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doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020163

The skewness for uncertain random variable and application to portfolio selection problem

Bo Li 1,, and  Yadong Shu 2,

1. 

School of Applied Mathematics, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
2. 

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

* Corresponding author: Bo Li

Received  June 2020 Revised  August 2020 Published  November 2020

Uncertainty and randomness are two basic types of indeterminacy, where uncertain variable is used to represent quantities with human uncertainty and random variable is applied for modeling quantities with objective randomness. In many real systems, uncertainty and randomness often exist simultaneously. Then uncertain random variable and chance measure can be used to handle such cases. We know that the skewness is a measure of distributional asymmetry. However, the concept of skewness for uncertain random variable has not been clearly defined. In this paper, we first propose a concept of skewness for uncertain random variable and then present a formula for calculating the skewness via chance distribution. Applying the presented formula, the skewnesses of three special uncertain random variables are derived. Finally, a portfolio selection problem is carried out for showing the efficiency and applicability of skewness and presented formula.

Keywords: uncertainty, randomness, skewness, uncertain random variable, chance distribution.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 91B06(Decision theory).
Citation: Bo Li, Yadong Shu. The skewness for uncertain random variable and application to portfolio selection problem. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, doi: 10.3934/jimo.2020163
References:
[1]

H. Ahmadzade, Y. Sheng and F. Hassantabar Darzi, Some results of moments of uncertain random variables, Iran. J. Fuzzy Syst., 14 (2017), 1-21.   Google Scholar

[2]

R. Bhattacharyya, A. Chatterjee and S. Kar, Mean-variance-skewness portfolio selection model in general uncertain environment, Indian J. Ind. Appl. Math., 3 (2012), 45-61.   Google Scholar

[3]

W. Briec, K. Kerstens and I. Van de Woestyne, Portfolio selection with skewness: A comparison of methods and a generalized one fund result, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 230 (2013), 412-421.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2013.04.021.  Google Scholar

[4]

A. Chatterjee, R. Bhattacharyya, S. Mukherjee and S. Kar, Optimization of mean-semivariance-skewness portfolio selection model in fuzzy random environment, ICOMOS 2010, American Institute of Physics conference proceedings, 1298 (2010), 516-521.  doi: 10.1063/1.3516359.  Google Scholar

[5]

W. Chen, Y. Wang, P. Gupta and M. K. Mehlawat, A novel hybrid heuristic algorithm for a new uncertain mean-variance-skewness portfolio selection model with real constraints, Appl. Intell., 48 (2018), 2996-3018.  doi: 10.1007/s10489-017-1124-8.  Google Scholar

[6]

Y. Chen and Y. Zhu, Indefinite LQ optimal control with process state inequality constraints for discrete-time uncertain systems, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 14 (2018), 913-930.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2017082.  Google Scholar

[7]

A. Fernandez-Perez, B. Frijns, A. M. Fuertes and J. Miffre, The skewness of commodity futures returns, J. Bank. Financ., 86 (2018), 143-158.   Google Scholar

[8]

R. Gao and D. A. Ralescu, Elliptic entropy of uncertain set and its applications, Int. J. Intell. Syst., 33 (2018), 836-857.  doi: 10.1002/int.21970.  Google Scholar

[9]

X. Huang and H. Ying, Risk index based models for portfolio adjusting problem with returns subject to experts' evaluations, Econ. Model., 30 (2013), 61-66.   Google Scholar

[10]

R. G. Ibbotson, Price performance of common stock new issues, J. Financ. Econ., 2 (1975), 235-272.  doi: 10.1016/0304-405X(75)90015-X.  Google Scholar

[11]

A. Kolmogorov, Grundbegriffe Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, Julius Springer, Berlin, 1933.  Google Scholar

[12]

H. Kwakernaak, Fuzzy random variables-Ⅰ: Definitions and theorems, Inform. Sciences, 15 (1978), 1-29.  doi: 10.1016/0020-0255(78)90019-1.  Google Scholar

[13]

H. Kwakernaak, Fuzzy random variables-Ⅱ: Algorithms and examples for the discrete case, Inform. Sciences, 17 (1979), 253-278.  doi: 10.1016/0020-0255(79)90020-3.  Google Scholar

[14]

D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk, Econometrica, 47 (1979), 263-292.  doi: 10.2307/1914185.  Google Scholar

[15]

X. Li, Z. Qin and K. Kar, Mean-variance-skewness model for portfolio selection with fuzzy returns, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 202 (2010), 239-247.   Google Scholar

[16]

B. Liu, Uncertainty Theory, Second ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007.  Google Scholar

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B. Liu, Uncertainty Theory: A Branch of Mathematics for Modeling Human Uncertainty, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-39987-2.  Google Scholar

[18]

B. Li, Y. Sun, G. Aw and K. L. Teo, Uncertain portfolio optimization problem under a minimax risk measure, Appl. Math. Model., 76 (2019), 274-281.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2019.06.019.  Google Scholar

[19]

Y. Liu, Uncertain random variables: A mixture of uncertainty and randomness, Soft Comput., 17 (2013), 625-634.  doi: 10.1007/s00500-012-0935-0.  Google Scholar

[20]

B. Liu, Some research problems in uncertainty theory, J. Uncertain Syst., 3 (2009), 3-10.   Google Scholar

[21]

Y. Liu, Uncertain random programming with applications, Fuzzy Optim. Decis. Ma., 12 (2013), 153-169.  doi: 10.1007/s10700-012-9149-2.  Google Scholar

[22]

H. M. Markowitz, Portfolio selection, J. Financ., 7 (1952), 77-91.   Google Scholar

[23]

A. J. Prakash, C. H. Chang and T. E. Pactwa, Selecting a portfolio with skewness: Recent evidence from US, European and Latin American equity markets, J. Bank. Financ., 27 (2003), 1375-1390.   Google Scholar

[24]

Z. Qin, Mean-variance model for portfolio optimization problem in the simultaneous presence of random and uncertain returns, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 245 (2015), 480-488.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2015.03.017.  Google Scholar

[25]

W. Xu, G. Liu, H. Li and W. Luo, A study on project portfolio models with skewness risk and staffing, Int. J. Fuzzy Syst., 19 (2017), 2033-2047.  doi: 10.1007/s40815-017-0295-0.  Google Scholar

[26]

H. Yan, Y. Sun and Y. Zhu, A linear-quadratic control problem of uncertain discrete-time switched systems, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 13 (2017), 267-282.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2016016.  Google Scholar

[27]

X. Yang and J. Gao, Linear-quadratic uncertain differential games with application to resource extraction problem, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst., 24 (2016), 819-826.  doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2015.2486809.  Google Scholar

[28]

T. Ye and Y. Zhu, A metric on uncertain variables, Int. J. Uncertain. Quan., 8 (2018), 251-266.  doi: 10.1615/Int.J.UncertaintyQuantification.2018020455.  Google Scholar

[29]

J. Zhai, M. Bai and H. Wu, Mean-risk-skewness models for portfolio optimization based on uncertain measure, Optimization, 67 (2018), 701-714.  doi: 10.1080/02331934.2018.1426577.  Google Scholar

[30]

L. A. Zadeh, Fuzzy sets, Inform. Control, 8 (1965), 338-353.  doi: 10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X.  Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

H. Ahmadzade, Y. Sheng and F. Hassantabar Darzi, Some results of moments of uncertain random variables, Iran. J. Fuzzy Syst., 14 (2017), 1-21.   Google Scholar

[2]

R. Bhattacharyya, A. Chatterjee and S. Kar, Mean-variance-skewness portfolio selection model in general uncertain environment, Indian J. Ind. Appl. Math., 3 (2012), 45-61.   Google Scholar

[3]

W. Briec, K. Kerstens and I. Van de Woestyne, Portfolio selection with skewness: A comparison of methods and a generalized one fund result, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 230 (2013), 412-421.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2013.04.021.  Google Scholar

[4]

A. Chatterjee, R. Bhattacharyya, S. Mukherjee and S. Kar, Optimization of mean-semivariance-skewness portfolio selection model in fuzzy random environment, ICOMOS 2010, American Institute of Physics conference proceedings, 1298 (2010), 516-521.  doi: 10.1063/1.3516359.  Google Scholar

[5]

W. Chen, Y. Wang, P. Gupta and M. K. Mehlawat, A novel hybrid heuristic algorithm for a new uncertain mean-variance-skewness portfolio selection model with real constraints, Appl. Intell., 48 (2018), 2996-3018.  doi: 10.1007/s10489-017-1124-8.  Google Scholar

[6]

Y. Chen and Y. Zhu, Indefinite LQ optimal control with process state inequality constraints for discrete-time uncertain systems, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 14 (2018), 913-930.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2017082.  Google Scholar

[7]

A. Fernandez-Perez, B. Frijns, A. M. Fuertes and J. Miffre, The skewness of commodity futures returns, J. Bank. Financ., 86 (2018), 143-158.   Google Scholar

[8]

R. Gao and D. A. Ralescu, Elliptic entropy of uncertain set and its applications, Int. J. Intell. Syst., 33 (2018), 836-857.  doi: 10.1002/int.21970.  Google Scholar

[9]

X. Huang and H. Ying, Risk index based models for portfolio adjusting problem with returns subject to experts' evaluations, Econ. Model., 30 (2013), 61-66.   Google Scholar

[10]

R. G. Ibbotson, Price performance of common stock new issues, J. Financ. Econ., 2 (1975), 235-272.  doi: 10.1016/0304-405X(75)90015-X.  Google Scholar

[11]

A. Kolmogorov, Grundbegriffe Der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, Julius Springer, Berlin, 1933.  Google Scholar

[12]

H. Kwakernaak, Fuzzy random variables-Ⅰ: Definitions and theorems, Inform. Sciences, 15 (1978), 1-29.  doi: 10.1016/0020-0255(78)90019-1.  Google Scholar

[13]

H. Kwakernaak, Fuzzy random variables-Ⅱ: Algorithms and examples for the discrete case, Inform. Sciences, 17 (1979), 253-278.  doi: 10.1016/0020-0255(79)90020-3.  Google Scholar

[14]

D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk, Econometrica, 47 (1979), 263-292.  doi: 10.2307/1914185.  Google Scholar

[15]

X. Li, Z. Qin and K. Kar, Mean-variance-skewness model for portfolio selection with fuzzy returns, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 202 (2010), 239-247.   Google Scholar

[16]

B. Liu, Uncertainty Theory, Second ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007.  Google Scholar

[17]

B. Liu, Uncertainty Theory: A Branch of Mathematics for Modeling Human Uncertainty, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-39987-2.  Google Scholar

[18]

B. Li, Y. Sun, G. Aw and K. L. Teo, Uncertain portfolio optimization problem under a minimax risk measure, Appl. Math. Model., 76 (2019), 274-281.  doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2019.06.019.  Google Scholar

[19]

Y. Liu, Uncertain random variables: A mixture of uncertainty and randomness, Soft Comput., 17 (2013), 625-634.  doi: 10.1007/s00500-012-0935-0.  Google Scholar

[20]

B. Liu, Some research problems in uncertainty theory, J. Uncertain Syst., 3 (2009), 3-10.   Google Scholar

[21]

Y. Liu, Uncertain random programming with applications, Fuzzy Optim. Decis. Ma., 12 (2013), 153-169.  doi: 10.1007/s10700-012-9149-2.  Google Scholar

[22]

H. M. Markowitz, Portfolio selection, J. Financ., 7 (1952), 77-91.   Google Scholar

[23]

A. J. Prakash, C. H. Chang and T. E. Pactwa, Selecting a portfolio with skewness: Recent evidence from US, European and Latin American equity markets, J. Bank. Financ., 27 (2003), 1375-1390.   Google Scholar

[24]

Z. Qin, Mean-variance model for portfolio optimization problem in the simultaneous presence of random and uncertain returns, Eur. J. Oper. Res., 245 (2015), 480-488.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2015.03.017.  Google Scholar

[25]

W. Xu, G. Liu, H. Li and W. Luo, A study on project portfolio models with skewness risk and staffing, Int. J. Fuzzy Syst., 19 (2017), 2033-2047.  doi: 10.1007/s40815-017-0295-0.  Google Scholar

[26]

H. Yan, Y. Sun and Y. Zhu, A linear-quadratic control problem of uncertain discrete-time switched systems, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 13 (2017), 267-282.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2016016.  Google Scholar

[27]

X. Yang and J. Gao, Linear-quadratic uncertain differential games with application to resource extraction problem, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst., 24 (2016), 819-826.  doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2015.2486809.  Google Scholar

[28]

T. Ye and Y. Zhu, A metric on uncertain variables, Int. J. Uncertain. Quan., 8 (2018), 251-266.  doi: 10.1615/Int.J.UncertaintyQuantification.2018020455.  Google Scholar

[29]

J. Zhai, M. Bai and H. Wu, Mean-risk-skewness models for portfolio optimization based on uncertain measure, Optimization, 67 (2018), 701-714.  doi: 10.1080/02331934.2018.1426577.  Google Scholar

[30]

L. A. Zadeh, Fuzzy sets, Inform. Control, 8 (1965), 338-353.  doi: 10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X.  Google Scholar

Table 1.  The computational results for different $ p $ and $ q $
$ (p, q) $ $ (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}) $ Expected value Variance Skewness
$ (0.04, 0.2) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.04, 0.5) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.04, 0.8) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.02, 0.2) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.02, 0.5) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.02, 0.8) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.01, 0.2) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.01, 0.5) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.01, 0.8) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
Table Options

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$ (p, q) $ $ (x_{1}^{*}, x_{2}^{*}) $ Expected value Variance Skewness
$ (0.04, 0.2) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.04, 0.5) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.04, 0.8) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.02, 0.2) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.02, 0.5) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.02, 0.8) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.01, 0.2) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.01, 0.5) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
$ (0.01, 0.8) $ $ (0, 1) $ $ 0.04 $ 0.0075 $ 1.125\times10^{-4} $
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