Figure 1.
The working flow of a mining cycle
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On limiting characteristics for a non-stationary two-processor heterogeneous system with catastrophes, server failures and repairs
doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020049
A stochastic model and social optimization of a blockchain system based on a general limited batch service queue
| 1. | School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China |
| 2. | Department of Intelligence and Informatics, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan |
Blockchain is well known as a database technology supporting digital currencies such as Bitcoin, Ether and Ripple. For the purpose of maximizing the overall revenue of the blockchain system, we propose a pricing policy to impose on transactions. Regarding the mining process as a vacation, and the block-verification process as a service, we establish a type of non-exhaustive queueing model with a limited batch service and a possible zero-transaction service. By selecting the beginning instant of a block-verification process as a Markov point and using the method of a generating function, we obtain the stationary probability distribution for the number of transactions in the system at the Markov points and analyze the elapsed time for the mining cycle. Based on the model analysis results, we derive the average latency of transactions and demonstrate how the average latency of transactions changes in relation to the arrival rate of transactions. With a reward-cost structure, we construct an individual benefit function and a social benefit function. By improving the Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), we search for the Nash equilibrium and the socially optimal arrival rates of transactions. Numerical results show that the Nash equilibrium arrival rate of transactions is always higher than the socially optimal arrival rate of transactions for a given mining parameter and a specific block capacity. For this, we propose a pricing policy that forces the transactions to accept the socially optimal arrival rate and maximize the overall revenue of the blockchain system, including all transactions and miners.
Keywords:
Blockchain,
limited batch service,
Markov chain,
Nash equilibrium,
social optimization,
intelligent optimization algorithm,
pricing policy.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
Primary: 60K15, 60K25; Secondary: 68M14.
Citation:
Wenjuan Zhao, Shunfu Jin, Wuyi Yue.
A stochastic model and social optimization of a blockchain system based on a general limited batch service queue. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020049
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References:
| [1] |
M. Aguiar and A. Lauve,
Lagrange's theorem for Hopf monoids in species, Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 65 (2013), 241-265.
doi: 10.4153/CJM-2011-098-9. |
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A. Antonopoulos and O. Media, Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Crypto-Currencies, O'Reilly Media, 2014. Google Scholar |
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R. Howell and E. Schrohe,
Unpacking Rouché's Theorem,, PRIMUS: Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies, 27 (2017), 801-813.
doi: 10.1080/10511970.2016.1235646. |
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S. Kasahara and J. Kawahara,
Effect on transaction-confirmation process, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 15 (2019), 365-386.
|
| [5] |
Y. Kawase and S. Kasahara, Transaction-confirmation time for bitcoin: A queueing analytical approach to blockchain mechanism, 12th International Conference of Queueing Theory and Network Applications, LNCS, (2017), 75–88.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68520-5_5. |
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Q. Li, J. Ma and Y. Chang, Blockchain queueing theory, (2018). Available from: https://arXiv.org/abs/1808.01795. Google Scholar |
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R. Memon, J. Li and J. Ahmed,
Simulation model for blockchain systems using queuing theory, Electronics, 8 (2019), 234-252.
doi: 10.3390/electronics8020234. |
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S. Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system, (2008). Available from: https://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-peer-to-peer-electronic-cash-system. Google Scholar |
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O. Novo,
Blockchain meets IoT: An architecture for scalable access management in IoT, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5 (2018), 1184-1195.
doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2812239. |
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W. Qian, Q. Shao, Y. Zhu, C. Jin and A. Zhou, Research problems and methods in blockchain and trusted data management, Journal of Software, 29 (2018), 150-159. Google Scholar |
| [11] |
S. Ross, Stochastic Processes, Second edition, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics: Probability and Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996. |
| [12] |
S. Saremi, S. Mirjalili and A. Lewis,
Grasshopper optimisation algorithm: Theory and application,, Advances in Engineering Software, 105 (2017), 30-47.
doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.01.004. |
| [13] |
M. Turkanović, M. Holbl, K. Kosic, M. Hericko and A. Kamisalic, Eductx: A blockchain-based higher education credit platform, IEEE Access, 6 (2018), 5112-5127. Google Scholar |
| [14] |
M. Vlasiou,
A non-increasing Lindley-type equation, Queueing Systems, 56 (2007), 41-52.
doi: 10.1007/s11134-007-9029-6. |
| [15] |
L. Wang, X. Shen, J. Li, J. Shao and Y. Yang,
Cryptographic primitives in blockchains, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 127 (2019), 43-58.
doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2018.11.003. |
| [16] |
R. Wolff and Y. Yao,
Little's law when the average waiting time is infinite, Queueing Systems, 76 (2014), 267-281.
doi: 10.1007/s11134-013-9364-8. |
| [17] |
H. Zhao, P. Bai, Y. Peng and R. Xu,
Efficient key management scheme for health blockchain, CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology, 3 (2018), 114-118.
doi: 10.1049/trit.2018.0014. |
| [18] |
W. Zhao, S. Jin and W. Yue, Analysis of the average confirmation time of transactions in a blockchain system, 14th International Conference of Queueing Theory and Network Applications, LNCS, (2019), 379–388.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-27181-7_23. |
show all references
References:
| [1] |
M. Aguiar and A. Lauve,
Lagrange's theorem for Hopf monoids in species, Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 65 (2013), 241-265.
doi: 10.4153/CJM-2011-098-9. |
| [2] |
A. Antonopoulos and O. Media, Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Crypto-Currencies, O'Reilly Media, 2014. Google Scholar |
| [3] |
R. Howell and E. Schrohe,
Unpacking Rouché's Theorem,, PRIMUS: Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies, 27 (2017), 801-813.
doi: 10.1080/10511970.2016.1235646. |
| [4] |
S. Kasahara and J. Kawahara,
Effect on transaction-confirmation process, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 15 (2019), 365-386.
|
| [5] |
Y. Kawase and S. Kasahara, Transaction-confirmation time for bitcoin: A queueing analytical approach to blockchain mechanism, 12th International Conference of Queueing Theory and Network Applications, LNCS, (2017), 75–88.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68520-5_5. |
| [6] |
Q. Li, J. Ma and Y. Chang, Blockchain queueing theory, (2018). Available from: https://arXiv.org/abs/1808.01795. Google Scholar |
| [7] |
R. Memon, J. Li and J. Ahmed,
Simulation model for blockchain systems using queuing theory, Electronics, 8 (2019), 234-252.
doi: 10.3390/electronics8020234. |
| [8] |
S. Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system, (2008). Available from: https://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-peer-to-peer-electronic-cash-system. Google Scholar |
| [9] |
O. Novo,
Blockchain meets IoT: An architecture for scalable access management in IoT, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5 (2018), 1184-1195.
doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2812239. |
| [10] |
W. Qian, Q. Shao, Y. Zhu, C. Jin and A. Zhou, Research problems and methods in blockchain and trusted data management, Journal of Software, 29 (2018), 150-159. Google Scholar |
| [11] |
S. Ross, Stochastic Processes, Second edition, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics: Probability and Statistics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996. |
| [12] |
S. Saremi, S. Mirjalili and A. Lewis,
Grasshopper optimisation algorithm: Theory and application,, Advances in Engineering Software, 105 (2017), 30-47.
doi: 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2017.01.004. |
| [13] |
M. Turkanović, M. Holbl, K. Kosic, M. Hericko and A. Kamisalic, Eductx: A blockchain-based higher education credit platform, IEEE Access, 6 (2018), 5112-5127. Google Scholar |
| [14] |
M. Vlasiou,
A non-increasing Lindley-type equation, Queueing Systems, 56 (2007), 41-52.
doi: 10.1007/s11134-007-9029-6. |
| [15] |
L. Wang, X. Shen, J. Li, J. Shao and Y. Yang,
Cryptographic primitives in blockchains, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 127 (2019), 43-58.
doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2018.11.003. |
| [16] |
R. Wolff and Y. Yao,
Little's law when the average waiting time is infinite, Queueing Systems, 76 (2014), 267-281.
doi: 10.1007/s11134-013-9364-8. |
| [17] |
H. Zhao, P. Bai, Y. Peng and R. Xu,
Efficient key management scheme for health blockchain, CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology, 3 (2018), 114-118.
doi: 10.1049/trit.2018.0014. |
| [18] |
W. Zhao, S. Jin and W. Yue, Analysis of the average confirmation time of transactions in a blockchain system, 14th International Conference of Queueing Theory and Network Applications, LNCS, (2019), 379–388.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-27181-7_23. |
Figure 2.
Operation of the queueing model with general limited batch service
Figure 3.
Change trend of the individual benefit $ U_{I}(\lambda) $ of a transaction
Figure 4.
Change trend of social benefit $ U_{S}(\lambda) $ of transactions
Figure 5.
The working flow of the enhanced GOA
Figure 6.
Nash equilibrium and socially optimal arrival rates of transactions
Table 1.
Numerical results for the remittance fee
| Mining parameter |
Block capacity |
Socially optimal arrival rate |
Maximum social benefit |
Remittance fee |
| 0.5 | 40 | 11.0493 | 101.0826 | 9.0397 |
| 0.5 | 80 | 22.0986 | 202.2892 | 9.0996 |
| 1.0 | 40 | 20.9083 | 225.1180 | 10.6713 |
| 1.0 | 80 | 41.8166 | 450.5689 | 10.7271 |
| 1.5 | 40 | 28.0302 | 318.0631 | 11.2554 |
| 1.5 | 80 | 56.2193 | 636.5389 | 11.2767 |
| Mining parameter |
Block capacity |
Socially optimal arrival rate |
Maximum social benefit |
Remittance fee |
| 0.5 | 40 | 11.0493 | 101.0826 | 9.0397 |
| 0.5 | 80 | 22.0986 | 202.2892 | 9.0996 |
| 1.0 | 40 | 20.9083 | 225.1180 | 10.6713 |
| 1.0 | 80 | 41.8166 | 450.5689 | 10.7271 |
| 1.5 | 40 | 28.0302 | 318.0631 | 11.2554 |
| 1.5 | 80 | 56.2193 | 636.5389 | 11.2767 |
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