American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
June  2015, 2(2): 143-164. doi: 10.3934/jcd.2015001

A posteriori error bounds for two point boundary value problems: A green's function approach

Jeremiah Birrell 1,

1. 

Program in Applied Mathematics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States

Received  January 2015 Revised  August 2015 Published  May 2016

We present a computer assisted method for generating existence proofs and a posteriori error bounds for solutions to two point boundary value problems (BVPs). All truncation errors are accounted for and, if combined with interval arithmetic to bound the rounding errors, the computer generated results are mathematically rigorous. The method is formulated for $n$-dimensional systems and does not require any special form for the vector field of the differential equation. It utilizes a numerically generated approximation to the BVP fundamental solution and Green's function and thus can be applied to stable BVPs whose initial value problem is unstable. The utility of the method is demonstrated on a pair of singularly perturbed model BVPs and by using it to rigorously show the existence of a periodic orbit in the Lorenz system.
Keywords: a posteriori error analysis, computer assisted proofs, singular perturbations., periodic orbits, Two point boundary value problems.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 37C27, 65G20, 34B15; Secondary: 34B27, 65L10, 65L1.
Citation: Jeremiah Birrell. A posteriori error bounds for two point boundary value problems: A green's function approach. Journal of Computational Dynamics, 2015, 2 (2) : 143-164. doi: 10.3934/jcd.2015001
References:
[1]

D. Ambrosi, G. Arioli and H. Koch, A homoclinic solution for excitation waves on a contractile substratum,, SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems, 11 (2012), 1533.  doi: 10.1137/12087654X.  Google Scholar

[2]

G. Arioli and H. Koch, Existence and stability of traveling pulse solutions of the FitzHugh-Nagumo equation,, Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, 113 (2015), 51.  doi: 10.1016/j.na.2014.09.023.  Google Scholar

[3]

U. Ascher and L. Petzold, Computer Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations and Differential-Algebraic Equations,, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM, (3600).  doi: 10.1137/1.9781611971392.  Google Scholar

[4]

P.-O. Åsén, Stability of Plane Couette Flow and Pipe Poiseuille Flow,, PhD thesis, (2007).   Google Scholar

[5]

B. A. Coomes, H. Koçak and K. J. Palmer, Rigorous computational shadowing of orbits of ordinary differential equations,, Numerische Mathematik, 69 (1995), 401.  doi: 10.1007/s002110050100.  Google Scholar

[6]

Y. Eidelman, V. Milman and A. Tsolomitis, Functional Analysis: An Introduction,, Graduate studies in mathematics, (2004).  doi: 10.1090/gsm/066.  Google Scholar

[7]

C. Fefferman and R. de la Llave, Relativistic stability of matter-I,, I. Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana, 2 (1986), 119.  doi: 10.4171/RMI/30.  Google Scholar

[8]

O. Fogelklou, W. Tucker and G. Kreiss, A computer-assisted proof of the existence of traveling wave solutions to the scalar euler equations with artificial viscosity,, Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications NoDEA, 19 (2012), 97.  doi: 10.1007/s00030-011-0120-7.  Google Scholar

[9]

O. Fogelklou, W. Tucker, G. Kreiss and M. Siklosi, A computer-assisted proof of the existence of solutions to a boundary value problem with an integral boundary condition,, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 16 (2011), 1227.  doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.07.008.  Google Scholar

[10]

G. Folland, Real Analysis: Modern Techniques and Their Applications,, A Wiley-Interscience Publication. John Wiley & Sons, (1984).   Google Scholar

[11]

Z. Galias and P. Zgliczyski, Computer assisted proof of chaos in the Lorenz equations,, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 115 (1998), 165.  doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(97)00233-9.  Google Scholar

[12]

M. Göhlen, M. Plum and J. Schröder, A programmed algorithm for existence proofs for two-point boundary value problems,, Computing, 44 (1990), 91.  doi: 10.1007/BF02241862.  Google Scholar

[13]

A. Hungria, J.-P. Lessard and J. D. M. James, Rigorous numerics for analytic solutions of differential equations: The radii polynomial approach,, Math. Comp., 85 (2016), 1427.  doi: 10.1090/mcom/3046.  Google Scholar

[14]

L. Jaulin, Applied Interval Analysis: With Examples in Parameter and State Estimation, Robust Control and Robotics,, no. v. 1 in Applied Interval Analysis: With Examples in Parameter and State Estimation, (2001).  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0249-6.  Google Scholar

[15]

L. Kantorovich and G. Akilov, Functional Analysis in Normed Spaces,, International series of monographs in pure and applied mathematics, (1964).   Google Scholar

[16]

R. B. Kearfott, Interval computations: Introduction, uses, and resources,, Euromath Bulletin, 2 (1996), 95.   Google Scholar

[17]

G. Kedem, A posteriori error bounds for two-point boundary value problems,, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 18 (1981), 431.  doi: 10.1137/0718028.  Google Scholar

[18]

H. Koch, A. Schenkel and P. Wittwer, Computer-assisted proofs in analysis and programming in logic: A case study,, SIAM Review, 38 (1996), 565.  doi: 10.1137/S0036144595284180.  Google Scholar

[19]

J. Lee and L. Greengard, A fast adaptive numerical method for stiff two-point boundary value problems,, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 18 (1997), 403.  doi: 10.1137/S1064827594272797.  Google Scholar

[20]

J.-P. Lessard, J. Mireles James and C. Reinhardt, Computer assisted proof of transverse saddle-to-saddle connecting orbits for first order vector fields,, Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations, 26 (2014), 267.  doi: 10.1007/s10884-014-9367-0.  Google Scholar

[21]

J.-P. Lessard and C. Reinhardt, Rigorous numerics for nonlinear differential equations using Chebyshev series,, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 52 (2014), 1.  doi: 10.1137/13090883X.  Google Scholar

[22]

M. A. McCarthy and R. A. Tapia, Computable a posteriori $L_\infty$-error bounds for the approximate solution of two-point boundary value problems,, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 12 (1975), 919.  doi: 10.1137/0712068.  Google Scholar

[23]

R. Moore, Methods and Applications of Interval Analysis,, Studies in Applied and Numerical Mathematics, (1979).   Google Scholar

[24]

R. Moore, R. Kearfott and M. Cloud, Introduction to Interval Analysis,, Cambridge University Press, (2009).  doi: 10.1137/1.9780898717716.  Google Scholar

[25]

K. Nagatou, N. Yamamoto and M. Nakao, An approach to the numerical verification of solutions for nonlinear elliptic problems with local uniqueness,, Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization, 20 (1999), 543.  doi: 10.1080/01630569908816910.  Google Scholar

[26]

M. T. Nakao, Solving nonlinear parabolic problems with result verification. Part I: One-space dimensional case,, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 38 (1991), 323.  doi: 10.1016/0377-0427(91)90179-N.  Google Scholar

[27]

M. T. Nakao, A numerical verification method for the existence of weak solutions for nonlinear boundary value problems,, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 164 (1992), 489.  doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(92)90129-2.  Google Scholar

[28]

M. T. Nakao, Numerical verification methods for solutions of ordinary and partial differential equations,, Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization, 22 (2001), 321.  doi: 10.1081/NFA-100105107.  Google Scholar

[29]

N. Nedialkov, K. Jackson and G. Corliss, Validated solutions of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations,, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 105 (1999), 21.  doi: 10.1016/S0096-3003(98)10083-8.  Google Scholar

[30]

M. Plum, Computer-assisted existence proofs for two-point boundary value problems,, Computing, 46 (1991), 19.  doi: 10.1007/BF02239009.  Google Scholar

[31]

M. Plum, Existence and multiplicity proofs for semilinear elliptic boundary value problems by computer assistance,, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker Vereinigung, 110 (2008), 19.   Google Scholar

[32]

S. Rump, INTLAB - INTerval LABoratory,, in Developments in Reliable Computing (ed. T. Csendes), (1999), 77.  doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-1247-7_7.  Google Scholar

[33]

A. Takayasu, S. Oishi and T. Kubo, Numerical existence theorem for solutions of two-point boundary value problems of nonlinear differential equations,, Nonlinear Theory and Its Applications, 1 (2010), 105.  doi: 10.1587/nolta.1.105.  Google Scholar

[34]

W. Tucker, Validated Numerics: A Short Introduction to Rigorous Computations,, Princeton University Press, (2011).   Google Scholar

[35]

W. Tucker, The Lorenz attractor exists,, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series I - Mathematics, 328 (1999), 1197.  doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(99)80439-X.  Google Scholar

[36]

M. Urabe, Galerkin's procedure for nonlinear periodic systems,, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 20 (1965), 120.  doi: 10.1007/BF00284614.  Google Scholar

[37]

J. van den Berg, J. Mireles-James, J. Lessard and K. Mischaikow, Rigorous numerics for symmetric connecting orbits: Even homoclinics of the Gray-Scott equation,, SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, 43 (2011), 1557.  doi: 10.1137/100812008.  Google Scholar

[38]

J. B. van den Berg, C. M. Groothedde and J. F. Williams, Rigorous computation of a radially symmetric localized solution in a Ginzburg-Landau problem,, SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems, 14 (2015), 423.  doi: 10.1137/140987973.  Google Scholar

[39]

Y. Watanabe, M. Plum and M. T. Nakao, A computer-assisted instability proof for the Orr-Sommerfeld problem with Poiseuille flow,, ZAMM-Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics/Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, 89 (2009), 5.  doi: 10.1002/zamm.200700158.  Google Scholar

[40]

N. Yamamoto, A numerical verification method for solutions of boundary value problems with local uniqueness by Banach's fixed-point theorem,, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 35 (1998), 2004.  doi: 10.1137/S0036142996304498.  Google Scholar

[41]

P. Zgliczynski, Computer assisted proof of chaos in the Rössler equations and in the Hénon map,, Nonlinearity, 10 (1997), 243.  doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/10/1/016.  Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

D. Ambrosi, G. Arioli and H. Koch, A homoclinic solution for excitation waves on a contractile substratum,, SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems, 11 (2012), 1533.  doi: 10.1137/12087654X.  Google Scholar

[2]

G. Arioli and H. Koch, Existence and stability of traveling pulse solutions of the FitzHugh-Nagumo equation,, Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, 113 (2015), 51.  doi: 10.1016/j.na.2014.09.023.  Google Scholar

[3]

U. Ascher and L. Petzold, Computer Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations and Differential-Algebraic Equations,, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM, (3600).  doi: 10.1137/1.9781611971392.  Google Scholar

[4]

P.-O. Åsén, Stability of Plane Couette Flow and Pipe Poiseuille Flow,, PhD thesis, (2007).   Google Scholar

[5]

B. A. Coomes, H. Koçak and K. J. Palmer, Rigorous computational shadowing of orbits of ordinary differential equations,, Numerische Mathematik, 69 (1995), 401.  doi: 10.1007/s002110050100.  Google Scholar

[6]

Y. Eidelman, V. Milman and A. Tsolomitis, Functional Analysis: An Introduction,, Graduate studies in mathematics, (2004).  doi: 10.1090/gsm/066.  Google Scholar

[7]

C. Fefferman and R. de la Llave, Relativistic stability of matter-I,, I. Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana, 2 (1986), 119.  doi: 10.4171/RMI/30.  Google Scholar

[8]

O. Fogelklou, W. Tucker and G. Kreiss, A computer-assisted proof of the existence of traveling wave solutions to the scalar euler equations with artificial viscosity,, Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications NoDEA, 19 (2012), 97.  doi: 10.1007/s00030-011-0120-7.  Google Scholar

[9]

O. Fogelklou, W. Tucker, G. Kreiss and M. Siklosi, A computer-assisted proof of the existence of solutions to a boundary value problem with an integral boundary condition,, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 16 (2011), 1227.  doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.07.008.  Google Scholar

[10]

G. Folland, Real Analysis: Modern Techniques and Their Applications,, A Wiley-Interscience Publication. John Wiley & Sons, (1984).   Google Scholar

[11]

Z. Galias and P. Zgliczyski, Computer assisted proof of chaos in the Lorenz equations,, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 115 (1998), 165.  doi: 10.1016/S0167-2789(97)00233-9.  Google Scholar

[12]

M. Göhlen, M. Plum and J. Schröder, A programmed algorithm for existence proofs for two-point boundary value problems,, Computing, 44 (1990), 91.  doi: 10.1007/BF02241862.  Google Scholar

[13]

A. Hungria, J.-P. Lessard and J. D. M. James, Rigorous numerics for analytic solutions of differential equations: The radii polynomial approach,, Math. Comp., 85 (2016), 1427.  doi: 10.1090/mcom/3046.  Google Scholar

[14]

L. Jaulin, Applied Interval Analysis: With Examples in Parameter and State Estimation, Robust Control and Robotics,, no. v. 1 in Applied Interval Analysis: With Examples in Parameter and State Estimation, (2001).  doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-0249-6.  Google Scholar

[15]

L. Kantorovich and G. Akilov, Functional Analysis in Normed Spaces,, International series of monographs in pure and applied mathematics, (1964).   Google Scholar

[16]

R. B. Kearfott, Interval computations: Introduction, uses, and resources,, Euromath Bulletin, 2 (1996), 95.   Google Scholar

[17]

G. Kedem, A posteriori error bounds for two-point boundary value problems,, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 18 (1981), 431.  doi: 10.1137/0718028.  Google Scholar

[18]

H. Koch, A. Schenkel and P. Wittwer, Computer-assisted proofs in analysis and programming in logic: A case study,, SIAM Review, 38 (1996), 565.  doi: 10.1137/S0036144595284180.  Google Scholar

[19]

J. Lee and L. Greengard, A fast adaptive numerical method for stiff two-point boundary value problems,, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 18 (1997), 403.  doi: 10.1137/S1064827594272797.  Google Scholar

[20]

J.-P. Lessard, J. Mireles James and C. Reinhardt, Computer assisted proof of transverse saddle-to-saddle connecting orbits for first order vector fields,, Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations, 26 (2014), 267.  doi: 10.1007/s10884-014-9367-0.  Google Scholar

[21]

J.-P. Lessard and C. Reinhardt, Rigorous numerics for nonlinear differential equations using Chebyshev series,, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 52 (2014), 1.  doi: 10.1137/13090883X.  Google Scholar

[22]

M. A. McCarthy and R. A. Tapia, Computable a posteriori $L_\infty$-error bounds for the approximate solution of two-point boundary value problems,, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 12 (1975), 919.  doi: 10.1137/0712068.  Google Scholar

[23]

R. Moore, Methods and Applications of Interval Analysis,, Studies in Applied and Numerical Mathematics, (1979).   Google Scholar

[24]

R. Moore, R. Kearfott and M. Cloud, Introduction to Interval Analysis,, Cambridge University Press, (2009).  doi: 10.1137/1.9780898717716.  Google Scholar

[25]

K. Nagatou, N. Yamamoto and M. Nakao, An approach to the numerical verification of solutions for nonlinear elliptic problems with local uniqueness,, Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization, 20 (1999), 543.  doi: 10.1080/01630569908816910.  Google Scholar

[26]

M. T. Nakao, Solving nonlinear parabolic problems with result verification. Part I: One-space dimensional case,, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 38 (1991), 323.  doi: 10.1016/0377-0427(91)90179-N.  Google Scholar

[27]

M. T. Nakao, A numerical verification method for the existence of weak solutions for nonlinear boundary value problems,, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 164 (1992), 489.  doi: 10.1016/0022-247X(92)90129-2.  Google Scholar

[28]

M. T. Nakao, Numerical verification methods for solutions of ordinary and partial differential equations,, Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization, 22 (2001), 321.  doi: 10.1081/NFA-100105107.  Google Scholar

[29]

N. Nedialkov, K. Jackson and G. Corliss, Validated solutions of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations,, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 105 (1999), 21.  doi: 10.1016/S0096-3003(98)10083-8.  Google Scholar

[30]

M. Plum, Computer-assisted existence proofs for two-point boundary value problems,, Computing, 46 (1991), 19.  doi: 10.1007/BF02239009.  Google Scholar

[31]

M. Plum, Existence and multiplicity proofs for semilinear elliptic boundary value problems by computer assistance,, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker Vereinigung, 110 (2008), 19.   Google Scholar

[32]

S. Rump, INTLAB - INTerval LABoratory,, in Developments in Reliable Computing (ed. T. Csendes), (1999), 77.  doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-1247-7_7.  Google Scholar

[33]

A. Takayasu, S. Oishi and T. Kubo, Numerical existence theorem for solutions of two-point boundary value problems of nonlinear differential equations,, Nonlinear Theory and Its Applications, 1 (2010), 105.  doi: 10.1587/nolta.1.105.  Google Scholar

[34]

W. Tucker, Validated Numerics: A Short Introduction to Rigorous Computations,, Princeton University Press, (2011).   Google Scholar

[35]

W. Tucker, The Lorenz attractor exists,, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series I - Mathematics, 328 (1999), 1197.  doi: 10.1016/S0764-4442(99)80439-X.  Google Scholar

[36]

M. Urabe, Galerkin's procedure for nonlinear periodic systems,, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, 20 (1965), 120.  doi: 10.1007/BF00284614.  Google Scholar

[37]

J. van den Berg, J. Mireles-James, J. Lessard and K. Mischaikow, Rigorous numerics for symmetric connecting orbits: Even homoclinics of the Gray-Scott equation,, SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, 43 (2011), 1557.  doi: 10.1137/100812008.  Google Scholar

[38]

J. B. van den Berg, C. M. Groothedde and J. F. Williams, Rigorous computation of a radially symmetric localized solution in a Ginzburg-Landau problem,, SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems, 14 (2015), 423.  doi: 10.1137/140987973.  Google Scholar

[39]

Y. Watanabe, M. Plum and M. T. Nakao, A computer-assisted instability proof for the Orr-Sommerfeld problem with Poiseuille flow,, ZAMM-Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics/Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, 89 (2009), 5.  doi: 10.1002/zamm.200700158.  Google Scholar

[40]

N. Yamamoto, A numerical verification method for solutions of boundary value problems with local uniqueness by Banach's fixed-point theorem,, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 35 (1998), 2004.  doi: 10.1137/S0036142996304498.  Google Scholar

[41]

P. Zgliczynski, Computer assisted proof of chaos in the Rössler equations and in the Hénon map,, Nonlinearity, 10 (1997), 243.  doi: 10.1088/0951-7715/10/1/016.  Google Scholar

[1]

Maciej J. Capiński, Emmanuel Fleurantin, J. D. Mireles James. Computer assisted proofs of two-dimensional attracting invariant tori for ODEs. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2020, 40 (12) : 6681-6707. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2020162
[2]

Maxime Breden, Jean-Philippe Lessard. Polynomial interpolation and a priori bootstrap for computer-assisted proofs in nonlinear ODEs. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2018, 23 (7) : 2825-2858. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018164
[3]

István Balázs, Jan Bouwe van den Berg, Julien Courtois, János Dudás, Jean-Philippe Lessard, Anett Vörös-Kiss, JF Williams, Xi Yuan Yin. Computer-assisted proofs for radially symmetric solutions of PDEs. Journal of Computational Dynamics, 2018, 5 (1&2) : 61-80. doi: 10.3934/jcd.2018003
[4]

K. Q. Lan, G. C. Yang. Optimal constants for two point boundary value problems. Conference Publications, 2007, 2007 (Special) : 624-633. doi: 10.3934/proc.2007.2007.624
[5]

M. González, J. Jansson, S. Korotov. A posteriori error analysis of a stabilized mixed FEM for convection-diffusion problems. Conference Publications, 2015, 2015 (special) : 525-532. doi: 10.3934/proc.2015.0525
[6]

Feliz Minhós, A. I. Santos. Higher order two-point boundary value problems with asymmetric growth. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2008, 1 (1) : 127-137. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2008.1.127
[7]

P. Lima, L. Morgado. Analysis of singular boundary value problems for an Emden-Fowler equation. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2006, 5 (2) : 321-336. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2006.5.321
[8]

Walter Allegretto, Yanping Lin, Ningning Yan. A posteriori error analysis for FEM of American options. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2006, 6 (5) : 957-978. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2006.6.957
[9]

Georg Vossen, Stefan Volkwein. Model reduction techniques with a-posteriori error analysis for linear-quadratic optimal control problems. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2012, 2 (3) : 465-485. doi: 10.3934/naco.2012.2.465
[10]

Jerry L. Bona, Hongqiu Chen, Shu-Ming Sun, Bing-Yu Zhang. Comparison of quarter-plane and two-point boundary value problems: The KdV-equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2007, 7 (3) : 465-495. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2007.7.465
[11]

Xiao-Yu Zhang, Qing Fang. A sixth order numerical method for a class of nonlinear two-point boundary value problems. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2012, 2 (1) : 31-43. doi: 10.3934/naco.2012.2.31
[12]

Jerry Bona, Hongqiu Chen, Shu Ming Sun, B.-Y. Zhang. Comparison of quarter-plane and two-point boundary value problems: the BBM-equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2005, 13 (4) : 921-940. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2005.13.921
[13]

A. Aschwanden, A. Schulze-Halberg, D. Stoffer. Stable periodic solutions for delay equations with positive feedback - a computer-assisted proof. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2006, 14 (4) : 721-736. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2006.14.721
[14]

Chan-Gyun Kim, Yong-Hoon Lee. A bifurcation result for two point boundary value problem with a strong singularity. Conference Publications, 2011, 2011 (Special) : 834-843. doi: 10.3934/proc.2011.2011.834
[15]

Wenming Zou. Multiple solutions results for two-point boundary value problem with resonance. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 1998, 4 (3) : 485-496. doi: 10.3934/dcds.1998.4.485
[16]

J. R. L. Webb. Remarks on positive solutions of some three point boundary value problems. Conference Publications, 2003, 2003 (Special) : 905-915. doi: 10.3934/proc.2003.2003.905
[17]

K. Q. Lan. Properties of kernels and eigenvalues for three point boundary value problems. Conference Publications, 2005, 2005 (Special) : 546-555. doi: 10.3934/proc.2005.2005.546
[18]

Wenying Feng. Solutions and positive solutions for some three-point boundary value problems. Conference Publications, 2003, 2003 (Special) : 263-272. doi: 10.3934/proc.2003.2003.263
[19]

John R. Graef, Shapour Heidarkhani, Lingju Kong. Existence of nontrivial solutions to systems of multi-point boundary value problems. Conference Publications, 2013, 2013 (special) : 273-281. doi: 10.3934/proc.2013.2013.273
[20]

Lingju Kong, Qingkai Kong. Existence of nodal solutions of multi-point boundary value problems. Conference Publications, 2009, 2009 (Special) : 457-465. doi: 10.3934/proc.2009.2009.457

 Impact Factor: 

Tools

Metrics

  • PDF downloads (56)
  • HTML views (0)
  • Cited by (0)

Other articles
by authors

[Back to Top]

Copyright © 2021 American Institute of Mathematical Sciences