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Transition of wireless channel states in urban areas
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Designing and analysis of a Wi-Fi data offloading strategy catering for the preference of mobile users
| 1. | Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd, Shanghai, China |
| 2. | The Chinese University of Hong Kong(Shenzhen), 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen, China |
In recent years, offloading mobile traffic through Wi-Fi has emerged as a potential solution to lower down the communication cost for mobile users. Users hope to reduce the cost while keeping the delay in an acceptable range through Wi-Fi offloading. Also, different users have different sensitivities to the cost and the delay performance. How to make a proper cost-delay tradeoff according to the user's preference is the key issue in the design of the offloading strategy. To address this issue, we propose a preference-oriented offloading strategy for current commercial terminals, which transmit traffic only via one channel simultaneously. We model the strategy as a three-state M/MMSP/1 queueing system, of which the service process is a Markov modulated service process (MMSP), and obtain the structured solutions by establishing a hybrid embedded Markov chain. Our analysis shows that, given the user's preference, there exists an optimal deadline to maximize the utility, which is defined as the linear combination of the cost and the delay. We also provide a method to select the optimal deadline. Our simulation demonstrates that this strategy with the optimal deadline can achieve a good performance.
Mathematics Subject Classification:
Primary: 60K20, 60K25; Secondary: 68M20.
Citation:
Xiaoyi Zhou, Tong Ye, Tony T. Lee.
Designing and analysis of a Wi-Fi data offloading strategy catering for the preference of mobile users. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021038
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References:
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Cisco, VNI Mobile Forecast Highlights Tool, 2020. Available from: https://www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/solutions/service-provider/forecast-highlights-mobile.html. Google Scholar |
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Proxim Wireless Corporation, White Paper-Mobile Data Offloading Through Wi-Fi, 2010. Available from: https://www.sourcesecurity.com/docs/moredocs/proximmicrosite/Mobile-Data-Offloading-Through-WiFi-V1.2.pdf. Google Scholar |
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A. Ajith and T. G. Venkatesh, QoEenhanced mobile data offloading with balking, IEEE Commun. Lett., 21 (2017), 1143-1146. Google Scholar |
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J. G. Andrews, Seven ways that HetNets are a cellular paradigm shift, IEEE Commun. Mag., 51 (2013), 136-144. Google Scholar |
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A. Balasubramanian, R. Mahajan and A. Venkataramani, Augmenting mobile 3G using WiFi, in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, (2010), 209-222.
doi: 10.1145/1814433.1814456. |
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D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Data Networks, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA, 1992. Google Scholar |
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V. Bychkovsky, B. Hull, A. Miu, H. Balakrishnan and S. Madden, A measurement study of vehicular internet access using in situ Wi-Fi networks, in Proceedings of MobiCom, (2006), 50-61.
doi: 10.1145/1161089.1161097. |
| [10] |
N. Cheng, N. Lu, N. Zhang, X. S. Shen and J. W. Mark, Opportunistic WiFi offloading in vehicular environment: A queueing analysis, in Proceedings of GLOBECOM, (2014), 211-216. Google Scholar |
| [11] |
C. H. Foh, M. Zukerman and J. W. Tantra, A markovian framework for performance evaluation of ieee 802.11, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., 6 (2007), 1276-1265. Google Scholar |
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C. Hua, H. Yu, R. Zheng, J. Li and R. Ni, Online packet dispatching for delay optimal concurrent transmissions in heterogeneous multi-RAT networks, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 15 (2016), 5076-5086. Google Scholar |
| [13] |
L. Huang and T. T. Lee, Generalized Pollaczek-Khinchin formula for Markov channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., 61 (2013), 3530-3540. Google Scholar |
| [14] |
L. Huang and T. T. Lee, Queueing behavior of hybrid ARQ wireless system with finite buffer capacity, in Proceedings of the 21th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, (2012), 32-36.
doi: 10.1109/WOCC.2012.6198142. |
| [15] |
C. -D. Iskander and P. Takis Mathiopoulos, Analytical level crossing rates and average fade durations for diversity techniques in Nakagami fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., 50 (2002), 1301-1309. Google Scholar |
| [16] |
K. Kawanishi and T. Takine, The M/PH/1+D queue with Markov-renewal service interruptions and its application to delayed mobile data offloading, Perform. Eval., 134 (2019), 102002.
doi: 10.1016/j.peva.2019.102002. |
| [17] |
K. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Yi, I. Rhee and S. Chong, Mobile data offloading: How much can WiFi deliver?, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 21 (2013), 536-550. Google Scholar |
| [18] |
J. Ling, S. Kanugovi, S. Vasudevan and A. K. Pramod, Enhanced capacity and coverage by Wi-Fi LTE integration, IEEE Commun. Mag., 53 (2015), 165-171. Google Scholar |
| [19] |
S. Mahabhashyam and N. Gautam,
On queues with Markov modulated service rates, Queueing Syst., 51 (2005), 89-113.
doi: 10.1007/s11134-005-2158-x. |
| [20] |
F. Mehmeti and T. Spyropoulos, Performance analysis of "on-the-spot" mobile data offloading, in Proceedings of GLOBECOM, (2013), 1577-1583. Google Scholar |
| [21] |
F. Mehmeti and T. Spyropoulos, Performance analysis of mobile data offloading in heterogeneous networks, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., 16 (2017), 482-497. Google Scholar |
| [22] |
F. Mehmeti and T. Spyropoulos, Performance modeling, analysis, and optimization of delayed mobile data offloading for mobile users, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 25 (2017), 550-564. Google Scholar |
| [23] |
J. F. Shoch and J. A. Hupp,
Measured performance of an ethernet local network, ACM Commun., 23 (1980), 711-721.
doi: 10.1145/359038.359044. |
| [24] |
N. Wang and J. Wu, Opportunistic WiFi offloading in a vehicular environment: Waiting or downloading now?, in Proceedings of INFOCOM, (2016), 1-9. Google Scholar |
| [25] |
R. W. Wolff,
Poisson arrivals see time averages, Oper. Res., 30 (1982), 223-231.
doi: 10.1287/opre.30.2.223. |
| [26] |
C. Zhang, B. Gu, Z. Liu, K. Yamori and Y. Tanaka, A reinforcement learning approach for cost- and energy-aware mobile data offloading, in Proceedings of the 18th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium, (2016), 1-6. Google Scholar |
| [27] |
C. Zhang, B. Gu, Z. Liu, K. Yamori and Y. Tanaka,
Cost- and energy-aware multi-flow mobile data offloading using Markov decision process, IEICE Trans. Commun., E101.B (2017), 657-666.
doi: 10.1587/transcom.2017NRP0014. |
| [28] |
D. Zhang and C. K. Yeo, Optimal handing-back point in mobile data offloading, in Proceedings of VNC, (2012), 219-225. Google Scholar |
| [29] |
J. Zhang, Z. Zhou, T. T. Lee and T. Ye, Delay analysis of three-state Markov channels, in Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Queueing Theory and Network Applications, (2017), 101-117.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68520-5_7. |
| [30] |
H. Zhu, M. Li, L. Fu, G. Xue, Y. Zhu and L. M. Ni, Impact of traffic influxes: Revealing exponential intercontact time in urban VANETs, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., 22 (2011), 1258-1266. Google Scholar |
show all references
References:
| [1] |
Cisco, VNI Mobile Forecast Highlights Tool, 2020. Available from: https://www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/solutions/service-provider/forecast-highlights-mobile.html. Google Scholar |
| [2] |
Proxim Wireless Corporation, White Paper-Mobile Data Offloading Through Wi-Fi, 2010. Available from: https://www.sourcesecurity.com/docs/moredocs/proximmicrosite/Mobile-Data-Offloading-Through-WiFi-V1.2.pdf. Google Scholar |
| [3] |
Samsung, Samsung Galaxy S10e/S10/S10+ User Manual, 2020. Available from: http://downloadcenter.samsung.com/content/UM/201903/20190305061207197/TMO_SM-G970U_SM-G973U_SM-G975U_EN_UM_P_9.0_022219_FINAL.pdf. Google Scholar |
| [4] |
Umass Trace Repository, Wifi Availability Trace, 2020. Available from: http://traces.cs.umass.edu/index.php/Network/Networkl. Google Scholar |
| [5] |
A. Ajith and T. G. Venkatesh, QoEenhanced mobile data offloading with balking, IEEE Commun. Lett., 21 (2017), 1143-1146. Google Scholar |
| [6] |
J. G. Andrews, Seven ways that HetNets are a cellular paradigm shift, IEEE Commun. Mag., 51 (2013), 136-144. Google Scholar |
| [7] |
A. Balasubramanian, R. Mahajan and A. Venkataramani, Augmenting mobile 3G using WiFi, in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, (2010), 209-222.
doi: 10.1145/1814433.1814456. |
| [8] |
D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Data Networks, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA, 1992. Google Scholar |
| [9] |
V. Bychkovsky, B. Hull, A. Miu, H. Balakrishnan and S. Madden, A measurement study of vehicular internet access using in situ Wi-Fi networks, in Proceedings of MobiCom, (2006), 50-61.
doi: 10.1145/1161089.1161097. |
| [10] |
N. Cheng, N. Lu, N. Zhang, X. S. Shen and J. W. Mark, Opportunistic WiFi offloading in vehicular environment: A queueing analysis, in Proceedings of GLOBECOM, (2014), 211-216. Google Scholar |
| [11] |
C. H. Foh, M. Zukerman and J. W. Tantra, A markovian framework for performance evaluation of ieee 802.11, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., 6 (2007), 1276-1265. Google Scholar |
| [12] |
C. Hua, H. Yu, R. Zheng, J. Li and R. Ni, Online packet dispatching for delay optimal concurrent transmissions in heterogeneous multi-RAT networks, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 15 (2016), 5076-5086. Google Scholar |
| [13] |
L. Huang and T. T. Lee, Generalized Pollaczek-Khinchin formula for Markov channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., 61 (2013), 3530-3540. Google Scholar |
| [14] |
L. Huang and T. T. Lee, Queueing behavior of hybrid ARQ wireless system with finite buffer capacity, in Proceedings of the 21th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference, (2012), 32-36.
doi: 10.1109/WOCC.2012.6198142. |
| [15] |
C. -D. Iskander and P. Takis Mathiopoulos, Analytical level crossing rates and average fade durations for diversity techniques in Nakagami fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., 50 (2002), 1301-1309. Google Scholar |
| [16] |
K. Kawanishi and T. Takine, The M/PH/1+D queue with Markov-renewal service interruptions and its application to delayed mobile data offloading, Perform. Eval., 134 (2019), 102002.
doi: 10.1016/j.peva.2019.102002. |
| [17] |
K. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Yi, I. Rhee and S. Chong, Mobile data offloading: How much can WiFi deliver?, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 21 (2013), 536-550. Google Scholar |
| [18] |
J. Ling, S. Kanugovi, S. Vasudevan and A. K. Pramod, Enhanced capacity and coverage by Wi-Fi LTE integration, IEEE Commun. Mag., 53 (2015), 165-171. Google Scholar |
| [19] |
S. Mahabhashyam and N. Gautam,
On queues with Markov modulated service rates, Queueing Syst., 51 (2005), 89-113.
doi: 10.1007/s11134-005-2158-x. |
| [20] |
F. Mehmeti and T. Spyropoulos, Performance analysis of "on-the-spot" mobile data offloading, in Proceedings of GLOBECOM, (2013), 1577-1583. Google Scholar |
| [21] |
F. Mehmeti and T. Spyropoulos, Performance analysis of mobile data offloading in heterogeneous networks, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., 16 (2017), 482-497. Google Scholar |
| [22] |
F. Mehmeti and T. Spyropoulos, Performance modeling, analysis, and optimization of delayed mobile data offloading for mobile users, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 25 (2017), 550-564. Google Scholar |
| [23] |
J. F. Shoch and J. A. Hupp,
Measured performance of an ethernet local network, ACM Commun., 23 (1980), 711-721.
doi: 10.1145/359038.359044. |
| [24] |
N. Wang and J. Wu, Opportunistic WiFi offloading in a vehicular environment: Waiting or downloading now?, in Proceedings of INFOCOM, (2016), 1-9. Google Scholar |
| [25] |
R. W. Wolff,
Poisson arrivals see time averages, Oper. Res., 30 (1982), 223-231.
doi: 10.1287/opre.30.2.223. |
| [26] |
C. Zhang, B. Gu, Z. Liu, K. Yamori and Y. Tanaka, A reinforcement learning approach for cost- and energy-aware mobile data offloading, in Proceedings of the 18th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium, (2016), 1-6. Google Scholar |
| [27] |
C. Zhang, B. Gu, Z. Liu, K. Yamori and Y. Tanaka,
Cost- and energy-aware multi-flow mobile data offloading using Markov decision process, IEICE Trans. Commun., E101.B (2017), 657-666.
doi: 10.1587/transcom.2017NRP0014. |
| [28] |
D. Zhang and C. K. Yeo, Optimal handing-back point in mobile data offloading, in Proceedings of VNC, (2012), 219-225. Google Scholar |
| [29] |
J. Zhang, Z. Zhou, T. T. Lee and T. Ye, Delay analysis of three-state Markov channels, in Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Queueing Theory and Network Applications, (2017), 101-117.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68520-5_7. |
| [30] |
H. Zhu, M. Li, L. Fu, G. Xue, Y. Zhu and L. M. Ni, Impact of traffic influxes: Revealing exponential intercontact time in urban VANETs, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., 22 (2011), 1258-1266. Google Scholar |
Figure 2.
Process of the proposed Wi-Fi offloading strategy
Figure 3.
State transition of the data transmission
Figure 4.
Relationship between two kinds of embedded points
Figure 5.
The $ m $ th frame starts service in the cellular state, while the last event is (a) the $ (m-1) $ th frame starts its service in the cellular state, or (b) the service state transits to cellular state when the $ (m-1) $ th frame is in service
Figure 6.
The service time when a frame starts its service in the deferred state
Figure 7.
Waiting time of the newly-arrived frame
Figure 8.
Delay and efficiency performance in the M/MMSP/1 queueing system
Figure 9.
Utility vs. deadline in the M/MMSP/1 queueing system
Figure 11.
Utility $ U $ vs. preference weight $ a $ when the duration of channel states $ C $ and $ F $ follow the truncated Pareto distribution
Figure 13.
Utility $ U $ vs. preference weight $ a $ when the data rate of each Wi-Fi hotspot is different
Figure 14.
State transition diagram of the two-dimensional Markov chain
Table 1.
Parameters employed in the performance study
| Parameter | Value |
| Mean duration of channel state |
28.42s |
| Mean duration of channel state |
12.57s |
| Data rate of cellular network | 8.7Mbps |
| Data rate of Wi-Fi hotspots | 24.4Mbps |
| Mean frame size | 8.184Kb |
| Arrival rate of data frames | 800 frames/s |
| Parameter | Value |
| Mean duration of channel state |
28.42s |
| Mean duration of channel state |
12.57s |
| Data rate of cellular network | 8.7Mbps |
| Data rate of Wi-Fi hotspots | 24.4Mbps |
| Mean frame size | 8.184Kb |
| Arrival rate of data frames | 800 frames/s |
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