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January
2019, 15(1): 275-291.
doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018043
A slacks-based model for dynamic data envelopment analysis
Department of Mathematics, Tafresh University, Tafresh, 3951879611, Iran |
Dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis (DDEA) deals with efficiency analysis of decision making units in time dependent situations. A finite number of time periods and some carry-over activities between each two consecutive periods are assumed in DDEA. There are many models in DEA for efficiency evaluation of decision making units over time periods. One important class of dynamic models is the class of slacks-based models. By using a numerical example we show that some slacks-based DDEA models, especially ones proposed by Tone and Tsutsui, suffer from efficiency overestimation. A new dynamic slacks-based DEA model is proposed to overcome the deficiencies of the available slacks-based models. The model proposed in this paper is capable of revealing all sources of inefficiencies and providing more discrimination between decision making units. The theoretical and practical examinations demonstrate the merits of the new model.
Keywords:
Data envelopment analysis,
dynamic efficiency,
DDEA,
slacks-based model,
carry-over activity.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
Primary: 90C05, 90B50; Secondary: 91B06.
Citation:
Mohammad Afzalinejad, Zahra Abbasi. A slacks-based model for dynamic data envelopment analysis. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization,
2019, 15
(1)
: 275-291.
doi: 10.3934/jimo.2018043
![]()
References:
| [1] |
A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper and E. Rhodes,
Measuring the efficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2 (1978), 429-444.
doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8. |
| [2] |
W. W. Cooper, L. M. Seiford and K. Tone,
Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-solver Software, 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2007.
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-45283-8. |
| [3] |
D. K. Despotis, D. Sotiros and G. Koronakos,
A network DEA approach for series multi-stage processes, Omega, 61 (2016), 35-48.
doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2015.07.005. |
| [4] |
A. Emrouznejad and E. Thanassoulis,
A mathematical model for dynamic efficiency using data envelopment analysis, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 160 (2005), 363-378.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2003.09.026. |
| [5] |
R. Färe, S. Grosskopf, C. A. K. Lovell and C. Pasurka,
Multilateral productivity comparisons when some outputs are undesirable: A nonparametric approach, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71 (1989), 90-98.
doi: 10.2307/1928055. |
| [6] |
R. Färe and S. Grosskopf,
Intertemporal Production Frontiers: With Dynamic DEA, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands, 1996.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-1816-0. |
| [7] |
R. Färe, S. Grosskopf, M. Norris and Z. Zhang,
Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries, The American Economic Review, 84 (1994), 66-83.
|
| [8] |
H. Fukuyama and W. L. Weber,
Measuring Japanese bank performance: A dynamic network DEA approach, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 44 (2015), 249-264.
doi: 10.1007/s11123-014-0403-1. |
| [9] |
S. Hung, D. He and W. Lu,
Evaluating the dynamic performances of business groups from the carry-over perspective: A case study of Taiwan's semiconductor industry, Omega, 46 (2014), 1-10.
doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2014.01.003. |
| [10] |
C. Kao,
Dynamic data envelopment analysis: A relational analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 227 (2013), 325-330.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2012.12.012. |
| [11] |
C. Kao and S. Hwang,
Efficiency decomposition in two-stage data envelopment analysis: An application to non-life insurance companies in Taiwan, European Journal of Operational Research, 185 (2008), 418-429.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2006.11.041. |
| [12] |
G. A. Klopp,
The Analysis of the Efficiency of Production System with Multiple Inputs and Outputs, Ph. D thesis, Industrial and System Engineering College, University of Illinois in Chicago, 1985. |
| [13] |
L. Liang, W. D. Cook and J. Zhu,
DEA models for two-stage processes: Game approach and efficiency decomposition, Naval Research Logistics, 55 (2008), 643-653.
doi: 10.1002/nav.20308. |
| [14] |
P. Moreno and S. Lozano,
Super SBI Dynamic Network DEA approach to measuring efficiency in the provision of public services, International Transactions in Operational Research, 25 (2018), 715-735.
doi: 10.1111/itor.12257. |
| [15] |
J. Nemoto and M. Goto,
Dynamic data envelopment analysis: modeling intertemporal behavior of a firm in the presence of productive inefficiencies, Economic Letters, 64 (1999), 51-56.
doi: 10.1016/S0165-1765(99)00070-1. |
| [16] |
J. Nemoto and M. Goto,
Measuring dynamic efficiency in production: an application of data envelopment analysis to Japanese electric utilities, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 19 (2003), 191-210.
doi: 10.1023/A:1022805500570. |
| [17] |
H. Omrani and E. Soltanzadeh,
Dynamic DEA models with network structure: An application for Iranian airlines, Journal of Air Transport Management, 57 (2016), 52-61.
doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.07.014. |
| [18] |
K. S. Park and K. Park,
Measurement of multiperiod aggregative efficiency, European Journal of Operational Research, 193 (2009), 567-580.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2007.11.028. |
| [19] |
H. Scheel,
Undesirable outputs in efficiency valuations, European Journal of Operational Research, 132 (2001), 400-410.
doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00160-0. |
| [20] |
J. K. Sengupta,
A dynamic efficiency model using data envelopment analysis, International Journal of Production Economics, 62 (1999), 209-218.
doi: 10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00244-8. |
| [21] |
M. Shafiee, M. Sangi and M. Ghaderi,
Bank performance evaluation using dynamic DEA: A slacks-based measure approach, Journal of Data Envelopment Analysis and Decision Science, 2013 (2013), 1-12.
doi: 10.5899/2013/dea-00026. |
| [22] |
M. Soleimani-damaneh,
An effective computational attempt in DDEA, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 33 (2009), 3943-3948.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2009.01.013. |
| [23] |
T. Sueyoshi and K. Sekitani,
Returns to scale in dynamic DEA, European Journal of Operational Research, 161 (2005), 536-544.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2003.08.055. |
| [24] |
K. Tone,
A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 130 (2001), 498-509.
doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00407-5. |
| [25] |
K. Tone and M. Tsutsui,
Dynamic DEA: A slacks-based measure approach, Omega, 38 (2010), 145-156.
doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2009.07.003. |
| [26] |
K. Tone and M. Tsutsui,
Dynamic DEA with network structure: A slacks-based measure approach, Omega, 42 (2014), 124-131.
doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2013.04.002. |
show all references
References:
| [1] |
A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper and E. Rhodes,
Measuring the efficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2 (1978), 429-444.
doi: 10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8. |
| [2] |
W. W. Cooper, L. M. Seiford and K. Tone,
Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-solver Software, 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2007.
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-45283-8. |
| [3] |
D. K. Despotis, D. Sotiros and G. Koronakos,
A network DEA approach for series multi-stage processes, Omega, 61 (2016), 35-48.
doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2015.07.005. |
| [4] |
A. Emrouznejad and E. Thanassoulis,
A mathematical model for dynamic efficiency using data envelopment analysis, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 160 (2005), 363-378.
doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2003.09.026. |
| [5] |
R. Färe, S. Grosskopf, C. A. K. Lovell and C. Pasurka,
Multilateral productivity comparisons when some outputs are undesirable: A nonparametric approach, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71 (1989), 90-98.
doi: 10.2307/1928055. |
| [6] |
R. Färe and S. Grosskopf,
Intertemporal Production Frontiers: With Dynamic DEA, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands, 1996.
doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-1816-0. |
| [7] |
R. Färe, S. Grosskopf, M. Norris and Z. Zhang,
Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries, The American Economic Review, 84 (1994), 66-83.
|
| [8] |
H. Fukuyama and W. L. Weber,
Measuring Japanese bank performance: A dynamic network DEA approach, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 44 (2015), 249-264.
doi: 10.1007/s11123-014-0403-1. |
| [9] |
S. Hung, D. He and W. Lu,
Evaluating the dynamic performances of business groups from the carry-over perspective: A case study of Taiwan's semiconductor industry, Omega, 46 (2014), 1-10.
doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2014.01.003. |
| [10] |
C. Kao,
Dynamic data envelopment analysis: A relational analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 227 (2013), 325-330.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2012.12.012. |
| [11] |
C. Kao and S. Hwang,
Efficiency decomposition in two-stage data envelopment analysis: An application to non-life insurance companies in Taiwan, European Journal of Operational Research, 185 (2008), 418-429.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2006.11.041. |
| [12] |
G. A. Klopp,
The Analysis of the Efficiency of Production System with Multiple Inputs and Outputs, Ph. D thesis, Industrial and System Engineering College, University of Illinois in Chicago, 1985. |
| [13] |
L. Liang, W. D. Cook and J. Zhu,
DEA models for two-stage processes: Game approach and efficiency decomposition, Naval Research Logistics, 55 (2008), 643-653.
doi: 10.1002/nav.20308. |
| [14] |
P. Moreno and S. Lozano,
Super SBI Dynamic Network DEA approach to measuring efficiency in the provision of public services, International Transactions in Operational Research, 25 (2018), 715-735.
doi: 10.1111/itor.12257. |
| [15] |
J. Nemoto and M. Goto,
Dynamic data envelopment analysis: modeling intertemporal behavior of a firm in the presence of productive inefficiencies, Economic Letters, 64 (1999), 51-56.
doi: 10.1016/S0165-1765(99)00070-1. |
| [16] |
J. Nemoto and M. Goto,
Measuring dynamic efficiency in production: an application of data envelopment analysis to Japanese electric utilities, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 19 (2003), 191-210.
doi: 10.1023/A:1022805500570. |
| [17] |
H. Omrani and E. Soltanzadeh,
Dynamic DEA models with network structure: An application for Iranian airlines, Journal of Air Transport Management, 57 (2016), 52-61.
doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.07.014. |
| [18] |
K. S. Park and K. Park,
Measurement of multiperiod aggregative efficiency, European Journal of Operational Research, 193 (2009), 567-580.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2007.11.028. |
| [19] |
H. Scheel,
Undesirable outputs in efficiency valuations, European Journal of Operational Research, 132 (2001), 400-410.
doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00160-0. |
| [20] |
J. K. Sengupta,
A dynamic efficiency model using data envelopment analysis, International Journal of Production Economics, 62 (1999), 209-218.
doi: 10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00244-8. |
| [21] |
M. Shafiee, M. Sangi and M. Ghaderi,
Bank performance evaluation using dynamic DEA: A slacks-based measure approach, Journal of Data Envelopment Analysis and Decision Science, 2013 (2013), 1-12.
doi: 10.5899/2013/dea-00026. |
| [22] |
M. Soleimani-damaneh,
An effective computational attempt in DDEA, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 33 (2009), 3943-3948.
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2009.01.013. |
| [23] |
T. Sueyoshi and K. Sekitani,
Returns to scale in dynamic DEA, European Journal of Operational Research, 161 (2005), 536-544.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2003.08.055. |
| [24] |
K. Tone,
A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 130 (2001), 498-509.
doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00407-5. |
| [25] |
K. Tone and M. Tsutsui,
Dynamic DEA: A slacks-based measure approach, Omega, 38 (2010), 145-156.
doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2009.07.003. |
| [26] |
K. Tone and M. Tsutsui,
Dynamic DEA with network structure: A slacks-based measure approach, Omega, 42 (2014), 124-131.
doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2013.04.002. |
Figure 2.
Comparison of rank order (input-oriented).
Table 1.
Data of 10 bank branches
| DMUs | Average monthly salaries | Operating expense | Total loans | Net profit | Loan Losses | ||||||||||
| t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | |
| DMU1 | 2.828 | 2.705 | 3.775 | 27.55 | 35.25 | 50.43 | 40.01 | 49.85 | 54.38 | 57.95 | 58.85 | 66.64 | 12.41 | 7.88 | 7.4 |
| DMU2 | 5.667 | 5.825 | 7.657 | 84.5 | 122 | 105.5 | 282.9 | 297.6 | 322.5 | 94.18 | 87.29 | 111.6 | 41.34 | 34.95 | 28.64 |
| DMU3 | 6.23 | 6.32 | 8.899 | 183.6 | 159.5 | 170.8 | 184.5 | 191.4 | 188.4 | 103.7 | 120.5 | 121.6 | 28.44 | 22.71 | 21.41 |
| DMU4 | 5.577 | 5.532 | 7.552 | 122.7 | 94.48 | 94.97 | 195.9 | 200.5 | 202.2 | 58.98 | 58.42 | 58.25 | 22.8 | 25.68 | 26.69 |
| DMU5 | 3.864 | 4.526 | 5.72 | 57.19 | 38.43 | 40.27 | 106.2 | 102.9 | 98.36 | 32.41 | 42.5 | 48.91 | 8.51 | 6.25 | 8.93 |
| DMU6 | 4.696 | 4.601 | 6.196 | 72.07 | 2.64 | 3.41 | 175.5 | 176.1 | 190.7 | 60.7 | 58.88 | 47.68 | 10.35 | 11.89 | 10.22 |
| DMU7 | 3.582 | 3.108 | 4.221 | 21.83 | 21.3 | 29.76 | 21.56 | 24.38 | 28.28 | 18.68 | 19.17 | 19.42 | 1.91 | 1.24 | 2.02 |
| DMU8 | 5.395 | 5.522 | 7.139 | 63.85 | 56.14 | 49 | 133 | 147.1 | 156.8 | 76.77 | 99.79 | 100.9 | 30.49 | 21.06 | 18.07 |
| DMU9 | 7.761 | 7.522 | 10.746 | 27.93 | 34.4 | 31.14 | 872.9 | 815.4 | 803.3 | 314.7 | 312.8 | 31.21 | 80.96 | 119.5 | 115.5 |
| DMU10 | 3.748 | 3.593 | 5.138 | 59.99 | 96.5 | 60.43 | 113.7 | 121.6 | 122.9 | 72.64 | 84.51 | 81.45 | 7.33 | 3.28 | 13.53 |
| DMUs | Average monthly salaries | Operating expense | Total loans | Net profit | Loan Losses | ||||||||||
| t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | t=1 | t=2 | t=3 | |
| DMU1 | 2.828 | 2.705 | 3.775 | 27.55 | 35.25 | 50.43 | 40.01 | 49.85 | 54.38 | 57.95 | 58.85 | 66.64 | 12.41 | 7.88 | 7.4 |
| DMU2 | 5.667 | 5.825 | 7.657 | 84.5 | 122 | 105.5 | 282.9 | 297.6 | 322.5 | 94.18 | 87.29 | 111.6 | 41.34 | 34.95 | 28.64 |
| DMU3 | 6.23 | 6.32 | 8.899 | 183.6 | 159.5 | 170.8 | 184.5 | 191.4 | 188.4 | 103.7 | 120.5 | 121.6 | 28.44 | 22.71 | 21.41 |
| DMU4 | 5.577 | 5.532 | 7.552 | 122.7 | 94.48 | 94.97 | 195.9 | 200.5 | 202.2 | 58.98 | 58.42 | 58.25 | 22.8 | 25.68 | 26.69 |
| DMU5 | 3.864 | 4.526 | 5.72 | 57.19 | 38.43 | 40.27 | 106.2 | 102.9 | 98.36 | 32.41 | 42.5 | 48.91 | 8.51 | 6.25 | 8.93 |
| DMU6 | 4.696 | 4.601 | 6.196 | 72.07 | 2.64 | 3.41 | 175.5 | 176.1 | 190.7 | 60.7 | 58.88 | 47.68 | 10.35 | 11.89 | 10.22 |
| DMU7 | 3.582 | 3.108 | 4.221 | 21.83 | 21.3 | 29.76 | 21.56 | 24.38 | 28.28 | 18.68 | 19.17 | 19.42 | 1.91 | 1.24 | 2.02 |
| DMU8 | 5.395 | 5.522 | 7.139 | 63.85 | 56.14 | 49 | 133 | 147.1 | 156.8 | 76.77 | 99.79 | 100.9 | 30.49 | 21.06 | 18.07 |
| DMU9 | 7.761 | 7.522 | 10.746 | 27.93 | 34.4 | 31.14 | 872.9 | 815.4 | 803.3 | 314.7 | 312.8 | 31.21 | 80.96 | 119.5 | 115.5 |
| DMU10 | 3.748 | 3.593 | 5.138 | 59.99 | 96.5 | 60.43 | 113.7 | 121.6 | 122.9 | 72.64 | 84.51 | 81.45 | 7.33 | 3.28 | 13.53 |
Table 2.
Comparison of the efficiency scores resulted from Tone and Tsutsui's model and the proposed model.
| Overall input-oriented efficiency | Overall output-oriented efficiency | Non-oriented combined efficiency | |||||
| DMUs | Model (16) with TT objective: |
||||||
| DMU1 | 0.9194 | 0.8792 | 0.6771 | 0.7587 | 0.6771 | 0.6225 | 0.6671 |
| DMU2 | 1 | 0.7040 | 1 | 0.8458 | 0.7492 | 1 | 0.5954 |
| DMU3 | 0.6521 | 0.4735 | 0.7618 | 0.7959 | 0.7230 | 0.4968 | 0.3761 |
| DMU4 | 0.5133 | 0.6773 | 0.5840 | 0.7117 | 0.5456 | 0.2998 | 0.4821 |
| DMU5 | 0.7648 | 0.7614 | 0.7916 | 0.8100 | 0.7286 | 0.6054 | 0.6168 |
| DMU6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU7 | 0.8854 | 0.6421 | 0.9409 | 0.8979 | 0.8700 | 0.8331 | 0.5766 |
| DMU8 | 0.7765 | 0.7020 | 0.7482 | 0.7766 | 0.6841 | 0.5810 | 0.5451 |
| DMU9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU10 | 1 | 0.5660 | 0.1 | 0.6979 | 0.9977 | 1 | 0.3950 |
| Overall input-oriented efficiency | Overall output-oriented efficiency | Non-oriented combined efficiency | |||||
| DMUs | Model (16) with TT objective: |
||||||
| DMU1 | 0.9194 | 0.8792 | 0.6771 | 0.7587 | 0.6771 | 0.6225 | 0.6671 |
| DMU2 | 1 | 0.7040 | 1 | 0.8458 | 0.7492 | 1 | 0.5954 |
| DMU3 | 0.6521 | 0.4735 | 0.7618 | 0.7959 | 0.7230 | 0.4968 | 0.3761 |
| DMU4 | 0.5133 | 0.6773 | 0.5840 | 0.7117 | 0.5456 | 0.2998 | 0.4821 |
| DMU5 | 0.7648 | 0.7614 | 0.7916 | 0.8100 | 0.7286 | 0.6054 | 0.6168 |
| DMU6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU7 | 0.8854 | 0.6421 | 0.9409 | 0.8979 | 0.8700 | 0.8331 | 0.5766 |
| DMU8 | 0.7765 | 0.7020 | 0.7482 | 0.7766 | 0.6841 | 0.5810 | 0.5451 |
| DMU9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU10 | 1 | 0.5660 | 0.1 | 0.6979 | 0.9977 | 1 | 0.3950 |
Table 3.
The input-oriented period efficiency scores resulted from the TT model and the proposed model
| DMUs | Tone and Tsutsui's model | The proposed model | ||||
| Period 1 efficiency | Period 2 efficiency | Period 3 efficiency | Period 1 efficiency | Period 2 efficiency | Period 3 efficiency | |
| DMU1 | 0.7574 | 1 | 1 | 0.6364 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.2769 | 0.8169 | 1 |
| DMU3 | 0.5217 | 0.6987 | 0.7450 | 0.1962 | 0.4393 | 0.7247 |
| DMU4 | 0.3887 | 0.6334 | 0.5324 | 0.1802 | 0.8321 | 1 |
| DMU5 | 0.7047 | 0.8411 | 0.7477 | 0.5053 | 0.7744 | 1 |
| DMU6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU7 | 0.6562 | 1 | 1 | 0.4236 | 0.5221 | 0.9991 |
| DMU8 | 0.4524 | 0.8718 | 1 | 0.2319 | 0.8498 | 1 |
| DMU9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.2602 | 0.8350 | 0.5901 |
| DMUs | Tone and Tsutsui's model | The proposed model | ||||
| Period 1 efficiency | Period 2 efficiency | Period 3 efficiency | Period 1 efficiency | Period 2 efficiency | Period 3 efficiency | |
| DMU1 | 0.7574 | 1 | 1 | 0.6364 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.2769 | 0.8169 | 1 |
| DMU3 | 0.5217 | 0.6987 | 0.7450 | 0.1962 | 0.4393 | 0.7247 |
| DMU4 | 0.3887 | 0.6334 | 0.5324 | 0.1802 | 0.8321 | 1 |
| DMU5 | 0.7047 | 0.8411 | 0.7477 | 0.5053 | 0.7744 | 1 |
| DMU6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU7 | 0.6562 | 1 | 1 | 0.4236 | 0.5221 | 0.9991 |
| DMU8 | 0.4524 | 0.8718 | 1 | 0.2319 | 0.8498 | 1 |
| DMU9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| DMU10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.2602 | 0.8350 | 0.5901 |
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