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doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021184
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A kernel-free fuzzy support vector machine with Universum

Xin Yan 1, and  Hongmiao Zhu 2,,

1. 

School of Statistics and Information, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai 201620, China
2. 

School of Management, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, Shanghai 201620, China

*Corresponding author: Hongmiao Zhu

Received  June 2021 Revised  August 2021 Early access November 2021

Fund Project: The first author is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71901140) and Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (No.18YJC630220). The second author is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.72101143)

Support vector machines with Universum are attractive for dealing with classification problems by incorporating prior information. In this paper, a quadratic function based kernel-free support vector machine with Universum is proposed for binary classification. To deal with noise and outliers, two fuzzy membership functions considering both information entropy and distance information are constructed for labeled and Universum data, respectively. The fuzzy membership function for Universum is also adopted for further selecting Universum data to improve the robustness. The proposed model corresponds to an efficiently solved convex quadratic programming. In the meanwhile, by avoiding the issue of choosing kernel functions, the proposed model saves more computational time when compared with other Universum-based support vector machines. Finally, some numerical tests are implemented on several data sets to validate the classification effectiveness of the proposed method. The numerical results illustrate the competitive performance when compared with some state-of-the-art support vector machines. Applications on two credit rating data sets are also conducted to distinguish the classification performance of the proposed method.

Keywords: Universum, noise, fuzzy membership, kernel-free, classification.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 62H30; Secondary: 90C90.
Citation: Xin Yan, Hongmiao Zhu. A kernel-free fuzzy support vector machine with Universum. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021184
References:
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X. Bai and V. Cherkassky, Gender classification of human faces using inference through contradictions, In Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, (2008), 746–750. Google Scholar

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R. Batuwita and V. Palade, FSVM-CIL: Fuzzy support vector machines for class imbalance learning, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 18 (2010), 558-571.  doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2010.2042721.  Google Scholar

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S. Chen and C. Zhang, Selecting informative Universum sample for semi-supervised learning, In Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (2009), 1016–1021. Google Scholar

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V. Cherkassky, S. Dhar and W. Dai, Practical conditions for effectiveness of the universum learning, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 22 (2011), 1241-1255.  doi: 10.1109/TNN.2011.2157522.  Google Scholar

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P. Cho, M. Lee and W. Chang, Instance-based entropy fuzzy support vector machine for imbalanced data, PAA Pattern Anal. Appl., 23 (2020), 1183-1202.  doi: 10.1007/s10044-019-00851-x.  Google Scholar

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J. Demšar, Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 7 (2006), 1-30.   Google Scholar

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Q. Fan, Z. Wang, D. Li, D. Gao and H. Zha, Entropy-based fuzzy support vector machine for imbalanced datasets, Knowledge-Based Systems, 115 (2017), 87-99.  doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2016.09.032.  Google Scholar

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D. Gupta, B. Richhariya and P. Borah, A fuzzy twin support vector machine based on information entropy for class imbalance learning, Neural Computing and Applications, 31 (2019), 7153-7164.  doi: 10.1007/s00521-018-3551-9.  Google Scholar

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J. Huang and C. X. Ling, Using AUC and accuracy in evaluating learning algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 17 (2005), 299-310.   Google Scholar

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L.-L. Li, X. Zhao, M.-L. Tseng and R. R. Tan, Short-term wind power forecasting based on support vector machine with improved dragonfly algorithm, Journal of Cleaner Production, 242 (2020), 118447.  doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118447.  Google Scholar

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J. Luo, S.-C. Fang, Z. Deng and X. Guo, Soft quadratic surface support vector machine for binary classification, Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res., 33 (2016), 22pp. doi: 10.1142/S0217595916500469.  Google Scholar

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J. Luo, X. Yan and Y. Tian, Unsupervised quadratic surface support vector machine with application to credit risk assessment, European J. Oper. Res., 280 (2020), 1008-1017.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2019.08.010.  Google Scholar

[18]

J. Luo, X. Yang, Y. Tian and W. Yu, Corporate and personal credit scoring via fuzzy non-kernel SVM with fuzzy within-class scatter, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 16 (2020), 2743-2756.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2019078.  Google Scholar

[19]

A. Mousavi, Z. Gao, L. Han and A. Lim, Quadratic surface support vector machine with l1 norm regularization, J. Industrial and Management Optimization, 2021. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021046.  Google Scholar

[20]

Z. Qi, Y. Tian and Y. Shi, Twin support vector machine with universum data, Neural Networks, 36 (2012), 112-119.  doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2012.09.004.  Google Scholar

[21]

Z. Qi, Y. Tian and Y. Shi, A nonparallel support vector machine for a classification problem with universum learning, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 263 (2014), 288-298.  doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2013.11.003.  Google Scholar

[22]

S. Raghavendra and P. C. Deka, Support vector machine applications in the field of hydrology: A review, Applied Soft Computing, 19 (2014), 372-386.  doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2014.02.002.  Google Scholar

[23]

B. Richhariya and M. Tanveer, A fuzzy universum support vector machine based on information entropy, Machine Intelligence and Signal Analysis, 748 (2019), 569-582.  doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0923-6_49.  Google Scholar

[24]

B. Richhariya and M. Tanveer, A reduced universum twin support vector machine for class imbalance learning, Pattern Recognition, 102 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.patcog.2019.107150.  Google Scholar

[25]

B. Richhariya, M. Tanveer, A. Rashid and A. D. N. Initiative et al., Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using universum support vector machine based recursive feature elimination (USVM-RFE), Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 59 (2020), 101903.  doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101903.  Google Scholar

[26]

Y. Tian, M. Sun, Z. Deng, J. Luo and Y. Li, A new fuzzy set and nonkernel svm approach for mislabeled binary classification with applications, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 25 (2017), 1536-1545.  doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2017.2752138.  Google Scholar

[27]

J. Weston, R. Collobert, F. Sinz, L. Bottou and V. Vapnik, Inference with the universum, In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning, (2006), 1009–1016. doi: 10.1145/1143844.1143971.  Google Scholar

[28]

Y. Xu, M. Chen, Z. Yang and G. Li, $\nu$-twin support vector machine with Universum data for classification, Applied Intelligence, 44 (2016), 956-968.   Google Scholar

show all references

References:
[1]

X. Bai and V. Cherkassky, Gender classification of human faces using inference through contradictions, In Proceedings of the IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, (2008), 746–750. Google Scholar

[2]

R. Batuwita and V. Palade, FSVM-CIL: Fuzzy support vector machines for class imbalance learning, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 18 (2010), 558-571.  doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2010.2042721.  Google Scholar

[3]

C. L. Blake and C. J. Merz, UCIrepository for machine learning databases [online], http//www.ics.uci.edu/ mlearn/MLRepository.html, 1998. Google Scholar

[4]

S. Chen and C. Zhang, Selecting informative Universum sample for semi-supervised learning, In Proceedings of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (2009), 1016–1021. Google Scholar

[5]

V. Cherkassky, S. Dhar and W. Dai, Practical conditions for effectiveness of the universum learning, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 22 (2011), 1241-1255.  doi: 10.1109/TNN.2011.2157522.  Google Scholar

[6]

P. Cho, M. Lee and W. Chang, Instance-based entropy fuzzy support vector machine for imbalanced data, PAA Pattern Anal. Appl., 23 (2020), 1183-1202.  doi: 10.1007/s10044-019-00851-x.  Google Scholar

[7]

C. Cortes and V. Vapnik, Support-vector networks, Machine Learning, 20 (1995), 273-297.  doi: 10.1007/BF00994018.  Google Scholar

[8]

J. Demšar, Statistical comparisons of classifiers over multiple data sets, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 7 (2006), 1-30.   Google Scholar

[9]

Q. Fan, Z. Wang, D. Li, D. Gao and H. Zha, Entropy-based fuzzy support vector machine for imbalanced datasets, Knowledge-Based Systems, 115 (2017), 87-99.  doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2016.09.032.  Google Scholar

[10]

D. Gupta, B. Richhariya and P. Borah, A fuzzy twin support vector machine based on information entropy for class imbalance learning, Neural Computing and Applications, 31 (2019), 7153-7164.  doi: 10.1007/s00521-018-3551-9.  Google Scholar

[11]

J. Huang and C. X. Ling, Using AUC and accuracy in evaluating learning algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 17 (2005), 299-310.   Google Scholar

[12]

L.-L. Li, X. Zhao, M.-L. Tseng and R. R. Tan, Short-term wind power forecasting based on support vector machine with improved dragonfly algorithm, Journal of Cleaner Production, 242 (2020), 118447.  doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118447.  Google Scholar

[13]

C.-F. Lin and S.-D. Wang, Fuzzy support vector machines, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 13 (2002), 464-471.   Google Scholar

[14]

W. Long, Y. Tang and Y. Tian, Investor sentiment identification based on the universum SVM, Neural Computing and Applications, 30 (2018), 661-670.  doi: 10.1007/s00521-016-2684-y.  Google Scholar

[15]

J. Luo, S.-C. Fang, Y. Bai and Z. Deng, Fuzzy quadratic surface support vector machine based on Fisher discriminant analysis, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 12 (2016), 357-373.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2016.12.357.  Google Scholar

[16]

J. Luo, S.-C. Fang, Z. Deng and X. Guo, Soft quadratic surface support vector machine for binary classification, Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res., 33 (2016), 22pp. doi: 10.1142/S0217595916500469.  Google Scholar

[17]

J. Luo, X. Yan and Y. Tian, Unsupervised quadratic surface support vector machine with application to credit risk assessment, European J. Oper. Res., 280 (2020), 1008-1017.  doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2019.08.010.  Google Scholar

[18]

J. Luo, X. Yang, Y. Tian and W. Yu, Corporate and personal credit scoring via fuzzy non-kernel SVM with fuzzy within-class scatter, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 16 (2020), 2743-2756.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2019078.  Google Scholar

[19]

A. Mousavi, Z. Gao, L. Han and A. Lim, Quadratic surface support vector machine with l1 norm regularization, J. Industrial and Management Optimization, 2021. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021046.  Google Scholar

[20]

Z. Qi, Y. Tian and Y. Shi, Twin support vector machine with universum data, Neural Networks, 36 (2012), 112-119.  doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2012.09.004.  Google Scholar

[21]

Z. Qi, Y. Tian and Y. Shi, A nonparallel support vector machine for a classification problem with universum learning, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 263 (2014), 288-298.  doi: 10.1016/j.cam.2013.11.003.  Google Scholar

[22]

S. Raghavendra and P. C. Deka, Support vector machine applications in the field of hydrology: A review, Applied Soft Computing, 19 (2014), 372-386.  doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2014.02.002.  Google Scholar

[23]

B. Richhariya and M. Tanveer, A fuzzy universum support vector machine based on information entropy, Machine Intelligence and Signal Analysis, 748 (2019), 569-582.  doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0923-6_49.  Google Scholar

[24]

B. Richhariya and M. Tanveer, A reduced universum twin support vector machine for class imbalance learning, Pattern Recognition, 102 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.patcog.2019.107150.  Google Scholar

[25]

B. Richhariya, M. Tanveer, A. Rashid and A. D. N. Initiative et al., Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using universum support vector machine based recursive feature elimination (USVM-RFE), Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 59 (2020), 101903.  doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101903.  Google Scholar

[26]

Y. Tian, M. Sun, Z. Deng, J. Luo and Y. Li, A new fuzzy set and nonkernel svm approach for mislabeled binary classification with applications, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 25 (2017), 1536-1545.  doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2017.2752138.  Google Scholar

[27]

J. Weston, R. Collobert, F. Sinz, L. Bottou and V. Vapnik, Inference with the universum, In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning, (2006), 1009–1016. doi: 10.1145/1143844.1143971.  Google Scholar

[28]

Y. Xu, M. Chen, Z. Yang and G. Li, $\nu$-twin support vector machine with Universum data for classification, Applied Intelligence, 44 (2016), 956-968.   Google Scholar

Figure 1.  Distribution of four artificial data sets. Triangles and circles represent two different classes of data points, respectively. Squares represent Universum data points. The solid points shown in figures (b) and (d) are mislabeled points which are manmade
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Table 1.  Accuracy rate comparison of KFFUSVM with QSSVM, EFSVM, USVM and FUSVM on artificial data sets (%)
KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Data1a $ \mathbf{98.75\pm2.64} $ $ 95.63\pm 5.15 $ $ 96.25\pm4.37 $ $ 98.13\pm3.02 $ $ 96.88\pm3.29 $
Data1b $ \mathbf{95.00\pm5.74} $ $ 92.50\pm 6.45 $ $ 93.75\pm7.80 $ $ 93.75\pm7.22 $ $ 93.75\pm7.22 $
Data2a $ \mathbf{96.88\pm4.42} $ $ 95.63\pm 5.93 $ $ 88.75\pm7.68 $ $ 93.75\pm5.89 $ $ 91.88\pm5.93 $
Data2b $ \mathbf{93.75\pm4.17} $ $ 91.88\pm 4.22 $ $ 86.88\pm4.61 $ $ 92.50\pm6.45 $ $ 91.88\pm4.22 $
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KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Data1a $ \mathbf{98.75\pm2.64} $ $ 95.63\pm 5.15 $ $ 96.25\pm4.37 $ $ 98.13\pm3.02 $ $ 96.88\pm3.29 $
Data1b $ \mathbf{95.00\pm5.74} $ $ 92.50\pm 6.45 $ $ 93.75\pm7.80 $ $ 93.75\pm7.22 $ $ 93.75\pm7.22 $
Data2a $ \mathbf{96.88\pm4.42} $ $ 95.63\pm 5.93 $ $ 88.75\pm7.68 $ $ 93.75\pm5.89 $ $ 91.88\pm5.93 $
Data2b $ \mathbf{93.75\pm4.17} $ $ 91.88\pm 4.22 $ $ 86.88\pm4.61 $ $ 92.50\pm6.45 $ $ 91.88\pm4.22 $
Table 2.  Mean of computational time on artificial data sets (seconds)
KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Time 1.83 0.12 4.85 4.24 4.90
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KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Time 1.83 0.12 4.85 4.24 4.90
Table 3.  Detail information on benchmark data sets
Dataset Number Dimension Positive number Negative number
Ecoli0146Vs5 280 6 260 20
Ecoli034Vs5 200 7 180 20
Glass016Vs5 184 9 175 9
Glass0 214 9 144 70
Ecoli01Vs5 240 7 220 20
Absenteeism 740 20 420 320
Ecoli067Vs5 220 7 200 20
CMC 1473 9 844 629
Glass4 214 9 201 13
BupaLiver 345 6 200 145
Transfusion 748 4 570 178
Ecoli0147Vs56 332 6 307 25
Yeast2Vs8 483 8 463 20
Ecoli4 336 7 316 20
Vehicle0 846 18 647 199
Haberman 306 3 225 81
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Dataset Number Dimension Positive number Negative number
Ecoli0146Vs5 280 6 260 20
Ecoli034Vs5 200 7 180 20
Glass016Vs5 184 9 175 9
Glass0 214 9 144 70
Ecoli01Vs5 240 7 220 20
Absenteeism 740 20 420 320
Ecoli067Vs5 220 7 200 20
CMC 1473 9 844 629
Glass4 214 9 201 13
BupaLiver 345 6 200 145
Transfusion 748 4 570 178
Ecoli0147Vs56 332 6 307 25
Yeast2Vs8 483 8 463 20
Ecoli4 336 7 316 20
Vehicle0 846 18 647 199
Haberman 306 3 225 81
Table 4.  ACC comparison of KFFUSVM with QSSVM, EFSVM, USVM and FUSVM on benchmark data sets (%)
Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Ecoli0146Vs5 $ \mathbf{98.21\pm1.19} $ $ 96.79\pm1.64 $ $ 95.18\pm3.16 $ $ 96.96\pm2.07 $ $ 97.14\pm2.10 $
Ecoli034Vs5 $ \mathbf{99.50\pm1.05} $ $ 96.25\pm 1.77 $ $ 97.25\pm2.99 $ $ 98.75\pm1.32 $ $ 98.50\pm1.75 $
Glass016Vs5 $ 94.05\pm 2.13 $ $ 94.32\pm1.53 $ $ 94.05\pm3.78 $ $ \mathbf{95.95\pm2.92} $ $ \mathbf{95.95\pm2.63} $
Glass0 $ 72.09\pm5.26 $ $ 73.02\pm5.17 $ $ 75.35\pm5.05 $ $ \mathbf{76.98\pm7.47} $ $ 76.51\pm8.80 $
Ecoli01Vs5 $ \mathbf{99.58\pm0.88} $ $ 96.25\pm2.15 $ $ 96.88\pm3.71 $ $ 97.50\pm2.15 $ $ 97.92\pm2.60 $
Absenteeism $ \mathbf{99.53\pm0.64} $ $ \mathbf{99.53\pm0.64} $ $ 78.31\pm4.21 $ $ 77.84\pm3.56 $ $ 77.84\pm3.56 $
Ecoli067Vs5 $ 96.14\pm1.87 $ $ 93.86\pm1.87 $ $ 93.64\pm4.65 $ $ 94.55\pm2.67 $ $ \mathbf{96.36\pm3.25} $
CMC $ 72.07\pm2.20 $ $ \mathbf{72.20\pm1.79} $ $ 68.27\pm4.53 $ $ 69.63\pm3.00 $ $ 67.90\pm4.69 $
Glass4 $ 92.95\pm2.26 $ $ 92.50\pm1.87 $ $ 92.73\pm2.99 $ $ 95.23\pm2.92 $ $ \mathbf{95.45\pm4.67} $
BupaLiver $ 69.86\pm5.06 $ $ \mathbf{71.45\pm3.75} $ $ 62.46\pm3.24 $ $ 64.64\pm6.56 $ $ 66.38\pm6.83 $
Transfusion $ \mathbf{76.80\pm1.29} $ $ 76.53\pm1.57 $ $ 76.13\pm1.66 $ $ 75.40\pm2.40 $ $ 75.73\pm2.14 $
Ecoli0147Vs56 $ \mathbf{98.36\pm1.31} $ $ 95.97\pm1.42 $ $ 92.84\pm4.15 $ $ 97.46\pm1.73 $ $ 96.72\pm2.09 $
Yeast2Vs8 $ 97.32\pm0.87 $ $ 97.32\pm0.87 $ $ \mathbf{97.73\pm1.06} $ $ 97.42\pm0.73 $ $ 97.42\pm0.73 $
Ecoli4 $ \mathbf{98.68\pm1.29} $ $ 95.74\pm1.46 $ $ 92.94\pm4.32 $ $ 96.76\pm1.67 $ $ 97.21\pm1.62 $
Vehicle0 $ \mathbf{98.29\pm0.85} $ $ 97.76\pm1.10 $ $ 77.24\pm1.82 $ $ 76.65\pm0.28 $ $ 76.65\pm0.28 $
Haberman $ \mathbf{73.55\pm4.25} $ $ 73.39\pm2.87 $ $ 71.77\pm3.06 $ $ 72.74\pm3.68 $ $ 72.10\pm4.44 $
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Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Ecoli0146Vs5 $ \mathbf{98.21\pm1.19} $ $ 96.79\pm1.64 $ $ 95.18\pm3.16 $ $ 96.96\pm2.07 $ $ 97.14\pm2.10 $
Ecoli034Vs5 $ \mathbf{99.50\pm1.05} $ $ 96.25\pm 1.77 $ $ 97.25\pm2.99 $ $ 98.75\pm1.32 $ $ 98.50\pm1.75 $
Glass016Vs5 $ 94.05\pm 2.13 $ $ 94.32\pm1.53 $ $ 94.05\pm3.78 $ $ \mathbf{95.95\pm2.92} $ $ \mathbf{95.95\pm2.63} $
Glass0 $ 72.09\pm5.26 $ $ 73.02\pm5.17 $ $ 75.35\pm5.05 $ $ \mathbf{76.98\pm7.47} $ $ 76.51\pm8.80 $
Ecoli01Vs5 $ \mathbf{99.58\pm0.88} $ $ 96.25\pm2.15 $ $ 96.88\pm3.71 $ $ 97.50\pm2.15 $ $ 97.92\pm2.60 $
Absenteeism $ \mathbf{99.53\pm0.64} $ $ \mathbf{99.53\pm0.64} $ $ 78.31\pm4.21 $ $ 77.84\pm3.56 $ $ 77.84\pm3.56 $
Ecoli067Vs5 $ 96.14\pm1.87 $ $ 93.86\pm1.87 $ $ 93.64\pm4.65 $ $ 94.55\pm2.67 $ $ \mathbf{96.36\pm3.25} $
CMC $ 72.07\pm2.20 $ $ \mathbf{72.20\pm1.79} $ $ 68.27\pm4.53 $ $ 69.63\pm3.00 $ $ 67.90\pm4.69 $
Glass4 $ 92.95\pm2.26 $ $ 92.50\pm1.87 $ $ 92.73\pm2.99 $ $ 95.23\pm2.92 $ $ \mathbf{95.45\pm4.67} $
BupaLiver $ 69.86\pm5.06 $ $ \mathbf{71.45\pm3.75} $ $ 62.46\pm3.24 $ $ 64.64\pm6.56 $ $ 66.38\pm6.83 $
Transfusion $ \mathbf{76.80\pm1.29} $ $ 76.53\pm1.57 $ $ 76.13\pm1.66 $ $ 75.40\pm2.40 $ $ 75.73\pm2.14 $
Ecoli0147Vs56 $ \mathbf{98.36\pm1.31} $ $ 95.97\pm1.42 $ $ 92.84\pm4.15 $ $ 97.46\pm1.73 $ $ 96.72\pm2.09 $
Yeast2Vs8 $ 97.32\pm0.87 $ $ 97.32\pm0.87 $ $ \mathbf{97.73\pm1.06} $ $ 97.42\pm0.73 $ $ 97.42\pm0.73 $
Ecoli4 $ \mathbf{98.68\pm1.29} $ $ 95.74\pm1.46 $ $ 92.94\pm4.32 $ $ 96.76\pm1.67 $ $ 97.21\pm1.62 $
Vehicle0 $ \mathbf{98.29\pm0.85} $ $ 97.76\pm1.10 $ $ 77.24\pm1.82 $ $ 76.65\pm0.28 $ $ 76.65\pm0.28 $
Haberman $ \mathbf{73.55\pm4.25} $ $ 73.39\pm2.87 $ $ 71.77\pm3.06 $ $ 72.74\pm3.68 $ $ 72.10\pm4.44 $
Table 5.  Average rank comparison of proposed KFFUSVM with QSSVM, EFSVM, USVM and FUSVM for ACC
Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Ecoli0146Vs5 1 4 5 3 2
Ecoli034Vs5 1 5 4 2 3
Glass016Vs5 4.5 3 4.5 1.5 1.5
Glass0 5 4 3 1 2
Ecoli01Vs5 1 5 4 3 2
Absenteeism 1.5 1.5 3 4.5 4.5
Ecoli067Vs5 2 4 5 3 1
CMC 2 1 4 3 5
Glass4 3 5 4 2 1
BupaLiver 2 1 5 4 3
Transfusion 1 2 3 5 4
Ecoli0147Vs56 1 4 5 2 3
Yeast2Vs8 4.5 4.5 1 2.5 2.5
Ecoli4 1 4 5 3 2
Vehicle0 1 2 3 4.5 4.5
Haberman 1 2 5 3 4
Average rank 2.03 3.25 3.97 2.94 2.81
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Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Ecoli0146Vs5 1 4 5 3 2
Ecoli034Vs5 1 5 4 2 3
Glass016Vs5 4.5 3 4.5 1.5 1.5
Glass0 5 4 3 1 2
Ecoli01Vs5 1 5 4 3 2
Absenteeism 1.5 1.5 3 4.5 4.5
Ecoli067Vs5 2 4 5 3 1
CMC 2 1 4 3 5
Glass4 3 5 4 2 1
BupaLiver 2 1 5 4 3
Transfusion 1 2 3 5 4
Ecoli0147Vs56 1 4 5 2 3
Yeast2Vs8 4.5 4.5 1 2.5 2.5
Ecoli4 1 4 5 3 2
Vehicle0 1 2 3 4.5 4.5
Haberman 1 2 5 3 4
Average rank 2.03 3.25 3.97 2.94 2.81
Table 6.  AUC comparison of KFFUSVM with QSSVM, EFSVM, USVM and FUSVM on benchmark data sets (%)
Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Ecoli0146Vs5 $ 92.12\pm6.20 $ $ 77.50\pm11.49 $ $ 84.71\pm19.73 $ $ 91.44\pm7.80 $ $ \mathbf{93.85\pm6.19} $
Ecoli034Vs5 $ 98.61\pm3.93 $ $ 81.25\pm 8.84 $ $ 92.92\pm15.53 $ $ \mathbf{99.31\pm0.73} $ $ 99.17\pm0.97 $
Glass016Vs5 $ 66.21\pm 19.71 $ $ 64.00\pm12.68 $ $ 63.86\pm22.40 $ $ \mathbf{81.36\pm23.47} $ $ \mathbf{81.36\pm20.49} $
Glass0 $ 68.23\pm6.05 $ $ 67.81\pm7.11 $ $ 74.89\pm 7.66 $ $ 77.76\pm7.13 $ $ \mathbf{78.15\pm8.70} $
Ecoli01Vs5 $ \mathbf{97.50\pm5.27} $ $ 77.50\pm12.91 $ $ 81.25\pm22.24 $ $ 88.41\pm13.46 $ $ 93.18\pm15.64 $
Absenteeism $ \mathbf{99.55\pm0.62} $ $ \mathbf{99.55\pm0.62} $ $ 74.92\pm4.86 $ $ 74.38\pm4.11 $ $ 74.38\pm4.11 $
Ecoli067Vs5 $ \mathbf{86.63\pm9.90} $ $ 66.25\pm10.92 $ $ 78.50\pm24.63 $ $ 77.88\pm18.57 $ $ 85.63\pm17.72 $
CMC $ \mathbf{69.45\pm2.41} $ $ 69.29\pm1.81 $ $ 66.59\pm4.76 $ $ 68.59\pm2.79 $ $ 67.18\pm4.02 $
Glass4 $ 63.78\pm14.32 $ $ 57.36\pm11.25 $ $ 65.20\pm17.67 $ $ 83.54\pm14.52 $ $ \mathbf{86.75\pm11.84} $
BupaLiver $ \mathbf{70.02\pm4.71} $ $ \mathbf{70.02\pm3.90} $ $ 56.39\pm5.28 $ $ 60.06\pm8.40 $ $ 62.56\pm8.63 $
Transfusion $ 54.71\pm3.71 $ $ 52.92\pm4.06 $ $ 54.08\pm2.84 $ $ 53.41\pm4.08 $ $ \mathbf{55.34\pm4.38} $
Ecoli0147Vs56 $ \mathbf{94.52\pm8.20} $ $ 74.84\pm8.41 $ $ 73.15\pm22.63 $ $ 88.52\pm12.43 $ $ 89.03\pm10.09 $
Yeast2Vs8 $ 67.50\pm10.54 $ $ 67.50\pm10.54 $ $ \mathbf{72.50\pm12.91} $ $ 68.75\pm8.84 $ $ 68.75\pm8.84 $
Ecoli4 $ \mathbf{89.92\pm9.89} $ $ 63.75\pm12.43 $ $ 71.64\pm22.98 $ $ 73.67\pm15.94 $ $ 77.42\pm14.13 $
Vehicle0 $ \mathbf{97.85\pm1.42} $ $ 97.33\pm1.25 $ $ 51.71\pm4.14 $ $ 50.38\pm0.60 $ $ 50.38\pm0.60 $
Haberman $ \mathbf{60.37\pm5.85} $ $ 55.50\pm4.67 $ $ 54.57\pm4.53 $ $ 56.15\pm6.01 $ $ 54.06\pm6.16 $
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Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Ecoli0146Vs5 $ 92.12\pm6.20 $ $ 77.50\pm11.49 $ $ 84.71\pm19.73 $ $ 91.44\pm7.80 $ $ \mathbf{93.85\pm6.19} $
Ecoli034Vs5 $ 98.61\pm3.93 $ $ 81.25\pm 8.84 $ $ 92.92\pm15.53 $ $ \mathbf{99.31\pm0.73} $ $ 99.17\pm0.97 $
Glass016Vs5 $ 66.21\pm 19.71 $ $ 64.00\pm12.68 $ $ 63.86\pm22.40 $ $ \mathbf{81.36\pm23.47} $ $ \mathbf{81.36\pm20.49} $
Glass0 $ 68.23\pm6.05 $ $ 67.81\pm7.11 $ $ 74.89\pm 7.66 $ $ 77.76\pm7.13 $ $ \mathbf{78.15\pm8.70} $
Ecoli01Vs5 $ \mathbf{97.50\pm5.27} $ $ 77.50\pm12.91 $ $ 81.25\pm22.24 $ $ 88.41\pm13.46 $ $ 93.18\pm15.64 $
Absenteeism $ \mathbf{99.55\pm0.62} $ $ \mathbf{99.55\pm0.62} $ $ 74.92\pm4.86 $ $ 74.38\pm4.11 $ $ 74.38\pm4.11 $
Ecoli067Vs5 $ \mathbf{86.63\pm9.90} $ $ 66.25\pm10.92 $ $ 78.50\pm24.63 $ $ 77.88\pm18.57 $ $ 85.63\pm17.72 $
CMC $ \mathbf{69.45\pm2.41} $ $ 69.29\pm1.81 $ $ 66.59\pm4.76 $ $ 68.59\pm2.79 $ $ 67.18\pm4.02 $
Glass4 $ 63.78\pm14.32 $ $ 57.36\pm11.25 $ $ 65.20\pm17.67 $ $ 83.54\pm14.52 $ $ \mathbf{86.75\pm11.84} $
BupaLiver $ \mathbf{70.02\pm4.71} $ $ \mathbf{70.02\pm3.90} $ $ 56.39\pm5.28 $ $ 60.06\pm8.40 $ $ 62.56\pm8.63 $
Transfusion $ 54.71\pm3.71 $ $ 52.92\pm4.06 $ $ 54.08\pm2.84 $ $ 53.41\pm4.08 $ $ \mathbf{55.34\pm4.38} $
Ecoli0147Vs56 $ \mathbf{94.52\pm8.20} $ $ 74.84\pm8.41 $ $ 73.15\pm22.63 $ $ 88.52\pm12.43 $ $ 89.03\pm10.09 $
Yeast2Vs8 $ 67.50\pm10.54 $ $ 67.50\pm10.54 $ $ \mathbf{72.50\pm12.91} $ $ 68.75\pm8.84 $ $ 68.75\pm8.84 $
Ecoli4 $ \mathbf{89.92\pm9.89} $ $ 63.75\pm12.43 $ $ 71.64\pm22.98 $ $ 73.67\pm15.94 $ $ 77.42\pm14.13 $
Vehicle0 $ \mathbf{97.85\pm1.42} $ $ 97.33\pm1.25 $ $ 51.71\pm4.14 $ $ 50.38\pm0.60 $ $ 50.38\pm0.60 $
Haberman $ \mathbf{60.37\pm5.85} $ $ 55.50\pm4.67 $ $ 54.57\pm4.53 $ $ 56.15\pm6.01 $ $ 54.06\pm6.16 $
Table 7.  Average rank comparison of proposed KFFUSVM with QSSVM, EFSVM, USVM and FUSVM for AUC
Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Ecoli0146Vs5 2 5 4 3 1
Ecoli034Vs5 3 5 4 1 2
Glass016Vs5 3 4 5 1.5 1.5
Glass0 4 5 3 2 1
Ecoli01Vs5 1 5 4 3 2
Absenteeism 1.5 1.5 3 4.5 4.5
Ecoli067Vs5 1 5 3 4 2
CMC 1 2 5 3 4
Glass4 4 5 3 2 1
BupaLiver 1.5 1.5 5 4 3
Transfusion 2 5 3 4 1
Ecoli0147Vs56 1 4 5 3 2
Yeast2Vs8 4.5 4.5 1 2.5 2.5
Ecoli4 1 5 4 3 2
Vehicle0 1 2 3 4.5 4.5
Haberman 1 3 4 2 5
Average rank 2.03 3.91 3.69 2.94 2.44
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Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Ecoli0146Vs5 2 5 4 3 1
Ecoli034Vs5 3 5 4 1 2
Glass016Vs5 3 4 5 1.5 1.5
Glass0 4 5 3 2 1
Ecoli01Vs5 1 5 4 3 2
Absenteeism 1.5 1.5 3 4.5 4.5
Ecoli067Vs5 1 5 3 4 2
CMC 1 2 5 3 4
Glass4 4 5 3 2 1
BupaLiver 1.5 1.5 5 4 3
Transfusion 2 5 3 4 1
Ecoli0147Vs56 1 4 5 3 2
Yeast2Vs8 4.5 4.5 1 2.5 2.5
Ecoli4 1 5 4 3 2
Vehicle0 1 2 3 4.5 4.5
Haberman 1 3 4 2 5
Average rank 2.03 3.91 3.69 2.94 2.44
Table 8.  Classification performance on Automobile data sets (%)
Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Automobile
(ACC)		 $ \bf{82.94\pm5.68} $ $ 79.41\pm5.19 $ $ 80.59\pm5.22 $(l) $ 78.53\pm5.01 $(l) $ 77.65\pm 4.21 $(l)
$ 80.88\pm3.73 $(p) $ 81.18\pm5.22 $(p) $ 81.47\pm 7.08 $(p)
$ 80.29\pm5.20 $g) $ 78.24\pm5.41 $(g) $ 77.06\pm 5.15 $(g)
Automobile'
(ACC)		 $ \bf{80.88\pm6.08} $ $ 77.94\pm7.50 $ $ 78.82\pm10.17 $(l) $ 76.47\pm6.50 $(l) $ 78.24\pm 8.11 $(l)
$ 77.65\pm9.22 $(p) $ 78.82\pm8.52 $(p) $ 76.47\pm 7.84 $(p
$ 78.82\pm6.01 $(g) $ 76.76\pm5.79 $(g) $ 77.06\pm 5.85 $(g)
Automobile
(AUC)		 $ \bf{82.94\pm5.68} $ $ 79.41\pm5.19 $ $ 80.59\pm5.22 $(l) $ 78.53\pm5.01 $(l) $ 77.65\pm 4.21 $(l)
$ 80.88\pm3.73 $(p) $ 81.18\pm5.22 $(p) $ 81.47\pm 7.08 $(p)
$ 80.29\pm5.20 $(g) $ 78.24\pm5.41 $(g) $ 77.06\pm 5.15 $(g)
Automobile'
(AUC)		 $ \bf{80.88\pm6.08} $ $ 77.94\pm7.50 $ $ 78.82\pm10.17 $(l) $ 76.47\pm6.50 $(l) $ 78.24\pm 8.11 $(l)
$ 77.65\pm9.22 $(p) $ 78.82\pm8.52 $(p) $ 76.47\pm 7.84 $(p)
$ 78.82\pm6.01 $(g) $ 76.76\pm5.79 $(g) $ 77.06\pm 5.85 $(g)
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Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Automobile
(ACC)		 $ \bf{82.94\pm5.68} $ $ 79.41\pm5.19 $ $ 80.59\pm5.22 $(l) $ 78.53\pm5.01 $(l) $ 77.65\pm 4.21 $(l)
$ 80.88\pm3.73 $(p) $ 81.18\pm5.22 $(p) $ 81.47\pm 7.08 $(p)
$ 80.29\pm5.20 $g) $ 78.24\pm5.41 $(g) $ 77.06\pm 5.15 $(g)
Automobile'
(ACC)		 $ \bf{80.88\pm6.08} $ $ 77.94\pm7.50 $ $ 78.82\pm10.17 $(l) $ 76.47\pm6.50 $(l) $ 78.24\pm 8.11 $(l)
$ 77.65\pm9.22 $(p) $ 78.82\pm8.52 $(p) $ 76.47\pm 7.84 $(p
$ 78.82\pm6.01 $(g) $ 76.76\pm5.79 $(g) $ 77.06\pm 5.85 $(g)
Automobile
(AUC)		 $ \bf{82.94\pm5.68} $ $ 79.41\pm5.19 $ $ 80.59\pm5.22 $(l) $ 78.53\pm5.01 $(l) $ 77.65\pm 4.21 $(l)
$ 80.88\pm3.73 $(p) $ 81.18\pm5.22 $(p) $ 81.47\pm 7.08 $(p)
$ 80.29\pm5.20 $(g) $ 78.24\pm5.41 $(g) $ 77.06\pm 5.15 $(g)
Automobile'
(AUC)		 $ \bf{80.88\pm6.08} $ $ 77.94\pm7.50 $ $ 78.82\pm10.17 $(l) $ 76.47\pm6.50 $(l) $ 78.24\pm 8.11 $(l)
$ 77.65\pm9.22 $(p) $ 78.82\pm8.52 $(p) $ 76.47\pm 7.84 $(p)
$ 78.82\pm6.01 $(g) $ 76.76\pm5.79 $(g) $ 77.06\pm 5.85 $(g)
Table 9.  Classification performance on Australian data sets (%)
Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Australian
(ACC)		 $ \bf{85.30\pm2.82} $ $ 84.28\pm2.18 $ $ 84.61\pm2.86 $(l) $ 83.40\pm3.19 $(l) $ 83.46\pm 3.01 $(l)
$ 83.65\pm2.54 $(p) $ 84.47\pm1.92 $(p) $ 84.05\pm 2.06 $(p)
$ 81.44\pm7.89 $(g) $ 83.77\pm1.81 $(g) $ 84.37\pm 3.68 $(g)
Australian'
(ACC)		 $ \bf{83.87\pm1.83} $ $ 82.11\pm1.99 $ $ 82.03\pm4.16 $(l) $ 81.59\pm4.27 $(l) $ 81.36\pm 4.04 $(l)
$ 79.93\pm4.02 $(p) $ 81.35\pm3.35 $(p) $ 81.07\pm 3.16 $(p)
$ 81.89\pm7.36 $(g) $ 80.06\pm6.62 $(g) $ 81.27\pm 6.90 $(g)
Australian
(AUC)		 $ 84.57\pm3.39 $ $ 83.02\pm3.28 $ $ \bf{85.33\pm2.51} $(l) $ 84.83\pm3.04 $(l) $ 84.83\pm 2.82 $(l)
$ 83.62\pm2.81 $(p) $ 84.03\pm2.38 $(p) $ 83.73\pm 2.39 $(p)
$ 80.29\pm11.41 $(g) $ 83.88\pm3.09 $(g) $ 83.95\pm 4.04 $(g)
Australian'
(AUC)		 $ \bf{83.27\pm1.79} $ $ 80.34\pm2.05 $ $ 82.17\pm4.29 $(l) $ 82.19\pm4.76 $(l) $ 81.95\pm 4.53 $(l)
$ 79.89\pm4.87 $(p) $ 81.13\pm3.50 $(p) $ 80.90\pm 3.45 $(p)
$ 79.78\pm10.75 $(g) $ 78.55\pm9.91 $(g) $ 80.18\pm 10.40 $(g)
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Dataset KFFUSVM QSSVM EFSVM USVM FUSVM
Australian
(ACC)		 $ \bf{85.30\pm2.82} $ $ 84.28\pm2.18 $ $ 84.61\pm2.86 $(l) $ 83.40\pm3.19 $(l) $ 83.46\pm 3.01 $(l)
$ 83.65\pm2.54 $(p) $ 84.47\pm1.92 $(p) $ 84.05\pm 2.06 $(p)
$ 81.44\pm7.89 $(g) $ 83.77\pm1.81 $(g) $ 84.37\pm 3.68 $(g)
Australian'
(ACC)		 $ \bf{83.87\pm1.83} $ $ 82.11\pm1.99 $ $ 82.03\pm4.16 $(l) $ 81.59\pm4.27 $(l) $ 81.36\pm 4.04 $(l)
$ 79.93\pm4.02 $(p) $ 81.35\pm3.35 $(p) $ 81.07\pm 3.16 $(p)
$ 81.89\pm7.36 $(g) $ 80.06\pm6.62 $(g) $ 81.27\pm 6.90 $(g)
Australian
(AUC)		 $ 84.57\pm3.39 $ $ 83.02\pm3.28 $ $ \bf{85.33\pm2.51} $(l) $ 84.83\pm3.04 $(l) $ 84.83\pm 2.82 $(l)
$ 83.62\pm2.81 $(p) $ 84.03\pm2.38 $(p) $ 83.73\pm 2.39 $(p)
$ 80.29\pm11.41 $(g) $ 83.88\pm3.09 $(g) $ 83.95\pm 4.04 $(g)
Australian'
(AUC)		 $ \bf{83.27\pm1.79} $ $ 80.34\pm2.05 $ $ 82.17\pm4.29 $(l) $ 82.19\pm4.76 $(l) $ 81.95\pm 4.53 $(l)
$ 79.89\pm4.87 $(p) $ 81.13\pm3.50 $(p) $ 80.90\pm 3.45 $(p)
$ 79.78\pm10.75 $(g) $ 78.55\pm9.91 $(g) $ 80.18\pm 10.40 $(g)
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