varying illumination: A computational model of converging and diverging sources, European Conference on Computer Vision, 801 (1994), 226-232.  doi: 10.1007/BFb0028356.  Google Scholar

[31]

A. Lanza1, S. Morigi1 and F. Sgallari, Constrained $TV_p-\ell_2$ model for image restoration, Journal of Scientific Computing, 68 (2016), 64-91.  doi: 10.1007/s10915-015-0129-x.  Google Scholar

[32]

L. Liu, Z. Pang and Y. Duan, Retinex based on exponent-type total variation scheme, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 12 (2018), 1199-1217.  doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018050.  Google Scholar

[33]

Z. Liu, C. Wu and Y. Zhao, A new globally convergent algorithm for non-Lipschitz $\ell^p-\ell^q$ minimization, Advances in Computational Mathematics, 45 (2019), 1369-1399.  doi: 10.1007/s10444-019-09668-y.  Google Scholar

[34]

J. Liang and X. Zhang, Retinex by higher order total variation ${L}^1$ decomposition, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 52 (2015), 345-355.  doi: 10.1007/s10851-015-0568-x.  Google Scholar

[35]

Z. Lu, Iterative reweighted minimization methods for $\ell^p$ regularized unconstrained nonlinear programming, Mathematical Programming: Series A and B, 147 (2014), 277-307.  doi: 10.1007/s10107-013-0722-4.  Google Scholar

[36]

D. Marini and A. Rizzi, A computational approach to color adaptation effects, Image and Vision Computing, 18 (2000), 1005-1014.   Google Scholar

[37]

W. Ma and S. Osher, A TV bregman iterative model of retinex theory, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 6 (2012), 697-708.  doi: 10.3934/ipi.2012.6.697.  Google Scholar

[38]

J. Mccann, Lessons learned from mondrians applied to real images and color gamuts, Proceedings of the IST/SID 7th Color Imaging Conference, 1999, 1–8. Google Scholar

[39]

J. Morel, A. Petro and C. Sbert, Fast implementation of color constancy algorithms, Proceedings of SPIE, 7241, 2009. Google Scholar

[40]

J. Morel, A. Petro and C. Sbert, A PDE formalization of retinex theory, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 19 (2010), 2825-2837.  doi: 10.1109/TIP.2010.2049239.  Google Scholar

[41]

V. Morozov, Methods for Solving Incorrectly Posed Problems, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5280-1.  Google Scholar

[42]

M. Ng and W. Wang, A total variation model for retinex, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 4 (2011), 345-365.  doi: 10.1137/100806588.  Google Scholar

[43]

P. Ochs, A. Dosovitskiy, T. Brox and T. Pock, On iteratively reweighted algorithms for nonsmooth nonconvex optimization in computer vision, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 8 (2015), 331-372.  doi: 10.1137/140971518.  Google Scholar

[44]

J. Oliveira, J. Dias and M. Figueiredo, Adaptive total variation image deblurring: A majorizationCminimization approach, Signal Processing, 89 (2009), 1683-1693.   Google Scholar

[45]

H. Pan, Y. Wen and H. Zhu, A regularization parameter selection model for total variation based image noise removal, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 68 (2019), 353-367.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.032.  Google Scholar

[46]

E. Provenzi, D. Marini, L. De Carli and A. Rizzi, Mathematical definition and analysis of the retinex algorithm, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 22 (2005), 2613-2621.  doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.22.002613.  Google Scholar

[47]

S. Sabacha and M. Teboulle, Lagrangian methods for composite optimization, Handbook of Numerical Analysis, 20 (2019), 401-436.   Google Scholar

[48]

A. Theljani and K. Chen, A Nash game based variational model for joint image intensity correction and registration to deal with varying illumination, Inverse Problems, 36 (2020), 034002. Google Scholar

[49]

Y. Wen and R. Chan, Using generalized cross validation to select regularization parameter for total variation regularization problems, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 12 (2018), 1103-1120.  doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018046.  Google Scholar

[50]

W. Wang and C. He, A variational model with barrier functionals for Retinex, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 8 (2015), 1955-1980.  doi: 10.1137/15M1006908.  Google Scholar

[51]

J. Zhang, R. Chen, C. Deng and S. Wang, Fast linearized augmented method for Euler's elastica model, Numerical Mathematics:Theory, Methods and Applications, 10 (2017), 98-115.  doi: 10.4208/nmtma.2017.m1611.  Google Scholar

[52]

X. Zhang, Y. Shi, Z. Pang and Y. Zhu, Fast algorithm for image denoising with different boundary conditions, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 354 (2017), 4595-4614.  doi: 10.1016/j.jfranklin.2017.04.011.  Google Scholar

[53]

D. Zosso, G. Tran and S. Osher, A unifying retinex model based on non-local differential operators, Computational Imaging XI, 865702, 2013.. Google Scholar

[54]

W. Zuo, D. Meng, L. Zhang, X. Feng and D. Zhang, A generalized iterated shrinkage algorithm for non-convex sparse coding, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2013,217–224. Google Scholar

Figure 1.  Two synthetic testing images
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Figure 2.  Reconstruction images based on the different model. The first and third rows: recovered reflectance $ r $ by five methods. The second and fourth rows: illumination $ l $ by five methods
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Figure 3.  Comparison of five methods on $ T_1 $-weighted brain MRIs with different levels of noises
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Figure 4.  Comparison among five models in terms of the PSNR and the MSSIM. Here the x-axis denotes the the serial number of the image
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Figure 5.  Comparison of the performance in terms of CV(%)
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Figure 6.  $ T_1 $-weighted brain images with different intensity inhomogeneities and noises
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Figure 7.  Performances of five methods on $ T_1 $-weighted brain images with different intensity inhomogeneities for the first, third and fifth rows; Colorbar to different between the clean images and restored images for the second, fourth and sixth rows
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Figure 6.(a) First image, (b) Second image and (c) Third image">Figure 8.  The relative errors of the original images and the restored images in Figure 6.(a) First image, (b) Second image and (c) Third image
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Figure 6">Figure 9.  The relative errors of $ r $ and $ l $ and numerical energy of our model for the third image in Figure 6
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Figure 10.  MRIs with noises and bias field
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Figure 11.  Bias field correction for the different MRIs
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Figure 12.  The gray values of underlined part with five methods
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Figure 13.  Original corrupted images and the corresponding contour images
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Figure 14.  Comparisons of restored images with five methods. The head 1 for the first row, the head 2 for the second row and the head 3 for the third row
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FIGURE 14 corresponding contour images. The head 1 for the first row, the head 2 for the second row and the head 3 for the third row">Figure 15.  FIGURE 14 corresponding contour images. The head 1 for the first row, the head 2 for the second row and the head 3 for the third row
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Figure 16.  Two test images for the illusion problem. (a) Adelson's checkerboard shadow image. (b) Logvinenko's cube shadow image
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Figure 17.  Decomposition comparison of the checkerboard image and the cube image. The first and third rows: recovered reflectance $ r $ by five methods. The second and fourth rows: illumination $ l $ by five methods
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Table 1.  PSNR and MSSIM of the reconstructed synthetic images
PSNR MSSIM
TVH1 30.9323 0.9812
Shape1 L0MS 31.7962 0.9837
HOTVL 18.9389 0.9374
ETV 36.2657 0.9967
OUR 36.8019 0.9973
TVH1 31.5509 0.9514
Shape2 L0MS 31.6024 0.9463
HoTVL1 15.6438 0.8137
ETV 36.6105 0.9972
OUR 37.6838 0.9975
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PSNR MSSIM
TVH1 30.9323 0.9812
Shape1 L0MS 31.7962 0.9837
HOTVL 18.9389 0.9374
ETV 36.2657 0.9967
OUR 36.8019 0.9973
TVH1 31.5509 0.9514
Shape2 L0MS 31.6024 0.9463
HoTVL1 15.6438 0.8137
ETV 36.6105 0.9972
OUR 37.6838 0.9975
Table 2.  PSNR and MSSIM of $ T_1 $-weighted brain MRIs with different levels of Gaussian white noises
$ 0.03 $ $ 0.05 $ $ 0.07 $ $ 0.09 $
PSNR MSSIM PSNR MSSIM PSNR MSSIM PSNR MSSIM
TVH1 26.8509 0.9436 25.3513 0.9176 24.5925 0.8939 23.4850 0.8642
Test HoTVL1 30.2055 0.9515 27.7438 0.9288 26.4877 0.9069 24.7440 0.8774
Image1 L0MS 29.7718 0.9227 27.8711 0.9088 26.1986 0.8936 24.3809 0.8649
ETV 32.6699 0.9904 31.1178 0.9844 29.1294 0.9767 28.4238 0.9686
OUR 33.0513 0.9909 31.2246 0.9846 30.1037 0.9781 28.4666 0.9686
TVH1 27.4061 0.9230 26.5258 0.8935 25.5879 0.8661 24.0629 0.8348
Test HoTVL1 30.0791 0.9317 29.0495 0.9065 27.0113 0.8795 25.1211 0.8481
Image2 L0MS 32.0987 0.9246 29.0807 0.9016 27.1344 0.8760 24.9108 0.8382
ETV 33.4363 0.9911 31.4108 0.9842 29.8199 0.9764 28.6496 0.9698
OUR 33.9694 0.9916 31.4609 0.9841 29.8766 0.9760 29.0947 0.9703
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$ 0.03 $ $ 0.05 $ $ 0.07 $ $ 0.09 $
PSNR MSSIM PSNR MSSIM PSNR MSSIM PSNR MSSIM
TVH1 26.8509 0.9436 25.3513 0.9176 24.5925 0.8939 23.4850 0.8642
Test HoTVL1 30.2055 0.9515 27.7438 0.9288 26.4877 0.9069 24.7440 0.8774
Image1 L0MS 29.7718 0.9227 27.8711 0.9088 26.1986 0.8936 24.3809 0.8649
ETV 32.6699 0.9904 31.1178 0.9844 29.1294 0.9767 28.4238 0.9686
OUR 33.0513 0.9909 31.2246 0.9846 30.1037 0.9781 28.4666 0.9686
TVH1 27.4061 0.9230 26.5258 0.8935 25.5879 0.8661 24.0629 0.8348
Test HoTVL1 30.0791 0.9317 29.0495 0.9065 27.0113 0.8795 25.1211 0.8481
Image2 L0MS 32.0987 0.9246 29.0807 0.9016 27.1344 0.8760 24.9108 0.8382
ETV 33.4363 0.9911 31.4108 0.9842 29.8199 0.9764 28.6496 0.9698
OUR 33.9694 0.9916 31.4609 0.9841 29.8766 0.9760 29.0947 0.9703
Table 3.  PSNR and MSSIM of Retinex illusion images
PSNR MSSIM
TVH1 31.7514 0.8887
Checkboard L0MS 33.1312 0.9602
HOTVL1 29.5090 0.8725
ETV 38.7053 0.9936
OUR 39.2105 0.9934
TVH1 30.7779 0.9799
L0MS 30.0935 0.9774
Cube HOTVL1 27.9950 0.9692
ETV 29.6898 0.9866
OUR 33.3660 0.9896
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PSNR MSSIM
TVH1 31.7514 0.8887
Checkboard L0MS 33.1312 0.9602
HOTVL1 29.5090 0.8725
ETV 38.7053 0.9936
OUR 39.2105 0.9934
TVH1 30.7779 0.9799
L0MS 30.0935 0.9774
Cube HOTVL1 27.9950 0.9692
ETV 29.6898 0.9866
OUR 33.3660 0.9896
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