American Institute of Mathematical Sciences

Advanced
doi: 10.3934/jdg.2021011

A graph cellular automaton with relation-based neighbourhood describing the impact of peer influence on the consumption of marijuana among college-aged youths

Yusra Bibi Ruhomally 1, , Muhammad Zaid Dauhoo 1,, and  Laurent Dumas 2,

1. 

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University Of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
2. 

Laboratoire de Mathématiques de Versailles, UVSQ, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78035 Versailles, France

* Corresponding author: Muhammad Zaid Dauhoo

Received  February 2021 Revised  February 2021 Published  March 2021

A novel approach depicting the dynamics of marijuana usage to gauge the effects of peer influence in a school population, is the site of investigation. Consumption of drug is considered as a contagious social epidemic which is spread mainly by peer influences. A relation-based graph-CA (r-GCA) model consisting of 4 states namely, Nonusers (N), Experimental users (E), Recreational users (R) and Addicts (A), is formulated in order to represent the prevalence of the epidemic on a campus. The r-GCA model is set up by local transition rules which delineates the proliferation of marijuana use. Data available in [4] is opted to verify and validate the r-GCA. Simulations of the r-GCA system are presented and discussed. The numerical results agree quite accurately with the observed data. Using the model, the enactment of campaigns of prevention targeting N, E and R states respectively were conducted and analysed. The results indicate a significant decline in marijuana consumption on the campus when a campaign of prevention targeting the latter three states simultaneously, is enacted.

Keywords: Marijuana, peer influence, relation-based, graph cellular automaton, targeted campaigns of prevention.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 37N99.
Citation: Yusra Bibi Ruhomally, Muhammad Zaid Dauhoo, Laurent Dumas. A graph cellular automaton with relation-based neighbourhood describing the impact of peer influence on the consumption of marijuana among college-aged youths. Journal of Dynamics & Games, doi: 10.3934/jdg.2021011
References:
[1]

N.-R. Badurally Adam, M. Z. Dauhoo and O. Kavian, An analysis of the dynamical evolution of experimental, recreative and abusive marijuana consumption in the states of Colorado and Washington beyond the implementation of I–502, J. Math. Sociol., 39 (2015), 257-279.  doi: 10.1080/0022250X.2015.1077240.  Google Scholar

[2]

A. Bakhtiari, Social Influences Among Drug Users and Mean Field Approximation of Cellular Automata, Ph.D thesis, Simon Fraser University, 2009. Google Scholar

[3]

D. A. Behrens and G. Tragler, The dynamic process of dynamic modelling: The cocaine epidemic in the United States, Bulletin on Narcotics, 53 (2001), 65-78.   Google Scholar

[4]

A. Boak, H. A. Hamilton, E. M. Adlaf and R. E. Mann, Drug use among Ontario students, 1977–2017: Detailed findings from the Ontario Student and Drug Use Health Survey (OSDUHS), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Google Scholar

[5]

V. Dabbaghian, V. Spicer, S. K. Singh, P. Borwein and P. Brantingham, The social impact in a high-risk community: A cellular automata model, J. Comput. Sci., 2 (2011), 238-246.  doi: 10.1016/j.jocs.2011.05.008.  Google Scholar

[6]

S. Y. Del Valle, J. M. Hyman, H. W. Hethcote and S. G. Eubank, Mixing patterns between age groups in social networks, Social Networks, 29 (2007), 539-554.  doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2007.04.005.  Google Scholar

[7]

M. Z. Dauhoo, B. S. N. Korimboccus and S. B. Issack, On the dynamics of illicit drug consumption in a given population, IMA J. Appl. Math., 78 (2013), 432-448.  doi: 10.1093/imamat/hxr058.  Google Scholar

[8]

S. T. Ennett and K. E. Bauman, Adolescent Social Networks: Friendship Cliques, Social Isolates, and Drug Use Risk, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000. Google Scholar

[9]

P. Ghosh, A. Mukhopadhyay, A. Chanda, P. Mondal and A. Akhand, Application of Cellular automata and Markov-chain model in geospatial environmental modeling - A review, Remote Sensing Appl.: Soc. Environ., 5 (2017), 64-77.  doi: 10.1016/j.rsase.2017.01.005.  Google Scholar

[10]

R. Gikonyo and K. Njagi, The influence of demographic factors on peer pressure among secondary school adolescents in Nyahururu Laikipia county, Res. Hummanities Soc. Sci., 6 (2016), 2224-5766.   Google Scholar

[11]

A. Gragnani, S. Rinaldi and G. Feichtinger, Dynamics of drug consumption: A theoretical model, Socio-Economic Planning Sci., 31 (1997), 127-137.  doi: 10.1016/S0038-0121(96)00020-1.  Google Scholar

[12]

D. Grass, J. P. Caulkins, G. Feichtinger, G. Tragler and D. A. Behrens, Optimal Control of Nonlinear Processes, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2008. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77647-5.  Google Scholar

[13]

L. Johnston, R. Miech, P. O'Malley, J. Bachman, J. Schulenberg and M. Patrick, Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2019: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use., Google Scholar

[14]

J. J. Kari, Basic concepts of cellular automata, in Handbook of Natural Computing, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2012), 3–24. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92910-9_1.  Google Scholar

[15]

P.-Y. Louis and F. R. Nardi, Probabilistic Cellular Automata. Theory, Applications and Future Perspectives, Emergence, Complexity and Computation, 27, Springer, Cham, 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-65558-1.  Google Scholar

[16]

K. Małecki, Graph cellular automata with relation-based neighbourhoods of cells for complex systems modelling: A case of traffic simulation, Symmetry, 9 (2017), 322. doi: 10.3390/sym9120322.  Google Scholar

[17]

M. J. F. Martłnez, E. G. Merino, E. G. Sánchez, J. E. G. Sánchez, A. M. del Rey and G. R. Sánchez, A graph cellular automata model to study the spreading of an infectious disease, in Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7629, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2012), 458–468. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-37807-2_39.  Google Scholar

[18]

E. R. Oetting and F. Beauvais, Peer cluster theory: Drugs and the adolescent, J. Counsel. Develop., 65 (1986), 17-22.  doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1986.tb01219.x.  Google Scholar

[19]

R. L. Pacula and R. Smart, Medical marijuana and marijuana legalization, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13 (2017), 397-419.  doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045128.  Google Scholar

[20]

P. Rinaldi, D. Dalponte, M. Vénere and A. Clausse et al., Graph-based cellular automata for simulation of surface flows in large plains, Asian J. Appl. Sci., 5 (2012), 224-231.  doi: 10.3923/ajaps.2012.224.231.  Google Scholar

[21]

Y. B. Ruhomally, N. Banon Jahmeerbaccus and M. Z. Dauhoo, The deterministic evolution of illicit drug consumption within a given population, in CIMPA School on Mathematical Models in Biology and Medicine, ESAIM Proc. Surveys, 62, EDP Sci., Les Ulis, (2018), 139–157. doi: 10.1051/proc/201862139.  Google Scholar

[22]

Y. B. Ruhomally and M. Z. Dauhoo, The NERA model incorporating cellular automata approach and the analysis of the resulting induced stochastic mean field, Comput. Appl. Math., 39 (2020), 327-356.  doi: 10.1007/s40314-020-01378-2.  Google Scholar

[23]

Y. B. Ruhomally, M. Z. Dauhoo and L. Dumas, An analysis of the recreational use of marijuana amongst the 21+ population of the state of Washington in the context of I-502 and its aftermath, Neural, Parallel and Scientific Computations, 28 (2020), 273-304.   Google Scholar

[24]

J. Schulenberg, L. Johnston, P. O'Malley, J. Bachman, R. Miech and M. Patrick, Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19-60, 2019. Google Scholar

[25]

B. Song, M. Castillo-Garsow, K. R. Rios-Soto, M. Mejran, L. Henso and C. Castillo-Chavez, Raves, clubs and ecstasy: The impact of peer pressure, Math. Biosci. Eng., 3 (2006), 249-266.  doi: 10.3934/mbe.2006.3.249.  Google Scholar

[26]

L. Steinberg and K. C. Monahan, Age differences in resistance to peer influence, Develop. Psych., 43 (2007), 1531-1543.  doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531.  Google Scholar

[27]

UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2020, 2020. Available from: https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/index.html. Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

N.-R. Badurally Adam, M. Z. Dauhoo and O. Kavian, An analysis of the dynamical evolution of experimental, recreative and abusive marijuana consumption in the states of Colorado and Washington beyond the implementation of I–502, J. Math. Sociol., 39 (2015), 257-279.  doi: 10.1080/0022250X.2015.1077240.  Google Scholar

[2]

A. Bakhtiari, Social Influences Among Drug Users and Mean Field Approximation of Cellular Automata, Ph.D thesis, Simon Fraser University, 2009. Google Scholar

[3]

D. A. Behrens and G. Tragler, The dynamic process of dynamic modelling: The cocaine epidemic in the United States, Bulletin on Narcotics, 53 (2001), 65-78.   Google Scholar

[4]

A. Boak, H. A. Hamilton, E. M. Adlaf and R. E. Mann, Drug use among Ontario students, 1977–2017: Detailed findings from the Ontario Student and Drug Use Health Survey (OSDUHS), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Google Scholar

[5]

V. Dabbaghian, V. Spicer, S. K. Singh, P. Borwein and P. Brantingham, The social impact in a high-risk community: A cellular automata model, J. Comput. Sci., 2 (2011), 238-246.  doi: 10.1016/j.jocs.2011.05.008.  Google Scholar

[6]

S. Y. Del Valle, J. M. Hyman, H. W. Hethcote and S. G. Eubank, Mixing patterns between age groups in social networks, Social Networks, 29 (2007), 539-554.  doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2007.04.005.  Google Scholar

[7]

M. Z. Dauhoo, B. S. N. Korimboccus and S. B. Issack, On the dynamics of illicit drug consumption in a given population, IMA J. Appl. Math., 78 (2013), 432-448.  doi: 10.1093/imamat/hxr058.  Google Scholar

[8]

S. T. Ennett and K. E. Bauman, Adolescent Social Networks: Friendship Cliques, Social Isolates, and Drug Use Risk, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000. Google Scholar

[9]

P. Ghosh, A. Mukhopadhyay, A. Chanda, P. Mondal and A. Akhand, Application of Cellular automata and Markov-chain model in geospatial environmental modeling - A review, Remote Sensing Appl.: Soc. Environ., 5 (2017), 64-77.  doi: 10.1016/j.rsase.2017.01.005.  Google Scholar

[10]

R. Gikonyo and K. Njagi, The influence of demographic factors on peer pressure among secondary school adolescents in Nyahururu Laikipia county, Res. Hummanities Soc. Sci., 6 (2016), 2224-5766.   Google Scholar

[11]

A. Gragnani, S. Rinaldi and G. Feichtinger, Dynamics of drug consumption: A theoretical model, Socio-Economic Planning Sci., 31 (1997), 127-137.  doi: 10.1016/S0038-0121(96)00020-1.  Google Scholar

[12]

D. Grass, J. P. Caulkins, G. Feichtinger, G. Tragler and D. A. Behrens, Optimal Control of Nonlinear Processes, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2008. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77647-5.  Google Scholar

[13]

L. Johnston, R. Miech, P. O'Malley, J. Bachman, J. Schulenberg and M. Patrick, Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2019: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use., Google Scholar

[14]

J. J. Kari, Basic concepts of cellular automata, in Handbook of Natural Computing, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2012), 3–24. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-92910-9_1.  Google Scholar

[15]

P.-Y. Louis and F. R. Nardi, Probabilistic Cellular Automata. Theory, Applications and Future Perspectives, Emergence, Complexity and Computation, 27, Springer, Cham, 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-65558-1.  Google Scholar

[16]

K. Małecki, Graph cellular automata with relation-based neighbourhoods of cells for complex systems modelling: A case of traffic simulation, Symmetry, 9 (2017), 322. doi: 10.3390/sym9120322.  Google Scholar

[17]

M. J. F. Martłnez, E. G. Merino, E. G. Sánchez, J. E. G. Sánchez, A. M. del Rey and G. R. Sánchez, A graph cellular automata model to study the spreading of an infectious disease, in Advances in Artificial Intelligence, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7629, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2012), 458–468. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-37807-2_39.  Google Scholar

[18]

E. R. Oetting and F. Beauvais, Peer cluster theory: Drugs and the adolescent, J. Counsel. Develop., 65 (1986), 17-22.  doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1986.tb01219.x.  Google Scholar

[19]

R. L. Pacula and R. Smart, Medical marijuana and marijuana legalization, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13 (2017), 397-419.  doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045128.  Google Scholar

[20]

P. Rinaldi, D. Dalponte, M. Vénere and A. Clausse et al., Graph-based cellular automata for simulation of surface flows in large plains, Asian J. Appl. Sci., 5 (2012), 224-231.  doi: 10.3923/ajaps.2012.224.231.  Google Scholar

[21]

Y. B. Ruhomally, N. Banon Jahmeerbaccus and M. Z. Dauhoo, The deterministic evolution of illicit drug consumption within a given population, in CIMPA School on Mathematical Models in Biology and Medicine, ESAIM Proc. Surveys, 62, EDP Sci., Les Ulis, (2018), 139–157. doi: 10.1051/proc/201862139.  Google Scholar

[22]

Y. B. Ruhomally and M. Z. Dauhoo, The NERA model incorporating cellular automata approach and the analysis of the resulting induced stochastic mean field, Comput. Appl. Math., 39 (2020), 327-356.  doi: 10.1007/s40314-020-01378-2.  Google Scholar

[23]

Y. B. Ruhomally, M. Z. Dauhoo and L. Dumas, An analysis of the recreational use of marijuana amongst the 21+ population of the state of Washington in the context of I-502 and its aftermath, Neural, Parallel and Scientific Computations, 28 (2020), 273-304.   Google Scholar

[24]

J. Schulenberg, L. Johnston, P. O'Malley, J. Bachman, R. Miech and M. Patrick, Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19-60, 2019. Google Scholar

[25]

B. Song, M. Castillo-Garsow, K. R. Rios-Soto, M. Mejran, L. Henso and C. Castillo-Chavez, Raves, clubs and ecstasy: The impact of peer pressure, Math. Biosci. Eng., 3 (2006), 249-266.  doi: 10.3934/mbe.2006.3.249.  Google Scholar

[26]

L. Steinberg and K. C. Monahan, Age differences in resistance to peer influence, Develop. Psych., 43 (2007), 1531-1543.  doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531.  Google Scholar

[27]

UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2020, 2020. Available from: https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/index.html. Google Scholar

Figure 1.  Types of neighbourhood in cellular automata
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 2.  Schematic representation of the r-GCA model
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 3.  The neighbourhood of a given individual within a population comprising of 900 individuals. Double arrows denote mutual influences (two-way relationship) and single arrows represent a one-way relationship with the individual. Four mutual influences are present in the neighbourhood of the individual
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

4]">Figure 4.  Trends of the 4 categories of marijuana users for the period 1999-2017 in grades 7-12 according to [4]
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

4] (solid lines)">Figure 5.  Superimposition of the evolution of the four categories of marijuana users (dotted lines) on the data collected from [4] (solid lines)
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 3 (a) represents the initial configuration with 611 N, 110 E, 98 R and 81 A. The parameters used are $ \alpha_{1} = 0.17, \alpha_{2} = 0.13, \alpha_{3} = 0.012, \gamma_{1} = 0.08, \gamma_{2} = 0.0101 $ and $ \gamma_{3} = 0.0124. $">Figure 6.  These figures show the snapshots of the r-GCA dynamics over 2555 time steps on a 30 $ \times $ 30 grid. These figures illustrate the temporal evolution of the users. Figure 3 (a) represents the initial configuration with 611 N, 110 E, 98 R and 81 A. The parameters used are $ \alpha_{1} = 0.17, \alpha_{2} = 0.13, \alpha_{3} = 0.012, \gamma_{1} = 0.08, \gamma_{2} = 0.0101 $ and $ \gamma_{3} = 0.0124. $
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 7.  Mean evolution of the 4 categories of users over 2555 time steps
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 8.  Superimposition of the temporal evolution of the 4 categories of users with campaigns of prevention subjected to the nonusers (dotted lines) on the evolution of the users without any campaign of prevention (solid lines)
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 9.  Superimposition of the temporal evolution of the users with a campaign of prevention targeting the experimental and recreational users (dotted lines) on the evolution of the users without any campaign of prevention (solid lines)
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 10.  Superimposition of the temporal evolution of the users with a campaign of prevention subjected to the non, experimental and recreational users (dotted lines) on the evolution of the users without any campaign of prevention (solid lines)
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Figure 11.  A comparison of the proportion of the 4 categories of users when $ t = 1 $ (Initial) and when $ t = 2555 $ (Final) for the 3 scenarios, with and without the enactment of campaigns of prevention
Figure Options

Download full-size image

Download as PowerPoint slide

Table 1.  Neighbourhood specification
Neighbourhood Neighbouring cells for $ C_{i, j} $
Von Neumann $ C_{i+1, j} $, $ C_{i-1, j} $, $ C_{i, j+1} $, $ C_{i, j-1} $
Moore $ C_{i+1, j} $, $ C_{i-1, j} $, $ C_{i, j+1} $, $ C_{i, j-1} $,
$ C_{i+1, j+1} $, $ C_{i-1, j-1} $, $ C_{i-1, j+1} $, $ C_{i+1, j-1} $
r-GCA $ C_{i, j-1} $, $ C_{i-2, j-1} $, $ C_{i-2, j+1} $, $ C_{i+1, j+2} $, $ C_{i+2, j-1} $
Table Options

Download as excel

Neighbourhood Neighbouring cells for $ C_{i, j} $
Von Neumann $ C_{i+1, j} $, $ C_{i-1, j} $, $ C_{i, j+1} $, $ C_{i, j-1} $
Moore $ C_{i+1, j} $, $ C_{i-1, j} $, $ C_{i, j+1} $, $ C_{i, j-1} $,
$ C_{i+1, j+1} $, $ C_{i-1, j-1} $, $ C_{i-1, j+1} $, $ C_{i+1, j-1} $
r-GCA $ C_{i, j-1} $, $ C_{i-2, j-1} $, $ C_{i-2, j+1} $, $ C_{i+1, j+2} $, $ C_{i+2, j-1} $
Table 2.  Definition of states and colour code of cells
Type of user State Colour
Nonuser - N 0 Green
Experimental user - E 1 Blue
Recreational user - R 2 Yellow
Addict user - A 3 Red
Table Options

Download as excel

Type of user State Colour
Nonuser - N 0 Green
Experimental user - E 1 Blue
Recreational user - R 2 Yellow
Addict user - A 3 Red
Table 3.  Interpretation of the parameters involved in the r-GCA model
Parameter Physical Meaning
$ \alpha_{1}(t) $ Influence rate of $ E(t) $ on $ N(t) $
$ \alpha_{2}(t) $ Influence rate of $ R(t) $ on $ N(t) $
$ \alpha_{3}(t) $ Influence rate of $ R(t) $ on $ E(t) $
$ \alpha_{4}(t) $ Rate at which recreational users change to addicts
$ \gamma_{1}(t) $ Rate at which experimental users quit drugs
$ \gamma_{2(t)} $ Rate at which recreational users quit drugs
$ \gamma_{3}(t) $ Rate at which addicts quit drugs
$ \beta $ Proportion of nonusers moving into the population
$ \omega_{N}(t)\beta $ Proportion of nonusers moving out of the population
$ \omega_{E}(t)\beta $ Proportion of experimental users moving out of population
$ \omega_{R}(t)\beta $ Proportion of recreational users moving out of population
$ \omega_{A}(t)\beta $ Proportion of addicts moving out of the population
Table Options

Download as excel

Parameter Physical Meaning
$ \alpha_{1}(t) $ Influence rate of $ E(t) $ on $ N(t) $
$ \alpha_{2}(t) $ Influence rate of $ R(t) $ on $ N(t) $
$ \alpha_{3}(t) $ Influence rate of $ R(t) $ on $ E(t) $
$ \alpha_{4}(t) $ Rate at which recreational users change to addicts
$ \gamma_{1}(t) $ Rate at which experimental users quit drugs
$ \gamma_{2(t)} $ Rate at which recreational users quit drugs
$ \gamma_{3}(t) $ Rate at which addicts quit drugs
$ \beta $ Proportion of nonusers moving into the population
$ \omega_{N}(t)\beta $ Proportion of nonusers moving out of the population
$ \omega_{E}(t)\beta $ Proportion of experimental users moving out of population
$ \omega_{R}(t)\beta $ Proportion of recreational users moving out of population
$ \omega_{A}(t)\beta $ Proportion of addicts moving out of the population
Table 4.  Parameter values obtained for the consumption of marijuana for the period 1999-2006, using genetic algorithm
Parameter $ \alpha_{1} $ $ \alpha_{2} $ $ \alpha_{3} $ $ \alpha_{4} $ $ \gamma_{1} $ $ \gamma_{2} $ $ \gamma_{3} $
Value $ 0.101 $ $ 0.109 $ $ 0.116 $ $ 0.117 $ $ 0.126 $ $ 0.318 $ $ 0.114 $
Table Options

Download as excel

Parameter $ \alpha_{1} $ $ \alpha_{2} $ $ \alpha_{3} $ $ \alpha_{4} $ $ \gamma_{1} $ $ \gamma_{2} $ $ \gamma_{3} $
Value $ 0.101 $ $ 0.109 $ $ 0.116 $ $ 0.117 $ $ 0.126 $ $ 0.318 $ $ 0.114 $
Table 5.  Initial number of individuals that represent each state
State N E R A
Value $ 611 $ $ 110 $ $ 98 $ $ 81 $
Table Options

Download as excel

State N E R A
Value $ 611 $ $ 110 $ $ 98 $ $ 81 $
Table 6.  Parameter values used for the scenario
Parameter $ \alpha_{1} $ $ \alpha_{2} $ $ \alpha_{3} $ $ \alpha_{4} $ $ \gamma_{1} $ $ \gamma_{2} $ $ \gamma_{3} $
Value $ 0.17 $ $ 0.13 $ $ 0.012 $ $ 0.08 $ $ 0.08 $ $ 0.0101 $ $ 0.0124 $
Table Options

Download as excel

Parameter $ \alpha_{1} $ $ \alpha_{2} $ $ \alpha_{3} $ $ \alpha_{4} $ $ \gamma_{1} $ $ \gamma_{2} $ $ \gamma_{3} $
Value $ 0.17 $ $ 0.13 $ $ 0.012 $ $ 0.08 $ $ 0.08 $ $ 0.0101 $ $ 0.0124 $
[1]

Petr Kůrka. On the measure attractor of a cellular automaton. Conference Publications, 2005, 2005 (Special) : 524-535. doi: 10.3934/proc.2005.2005.524
[2]

Gelasio Salaza, Edgardo Ugalde, Jesús Urías. Master--slave synchronization of affine cellular automaton pairs. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2005, 13 (2) : 491-502. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2005.13.491
[3]

Akane Kawaharada. Singular function emerging from one-dimensional elementary cellular automaton Rule 150. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2021  doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2021125
[4]

Kazuhiko Kuraya, Hiroyuki Masuyama, Shoji Kasahara. Load distribution performance of super-node based peer-to-peer communication networks: A nonstationary Markov chain approach. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2011, 1 (4) : 593-610. doi: 10.3934/naco.2011.1.593
[5]

Sho Nanao, Hiroyuki Masuyama, Shoji Kasahara, Yutaka Takahashi. Queueing analysis of data block synchronization mechanism in peer-to-peer based video streaming system. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2011, 7 (3) : 699-716. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2011.7.699
[6]

Quoc T. Luu, Paul DuChateau. The relative biologic effectiveness versus linear energy transfer curve as an output-input relation for linear cellular systems. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2009, 6 (3) : 591-602. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2009.6.591
[7]

Chun-Xiang Guo, Guo Qiang, Jin Mao-Zhu, Zhihan Lv. Dynamic systems based on preference graph and distance. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2015, 8 (6) : 1139-1154. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2015.8.1139
[8]

Jianli Xiang, Guozheng Yan. The uniqueness of the inverse elastic wave scattering problem based on the mixed reciprocity relation. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2021, 15 (3) : 539-554. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2021004
[9]

Yair Daon, Georg Stadler. Mitigating the influence of the boundary on PDE-based covariance operators. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2018, 12 (5) : 1083-1102. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2018045
[10]

Xinxin Tan, Shujuan Li, Sisi Liu, Zhiwei Zhao, Lisa Huang, Jiatai Gang. Dynamic simulation of a SEIQR-V epidemic model based on cellular automata. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2015, 5 (4) : 327-337. doi: 10.3934/naco.2015.5.327
[11]

Blaine Keetch, Yves van Gennip. A Max-Cut approximation using a graph based MBO scheme. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (11) : 6091-6139. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2019132
[12]

Suh-Yuh Yang, Cheng-Hsiung Hsu. Existence of monotonic traveling waves in modified RTD-based cellular neural networks. Conference Publications, 2005, 2005 (Special) : 930-939. doi: 10.3934/proc.2005.2005.930
[13]

Lars Eirik Danielsen. Graph-based classification of self-dual additive codes over finite fields. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2009, 3 (4) : 329-348. doi: 10.3934/amc.2009.3.329
[14]

Pengyu Yan, Shi Qiang Liu, Cheng-Hu Yang, Mahmoud Masoud. A comparative study on three graph-based constructive algorithms for multi-stage scheduling with blocking. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2019, 15 (1) : 221-233. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018040
[15]

Hem Joshi, Suzanne Lenhart, Kendra Albright, Kevin Gipson. Modeling the effect of information campaigns on the HIV epidemic in Uganda. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2008, 5 (4) : 757-770. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2008.5.757
[16]

Shuichiro Senda, Hiroyuki Masuyama, Shoji Kasahara. A stochastic fluid model for on-demand peer-to-peer streaming services. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2011, 1 (4) : 611-626. doi: 10.3934/naco.2011.1.611
[17]

Mingfang Ding, Yanqun Liu, John Anthony Gear. An improved targeted climbing algorithm for linear programs. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2011, 1 (3) : 399-405. doi: 10.3934/naco.2011.1.399
[18]

Chloe A. Fletcher, Jason S. Howell. Dynamic modeling of nontargeted and targeted advertising strategies in an oligopoly. Journal of Dynamics & Games, 2017, 4 (2) : 97-124. doi: 10.3934/jdg.2017007
[19]

Toru Sasaki. The effect of local prevention in an SIS model with diffusion. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2004, 4 (3) : 739-746. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2004.4.739
[20]

Uta Renata Freiberg. Einstein relation on fractal objects. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2012, 17 (2) : 509-525. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2012.17.509

 Impact Factor: 

Tools

Metrics

  • PDF downloads (38)
  • HTML views (111)
  • Cited by (0)

Other articles
by authors

[Back to Top]

Copyright © 2021 American Institute of Mathematical Sciences