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December
2021, 15(6): 1381-1407.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2020050
Image retinex based on the nonconvex TV-type regularization
| 1. | School of Mathematics and Statistics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China |
| 2. | Center for Applied Mathematics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China |
| 3. | Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, L693BX, United Kingdom |
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Under a Creative Commons license
Retinex theory is introduced to show how the human visual system perceives the color and the illumination effect such as Retinex illusions, medical image intensity inhomogeneity and color shadow effect etc.. Many researchers have studied this ill-posed problem based on the framework of the variation energy functional for decades. However, to the best of our knowledge, the existing models via the sparsity of the image based on the nonconvex $ \ell^p $-quasinorm were limited. To deal with this problem, this paper considers a TV$ _p $-HOTV$ _q $-based retinex model with $ p, q\in(0, 1) $. Specially, the TV$ _p $ term based on the total variation(TV) regularization can describe the reflectance efficiently, which has the piecewise constant structure. The HOTV$ _q $ term based on the high order total variation(HOTV) regularization can penalize the smooth structure called the illumination. Since the proposed model is non-convex, non-smooth and non-Lipschitz, we employ the iteratively reweighed $ \ell_1 $ (IRL1) algorithm to solve it. We also discuss some properties of our proposed model and algorithm. Experimental experiments on the simulated and real images illustrate the effectiveness and the robustness of our proposed model both visually and quantitatively by compared with some related state-of-the-art variational models.
Keywords:
Image Retinex,
TV$ _p $-HOTV$ _q $ Regularization,
Iteratively Reweighed $ \ell_1 $ Algorithm,
Alternating Minimization Method,
Bias Field Correction.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
80M30, 80M50, 68U10.
Citation:
Yuan Wang, Zhi-Feng Pang, Yuping Duan, Ke Chen. Image retinex based on the nonconvex TV-type regularization. Inverse Problems & Imaging,
2021, 15
(6)
: 1381-1407.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2020050
![]()
References:
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R. Amestoy, E. Provenzi, M. Bertalmío and V. Caselles, A perceptually inspired variational framework for color enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31 (2009), 458-474. Google Scholar |
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M. Benning, F. Knoll, C. Schonlieb and T. Valkonen,
Preconditioned ADMM with nonlinear operator constraint, IFIP Conference on System Modeling and Optimization, 494 (2015), 117-126.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55795-3_10. |
| [3] |
M. Bertalmío, V. Caselles, E. Provenzi and A. Rizzi,
Perceptual color correction through variational techniques, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 16 (2007), 1058-1072.
doi: 10.1109/TIP.2007.891777. |
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M. Bertalmío, V. Caselles and E. Provenzi, Issues about retinex theory and contrast enhancement, International Journal of Computer Vision, 83 (2009), 101-119. Google Scholar |
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A. Blake,
Boundary conditions for lightness computation in Mondrian world, Computer Vision Graphics Image Processing, 32 (1985), 314-327.
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S. Boyd, N. Parikh, E. Chu, B. Peleato and J. Eckstein,
Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers, Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, 3 (2011), 1-122.
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E. Candes, M. Wakin and S. Boyd,
Enhancing sparsity by reweighted $l_1$ minimization, Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, 14 (2008), 877-905.
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| [8] |
T. Cooper and F. Baqai,
Analysis and extensions of the frankle-mccann retinex algorithm, Journal of Electronic Imaging, 13 (2004), 85-93.
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| [9] |
X. Chen, F. Xu and Y. Ye,
Lower bound theory of nonzero entries in solutions of $\ell^2-\ell^p$ minimization, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 32 (2010), 2832-2852.
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X. Chen and W. Zhou,
Convergence of the reweighted $\ell_1$ minimization algorithm for $\ell_2-\ell^p$ minimization, Journal Computational Optimization and Application, 59 (2014), 47-61.
doi: 10.1007/s10589-013-9553-8. |
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J. Douglas and H. Rachford,
On the numerical solution of heat conduction problems in two and three space variables, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 82 (1956), 421-439.
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Y. Duan, H. Chang, W. Huang, J. Zhou, Z. Lu and C. Wu,
The $L_0$ regularized Mumford-Shah model for bias correction and segmentation of medical images, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 24 (2015), 3927-3938.
doi: 10.1109/TIP.2015.2451957. |
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A dual algorithm for the solution of nonlinear variational problems via finite element approximations, Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 2 (1976), 17-40.
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D. Ghilli and K. Kunisch,
On monotone and primal-dual active set schemes for $\ell^p$-type problems, $p\in(0, 1]$, Computational Optimizationand Applications, 72 (2019), 45-85.
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R. Glowinski, S. Luo and X. Tai,
Fast operator-splitting algorithms for variational imaging models: Some recent developments, Handbook of Numerical Analysis, 20 (2019), 191-232.
|
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R. Glowinski, S. Osher and W. Yin, Splitting Methods in Communication, Imaging, Science, and Engineering, Springer, Cham, 2016.
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Z. Gu, F. Li and X. Lv,
A detail preserving variational model for image Retinex, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 68 (2019), 643-661.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.052. |
| [19] |
P. Hansen and D. Leary,
The use of the L-curve in the regularization of discrete ill-posed problems, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 14 (1993), 1487-1503.
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B. Horn,
Determining lightness from an image, Computer Graphics Image Processing, 3 (1974), 277-299.
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| [21] |
B. Horn,
Understanding image intensities, Artificial Intelligence, 8 (1977), 201-231.
doi: 10.1016/0004-3702(77)90020-0. |
| [22] |
D. Jobson, Z. Rahman and G. Woodell,
Properties and performance of a center/surround retinex, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6 (1997), 451-462.
doi: 10.1109/83.557356. |
| [23] |
D. Jobson, Z. Rahman and G. Woodell,
A multiscale Retinex for bridging the gap between color image and the human observation of scenes, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6 (2002), 965-976.
doi: 10.1109/83.597272. |
| [24] |
Y. Jung, T. Jeong and S. Yun,
Non-convex TV denoising corrupted by impulse noise, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 11 (2017), 689-702.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2017032. |
| [25] |
R. Kimmel, M. Elad, D. Shaked, R. Keshet and I. Sobel, A variational framework for retinex, International Journal of Computer Vision, 52 (2003), 7-23. Google Scholar |
| [26] |
M. Lai, Y. Xu and W. Yin,
Improved iteratively reweighted least squares for unconstrained smoothed $\ell_q$ minimization, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 51 (2013), 927-957.
doi: 10.1137/110840364. |
| [27] |
E. Land and J. Mccann, Lightness and Retinex theory, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61 (1971), 1-11. Google Scholar |
| [28] |
E. Land, The Retinex theory of color vision, Scientific American, 237 (1977), 108-128. Google Scholar |
| [29] |
E. Land, An alternative technique for the computation of the designator in the retinex theory of color vision, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83 (1986), 3078-3080. Google Scholar |
| [30] |
M. Langer and S. Zucker,
Spatially varying illumination: A computational model of converging and diverging sources, European Conference on Computer Vision, 801 (1994), 226-232.
doi: 10.1007/BFb0028356. |
| [31] |
A. Lanza1, S. Morigi1 and F. Sgallari,
Constrained $TV_p-\ell_2$ model for image restoration, Journal of Scientific Computing, 68 (2016), 64-91.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-015-0129-x. |
| [32] |
L. Liu, Z. Pang and Y. Duan,
Retinex based on exponent-type total variation scheme, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 12 (2018), 1199-1217.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018050. |
| [33] |
Z. Liu, C. Wu and Y. Zhao,
A new globally convergent algorithm for non-Lipschitz $\ell^p-\ell^q$ minimization, Advances in Computational Mathematics, 45 (2019), 1369-1399.
doi: 10.1007/s10444-019-09668-y. |
| [34] |
J. Liang and X. Zhang,
Retinex by higher order total variation ${L}^1$ decomposition, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 52 (2015), 345-355.
doi: 10.1007/s10851-015-0568-x. |
| [35] |
Z. Lu,
Iterative reweighted minimization methods for $\ell^p$ regularized unconstrained nonlinear programming, Mathematical Programming: Series A and B, 147 (2014), 277-307.
doi: 10.1007/s10107-013-0722-4. |
| [36] |
D. Marini and A. Rizzi, A computational approach to color adaptation effects, Image and Vision Computing, 18 (2000), 1005-1014. Google Scholar |
| [37] |
W. Ma and S. Osher,
A TV bregman iterative model of retinex theory, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 6 (2012), 697-708.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2012.6.697. |
| [38] |
J. Mccann, Lessons learned from mondrians applied to real images and color gamuts, Proceedings of the IST/SID 7th Color Imaging Conference, 1999, 1–8. Google Scholar |
| [39] |
J. Morel, A. Petro and C. Sbert, Fast implementation of color constancy algorithms, Proceedings of SPIE, 7241, 2009. Google Scholar |
| [40] |
J. Morel, A. Petro and C. Sbert,
A PDE formalization of retinex theory, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 19 (2010), 2825-2837.
doi: 10.1109/TIP.2010.2049239. |
| [41] |
V. Morozov, Methods for Solving Incorrectly Posed Problems, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5280-1. |
| [42] |
M. Ng and W. Wang,
A total variation model for retinex, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 4 (2011), 345-365.
doi: 10.1137/100806588. |
| [43] |
P. Ochs, A. Dosovitskiy, T. Brox and T. Pock,
On iteratively reweighted algorithms for nonsmooth nonconvex optimization in computer vision, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 8 (2015), 331-372.
doi: 10.1137/140971518. |
| [44] |
J. Oliveira, J. Dias and M. Figueiredo, Adaptive total variation image deblurring: A majorizationCminimization approach, Signal Processing, 89 (2009), 1683-1693. Google Scholar |
| [45] |
H. Pan, Y. Wen and H. Zhu,
A regularization parameter selection model for total variation based image noise removal, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 68 (2019), 353-367.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.032. |
| [46] |
E. Provenzi, D. Marini, L. De Carli and A. Rizzi,
Mathematical definition and analysis of the retinex algorithm, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 22 (2005), 2613-2621.
doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.22.002613. |
| [47] |
S. Sabacha and M. Teboulle,
Lagrangian methods for composite optimization, Handbook of Numerical Analysis, 20 (2019), 401-436.
|
| [48] |
A. Theljani and K. Chen, A Nash game based variational model for joint image intensity correction and registration to deal with varying illumination, Inverse Problems, 36 (2020), 034002. Google Scholar |
| [49] |
Y. Wen and R. Chan,
Using generalized cross validation to select regularization parameter for total variation regularization problems, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 12 (2018), 1103-1120.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018046. |
| [50] |
W. Wang and C. He,
A variational model with barrier functionals for Retinex, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 8 (2015), 1955-1980.
doi: 10.1137/15M1006908. |
| [51] |
J. Zhang, R. Chen, C. Deng and S. Wang,
Fast linearized augmented method for Euler's elastica model, Numerical Mathematics:Theory, Methods and Applications, 10 (2017), 98-115.
doi: 10.4208/nmtma.2017.m1611. |
| [52] |
X. Zhang, Y. Shi, Z. Pang and Y. Zhu,
Fast algorithm for image denoising with different boundary conditions, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 354 (2017), 4595-4614.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfranklin.2017.04.011. |
| [53] |
D. Zosso, G. Tran and S. Osher, A unifying retinex model based on non-local differential operators, Computational Imaging XI, 865702, 2013.. Google Scholar |
| [54] |
W. Zuo, D. Meng, L. Zhang, X. Feng and D. Zhang, A generalized iterated shrinkage algorithm for non-convex sparse coding, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2013,217–224. Google Scholar |
show all references
References:
| [1] |
R. Amestoy, E. Provenzi, M. Bertalmío and V. Caselles, A perceptually inspired variational framework for color enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31 (2009), 458-474. Google Scholar |
| [2] |
M. Benning, F. Knoll, C. Schonlieb and T. Valkonen,
Preconditioned ADMM with nonlinear operator constraint, IFIP Conference on System Modeling and Optimization, 494 (2015), 117-126.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-55795-3_10. |
| [3] |
M. Bertalmío, V. Caselles, E. Provenzi and A. Rizzi,
Perceptual color correction through variational techniques, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 16 (2007), 1058-1072.
doi: 10.1109/TIP.2007.891777. |
| [4] |
M. Bertalmío, V. Caselles and E. Provenzi, Issues about retinex theory and contrast enhancement, International Journal of Computer Vision, 83 (2009), 101-119. Google Scholar |
| [5] |
A. Blake,
Boundary conditions for lightness computation in Mondrian world, Computer Vision Graphics Image Processing, 32 (1985), 314-327.
doi: 10.1016/0734-189X(85)90054-4. |
| [6] |
S. Boyd, N. Parikh, E. Chu, B. Peleato and J. Eckstein,
Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers, Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, 3 (2011), 1-122.
doi: 10.1561/9781601984616. |
| [7] |
E. Candes, M. Wakin and S. Boyd,
Enhancing sparsity by reweighted $l_1$ minimization, Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, 14 (2008), 877-905.
doi: 10.1007/s00041-008-9045-x. |
| [8] |
T. Cooper and F. Baqai,
Analysis and extensions of the frankle-mccann retinex algorithm, Journal of Electronic Imaging, 13 (2004), 85-93.
doi: 10.1117/1.1636182. |
| [9] |
X. Chen, F. Xu and Y. Ye,
Lower bound theory of nonzero entries in solutions of $\ell^2-\ell^p$ minimization, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 32 (2010), 2832-2852.
doi: 10.1137/090761471. |
| [10] |
X. Chen and W. Zhou,
Convergence of the reweighted $\ell_1$ minimization algorithm for $\ell_2-\ell^p$ minimization, Journal Computational Optimization and Application, 59 (2014), 47-61.
doi: 10.1007/s10589-013-9553-8. |
| [11] |
J. Douglas and H. Rachford,
On the numerical solution of heat conduction problems in two and three space variables, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 82 (1956), 421-439.
doi: 10.1090/S0002-9947-1956-0084194-4. |
| [12] |
Y. Duan, H. Chang, W. Huang, J. Zhou, Z. Lu and C. Wu,
The $L_0$ regularized Mumford-Shah model for bias correction and segmentation of medical images, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 24 (2015), 3927-3938.
doi: 10.1109/TIP.2015.2451957. |
| [13] |
D. Gabay and B. Mercier,
A dual algorithm for the solution of nonlinear variational problems via finite element approximations, Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 2 (1976), 17-40.
doi: 10.1016/0898-1221(76)90003-1. |
| [14] |
N. Galatsanos and A. Katsaggelos,
Methods for choosing the regularization parameter and estimating the noise variance in image restoration and their relation, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1 (1992), 322-336.
doi: 10.1109/83.148606. |
| [15] |
D. Ghilli and K. Kunisch,
On monotone and primal-dual active set schemes for $\ell^p$-type problems, $p\in(0, 1]$, Computational Optimizationand Applications, 72 (2019), 45-85.
doi: 10.1007/s10589-018-0036-9. |
| [16] |
R. Glowinski, S. Luo and X. Tai,
Fast operator-splitting algorithms for variational imaging models: Some recent developments, Handbook of Numerical Analysis, 20 (2019), 191-232.
|
| [17] |
R. Glowinski, S. Osher and W. Yin, Splitting Methods in Communication, Imaging, Science, and Engineering, Springer, Cham, 2016.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41589-5. |
| [18] |
Z. Gu, F. Li and X. Lv,
A detail preserving variational model for image Retinex, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 68 (2019), 643-661.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.052. |
| [19] |
P. Hansen and D. Leary,
The use of the L-curve in the regularization of discrete ill-posed problems, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 14 (1993), 1487-1503.
doi: 10.1137/0914086. |
| [20] |
B. Horn,
Determining lightness from an image, Computer Graphics Image Processing, 3 (1974), 277-299.
doi: 10.1016/0146-664X(74)90022-7. |
| [21] |
B. Horn,
Understanding image intensities, Artificial Intelligence, 8 (1977), 201-231.
doi: 10.1016/0004-3702(77)90020-0. |
| [22] |
D. Jobson, Z. Rahman and G. Woodell,
Properties and performance of a center/surround retinex, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6 (1997), 451-462.
doi: 10.1109/83.557356. |
| [23] |
D. Jobson, Z. Rahman and G. Woodell,
A multiscale Retinex for bridging the gap between color image and the human observation of scenes, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6 (2002), 965-976.
doi: 10.1109/83.597272. |
| [24] |
Y. Jung, T. Jeong and S. Yun,
Non-convex TV denoising corrupted by impulse noise, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 11 (2017), 689-702.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2017032. |
| [25] |
R. Kimmel, M. Elad, D. Shaked, R. Keshet and I. Sobel, A variational framework for retinex, International Journal of Computer Vision, 52 (2003), 7-23. Google Scholar |
| [26] |
M. Lai, Y. Xu and W. Yin,
Improved iteratively reweighted least squares for unconstrained smoothed $\ell_q$ minimization, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 51 (2013), 927-957.
doi: 10.1137/110840364. |
| [27] |
E. Land and J. Mccann, Lightness and Retinex theory, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61 (1971), 1-11. Google Scholar |
| [28] |
E. Land, The Retinex theory of color vision, Scientific American, 237 (1977), 108-128. Google Scholar |
| [29] |
E. Land, An alternative technique for the computation of the designator in the retinex theory of color vision, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83 (1986), 3078-3080. Google Scholar |
| [30] |
M. Langer and S. Zucker,
Spatially varying illumination: A computational model of converging and diverging sources, European Conference on Computer Vision, 801 (1994), 226-232.
doi: 10.1007/BFb0028356. |
| [31] |
A. Lanza1, S. Morigi1 and F. Sgallari,
Constrained $TV_p-\ell_2$ model for image restoration, Journal of Scientific Computing, 68 (2016), 64-91.
doi: 10.1007/s10915-015-0129-x. |
| [32] |
L. Liu, Z. Pang and Y. Duan,
Retinex based on exponent-type total variation scheme, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 12 (2018), 1199-1217.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018050. |
| [33] |
Z. Liu, C. Wu and Y. Zhao,
A new globally convergent algorithm for non-Lipschitz $\ell^p-\ell^q$ minimization, Advances in Computational Mathematics, 45 (2019), 1369-1399.
doi: 10.1007/s10444-019-09668-y. |
| [34] |
J. Liang and X. Zhang,
Retinex by higher order total variation ${L}^1$ decomposition, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 52 (2015), 345-355.
doi: 10.1007/s10851-015-0568-x. |
| [35] |
Z. Lu,
Iterative reweighted minimization methods for $\ell^p$ regularized unconstrained nonlinear programming, Mathematical Programming: Series A and B, 147 (2014), 277-307.
doi: 10.1007/s10107-013-0722-4. |
| [36] |
D. Marini and A. Rizzi, A computational approach to color adaptation effects, Image and Vision Computing, 18 (2000), 1005-1014. Google Scholar |
| [37] |
W. Ma and S. Osher,
A TV bregman iterative model of retinex theory, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 6 (2012), 697-708.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2012.6.697. |
| [38] |
J. Mccann, Lessons learned from mondrians applied to real images and color gamuts, Proceedings of the IST/SID 7th Color Imaging Conference, 1999, 1–8. Google Scholar |
| [39] |
J. Morel, A. Petro and C. Sbert, Fast implementation of color constancy algorithms, Proceedings of SPIE, 7241, 2009. Google Scholar |
| [40] |
J. Morel, A. Petro and C. Sbert,
A PDE formalization of retinex theory, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 19 (2010), 2825-2837.
doi: 10.1109/TIP.2010.2049239. |
| [41] |
V. Morozov, Methods for Solving Incorrectly Posed Problems, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5280-1. |
| [42] |
M. Ng and W. Wang,
A total variation model for retinex, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 4 (2011), 345-365.
doi: 10.1137/100806588. |
| [43] |
P. Ochs, A. Dosovitskiy, T. Brox and T. Pock,
On iteratively reweighted algorithms for nonsmooth nonconvex optimization in computer vision, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 8 (2015), 331-372.
doi: 10.1137/140971518. |
| [44] |
J. Oliveira, J. Dias and M. Figueiredo, Adaptive total variation image deblurring: A majorizationCminimization approach, Signal Processing, 89 (2009), 1683-1693. Google Scholar |
| [45] |
H. Pan, Y. Wen and H. Zhu,
A regularization parameter selection model for total variation based image noise removal, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 68 (2019), 353-367.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2018.11.032. |
| [46] |
E. Provenzi, D. Marini, L. De Carli and A. Rizzi,
Mathematical definition and analysis of the retinex algorithm, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 22 (2005), 2613-2621.
doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.22.002613. |
| [47] |
S. Sabacha and M. Teboulle,
Lagrangian methods for composite optimization, Handbook of Numerical Analysis, 20 (2019), 401-436.
|
| [48] |
A. Theljani and K. Chen, A Nash game based variational model for joint image intensity correction and registration to deal with varying illumination, Inverse Problems, 36 (2020), 034002. Google Scholar |
| [49] |
Y. Wen and R. Chan,
Using generalized cross validation to select regularization parameter for total variation regularization problems, Inverse Problems and Imaging, 12 (2018), 1103-1120.
doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018046. |
| [50] |
W. Wang and C. He,
A variational model with barrier functionals for Retinex, SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences, 8 (2015), 1955-1980.
doi: 10.1137/15M1006908. |
| [51] |
J. Zhang, R. Chen, C. Deng and S. Wang,
Fast linearized augmented method for Euler's elastica model, Numerical Mathematics:Theory, Methods and Applications, 10 (2017), 98-115.
doi: 10.4208/nmtma.2017.m1611. |
| [52] |
X. Zhang, Y. Shi, Z. Pang and Y. Zhu,
Fast algorithm for image denoising with different boundary conditions, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 354 (2017), 4595-4614.
doi: 10.1016/j.jfranklin.2017.04.011. |
| [53] |
D. Zosso, G. Tran and S. Osher, A unifying retinex model based on non-local differential operators, Computational Imaging XI, 865702, 2013.. Google Scholar |
| [54] |
W. Zuo, D. Meng, L. Zhang, X. Feng and D. Zhang, A generalized iterated shrinkage algorithm for non-convex sparse coding, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 2013,217–224. Google Scholar |
Figure 2.
Reconstruction images based on the different model. The first and third rows: recovered reflectance $ r $ by five methods. The second and fourth rows: illumination $ l $ by five methods
Figure 3.
Comparison of five methods on $ T_1 $ -weighted brain MRIs with different levels of noises
Figure 4.
Comparison among five models in terms of the PSNR and the MSSIM. Here the x-axis denotes the the serial number of the image
Figure 5.
Comparison of the performance in terms of CV(%)
Figure 6.
$ T_1 $ -weighted brain images with different intensity inhomogeneities and noises
Figure 7.
Performances of five methods on $ T_1 $ -weighted brain images with different intensity inhomogeneities for the first, third and fifth rows; Colorbar to different between the clean images and restored images for the second, fourth and sixth rows
Figure 10.
MRIs with noises and bias field
Figure 11.
Bias field correction for the different MRIs
Figure 12.
The gray values of underlined part with five methods
Figure 13.
Original corrupted images and the corresponding contour images
Figure 14.
Comparisons of restored images with five methods. The head 1 for the first row, the head 2 for the second row and the head 3 for the third row
Figure 16.
Two test images for the illusion problem. (a) Adelson's checkerboard shadow image. (b) Logvinenko's cube shadow image
Figure 17.
Decomposition comparison of the checkerboard image and the cube image. The first and third rows: recovered reflectance $ r $ by five methods. The second and fourth rows: illumination $ l $ by five methods
Table 1.
PSNR and MSSIM of the reconstructed synthetic images
| PSNR | MSSIM | ||
| TVH1 | 30.9323 | 0.9812 | |
| Shape1 | L0MS | 31.7962 | 0.9837 |
| HOTVL | 18.9389 | 0.9374 | |
| ETV | 36.2657 | 0.9967 | |
| OUR | 36.8019 | 0.9973 | |
| TVH1 | 31.5509 | 0.9514 | |
| Shape2 | L0MS | 31.6024 | 0.9463 |
| HoTVL1 | 15.6438 | 0.8137 | |
| ETV | 36.6105 | 0.9972 | |
| OUR | 37.6838 | 0.9975 |
| PSNR | MSSIM | ||
| TVH1 | 30.9323 | 0.9812 | |
| Shape1 | L0MS | 31.7962 | 0.9837 |
| HOTVL | 18.9389 | 0.9374 | |
| ETV | 36.2657 | 0.9967 | |
| OUR | 36.8019 | 0.9973 | |
| TVH1 | 31.5509 | 0.9514 | |
| Shape2 | L0MS | 31.6024 | 0.9463 |
| HoTVL1 | 15.6438 | 0.8137 | |
| ETV | 36.6105 | 0.9972 | |
| OUR | 37.6838 | 0.9975 |
Table 2.
PSNR and MSSIM of $ T_1 $ -weighted brain MRIs with different levels of Gaussian white noises
| PSNR | MSSIM | PSNR | MSSIM | PSNR | MSSIM | PSNR | MSSIM | ||
| TVH1 | 26.8509 | 0.9436 | 25.3513 | 0.9176 | 24.5925 | 0.8939 | 23.4850 | 0.8642 | |
| Test | HoTVL1 | 30.2055 | 0.9515 | 27.7438 | 0.9288 | 26.4877 | 0.9069 | 24.7440 | 0.8774 |
| Image1 | L0MS | 29.7718 | 0.9227 | 27.8711 | 0.9088 | 26.1986 | 0.8936 | 24.3809 | 0.8649 |
| ETV | 32.6699 | 0.9904 | 31.1178 | 0.9844 | 29.1294 | 0.9767 | 28.4238 | 0.9686 | |
| OUR | 33.0513 | 0.9909 | 31.2246 | 0.9846 | 30.1037 | 0.9781 | 28.4666 | 0.9686 | |
| TVH1 | 27.4061 | 0.9230 | 26.5258 | 0.8935 | 25.5879 | 0.8661 | 24.0629 | 0.8348 | |
| Test | HoTVL1 | 30.0791 | 0.9317 | 29.0495 | 0.9065 | 27.0113 | 0.8795 | 25.1211 | 0.8481 |
| Image2 | L0MS | 32.0987 | 0.9246 | 29.0807 | 0.9016 | 27.1344 | 0.8760 | 24.9108 | 0.8382 |
| ETV | 33.4363 | 0.9911 | 31.4108 | 0.9842 | 29.8199 | 0.9764 | 28.6496 | 0.9698 | |
| OUR | 33.9694 | 0.9916 | 31.4609 | 0.9841 | 29.8766 | 0.9760 | 29.0947 | 0.9703 | |
| PSNR | MSSIM | PSNR | MSSIM | PSNR | MSSIM | PSNR | MSSIM | ||
| TVH1 | 26.8509 | 0.9436 | 25.3513 | 0.9176 | 24.5925 | 0.8939 | 23.4850 | 0.8642 | |
| Test | HoTVL1 | 30.2055 | 0.9515 | 27.7438 | 0.9288 | 26.4877 | 0.9069 | 24.7440 | 0.8774 |
| Image1 | L0MS | 29.7718 | 0.9227 | 27.8711 | 0.9088 | 26.1986 | 0.8936 | 24.3809 | 0.8649 |
| ETV | 32.6699 | 0.9904 | 31.1178 | 0.9844 | 29.1294 | 0.9767 | 28.4238 | 0.9686 | |
| OUR | 33.0513 | 0.9909 | 31.2246 | 0.9846 | 30.1037 | 0.9781 | 28.4666 | 0.9686 | |
| TVH1 | 27.4061 | 0.9230 | 26.5258 | 0.8935 | 25.5879 | 0.8661 | 24.0629 | 0.8348 | |
| Test | HoTVL1 | 30.0791 | 0.9317 | 29.0495 | 0.9065 | 27.0113 | 0.8795 | 25.1211 | 0.8481 |
| Image2 | L0MS | 32.0987 | 0.9246 | 29.0807 | 0.9016 | 27.1344 | 0.8760 | 24.9108 | 0.8382 |
| ETV | 33.4363 | 0.9911 | 31.4108 | 0.9842 | 29.8199 | 0.9764 | 28.6496 | 0.9698 | |
| OUR | 33.9694 | 0.9916 | 31.4609 | 0.9841 | 29.8766 | 0.9760 | 29.0947 | 0.9703 | |
Table 3.
PSNR and MSSIM of Retinex illusion images
| PSNR | MSSIM | ||
| TVH1 | 31.7514 | 0.8887 | |
| Checkboard | L0MS | 33.1312 | 0.9602 |
| HOTVL1 | 29.5090 | 0.8725 | |
| ETV | 38.7053 | 0.9936 | |
| OUR | 39.2105 | 0.9934 | |
| TVH1 | 30.7779 | 0.9799 | |
| L0MS | 30.0935 | 0.9774 | |
| Cube | HOTVL1 | 27.9950 | 0.9692 |
| ETV | 29.6898 | 0.9866 | |
| OUR | 33.3660 | 0.9896 |
| PSNR | MSSIM | ||
| TVH1 | 31.7514 | 0.8887 | |
| Checkboard | L0MS | 33.1312 | 0.9602 |
| HOTVL1 | 29.5090 | 0.8725 | |
| ETV | 38.7053 | 0.9936 | |
| OUR | 39.2105 | 0.9934 | |
| TVH1 | 30.7779 | 0.9799 | |
| L0MS | 30.0935 | 0.9774 | |
| Cube | HOTVL1 | 27.9950 | 0.9692 |
| ETV | 29.6898 | 0.9866 | |
| OUR | 33.3660 | 0.9896 |
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