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Bi-objective unrelated parallel machines scheduling problem with worker allocation and sequence dependent setup times considering machine eligibility and precedence constraints

  • * Corresponding author: Javad Rezaeian

    * Corresponding author: Javad Rezaeian 
Abstract / Introduction Full Text(HTML) Figure(21) / Table(16) Related Papers Cited by
  • In today's competitive world, scheduling problems are one of the most important and vital issues. In this study, a bi-objective unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem with worker allocation, sequence dependent setup times, precedence constraints, and machine eligibility is presented. The objective functions are to minimize the costs of tardiness and hiring workers. In order to formulate the proposed problem, a mixed-integer quadratic programming model is presented. A strategy called repair is also proposed to implement the precedence constraints. Because the problem is NP-hard, two metaheuristic algorithms, a multi-objective tabu search (MOTS) and a multi-objective simulated annealing (MOSA), are presented to tackle the problem. Furthermore, a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm is also developed. Finally, computational experiments are carried out to evaluate different test problems, and analysis of variance is done to compare the performance of the proposed algorithms. The results show that MOTS is doing better in terms of objective values and mean ideal distance (MID) metric, while the proposed hybrid algorithm outperforms in most cases, considering other employed comparison metrics.

    Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 90B10, 90C20; Secondary: 90C59.

    Citation:

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  • Figure 1.  Results of the test problem with $n = 8, m = 2$, and $w = 2$

    Figure 2.  The results of validation of solutions quality

    Figure 3.  The flowchart of the MOTS algorithm [4]

    Figure 4.  Representation of a chromosome with $n = 10$, $m = 3$ and $k = 2$

    Figure 5.  An example of the precedence constraints

    Figure 6.  The implementation steps of the correcting algorithm

    Figure 7.  The swap operator

    Figure 8.  The reversion operator

    Figure 9.  The workers relocation operator

    Figure 10.  Pareto fronts of all three proposed metaheuristics, a medium test problem ($n = 20, m = 6, w = 5$)

    Figure 11.  Pareto fronts of all three proposed metaheuristics, a large test problem ($n = 30, m = 10, w = 6$)

    Figure 12.  Comparison of the hypervolume indicator for the problems of all sizes

    Figure 13.  Hypervolumes comparison, a medium test problem $(n = 20, m = 6, w = 5)$

    Figure 14.  Hypervolumes comparison, a large test problem $(n = 30, m = 10, w = 6)$

    Figure 15.  Pareto fronts of MOTS in previous iterations

    Figure 16.  Pareto fronts of MOSA in previous iterations

    Figure 17.  Pareto fronts of hybrid algorithm in previous iterations

    Figure 18.  The convergence curve of the proposed MOTS

    Figure 19.  The convergence curve of the proposed MOSA

    Figure 20.  The convergence curve of the proposed hybrid algorithm

    Figure 21.  The last significant change in the Pareto front of the proposed hybrid algorithm

    Table 1.  A comparison of some most recent studies existing in the literature

    Constraints
    Reference Unrelated Parallel machines Worker flexibility/ allocation Machine eligibility Sequence dependent setup times Precedence constraints Objective function(s) Solution approach(es)
    Cota et al. [7] Yes No No Yes No Makespan; Total energy consumption ALNS, LA, MO-ALNS, MO-ALNS/D
    Zhu and Zhou [39] No No No No Yes Makespan; Total workload; Maximum machine workload EMOGWO
    Munoz-Villamizar et al. [26] No No No Yes No Makespan; Total earliness and tardiness; Cost minimization; Effectiveness optimization GAMS solver
    Arık and Toksarı [3] No No No No No Total tardiness penalty cost; Earliness penalty cost; Cost of setting due dates A fuzzy local search algorithm
    Gong et al. [17] No Yes No No No Makespan; Total worker cost; Green production indicator A hybrid evolutionary algorithm
    Zhang et al. [36] No No No No Yes Total penalties; Makespan; Total completion time Approximation algorithms
    Gong et al. [16] No Yes No No No Makespan A hybrid artificial bee colony
    Wang et al. [33] No No No No No Total energy consumption; Makespan An augmented $ \varepsilon $-constraint; A heuristic method; NSGA-II
    Zhang et al. [38] Yes No No No No Total energy consumption; Makespan A heuristic evolutionary algorithm
    Lei et al. [24] Yes No No No No Makespan An imperialist competitive algorithm
    Khanh Van and Van Hop [21] Yes No No Yes No Total weighted earliness and tardiness; Makespan A hybrid algorithm based on GA and ISETP
    Kim et al. [22] No No No Yes Yes Total tardiness SA, GA
    This paper Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cost of tardiness; Cost of hiring workers MOTS, MOSA, A hybrid evolutionary algorithm
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 2.  Processing time ($ T_{il} $) of the jobs

    $ J_1 $ $ J_2 $ $ J_3 $ $ J_4 $ $ J_5 $ $ J_6 $ $ J_7 $ $ J_8 $
    $ M_1 $ $ 0 $ $ 4 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 5 $ $ 3 $ $ 5 $ $ 4 $
    $ M_2 $ $ 0 $ $ 3 $ $ 5 $ $ 8 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 6 $ $ 3 $
    $ M_3 $ $ 0 $ $ 1 $ $ 5 $ $ 4 $ $ 4 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 3.  Delivery time and tardiness penalty of the jobs

    $ J_1 $ $ J_2 $ $ J_3 $ $ J_4 $ $ J_5 $ $ J_6 $ $ J_7 $ $ J_8 $
    $ D_j $ $ 10 $ $ 13 $ $ 8 $ $ 15 $ $ 6 $ $ 16 $ $ 14 $ $ 18 $
    $ \beta_j $ $ 4 $ $ 3 $ $ 7 $ $ 5 $ $ 9 $ $ 8 $ $ 6 $ $ 2 $
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 4.  Setup time for each machine

    $ (j, l)\in A $ $ J_{l=1} $ $ J_2 $ $ J_3 $ $ J_4 $ $ J_5 $ $ J_6 $ $ J_7 $ $ J_8 $
    $ J_{j=1} $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $
    $ J_2 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $
    $ J_3 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $
    $ J_4 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $
    $ M_1 $ $ J_5 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $
    $ J_6 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $
    $ J_7 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $
    $ J_8 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $
    $ (j, l)\in A $ $ J_{l=1} $ $ J_2 $ $ J_3 $ $ J_4 $ $ J_5 $ $ J_6 $ $ J_7 $ $ J_8 $
    $ J_1 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $
    $ J_2 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $
    $ J_3 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $
    $ J_4 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $
    $ M_2 $ $ J_5 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $
    $ J_6 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $
    $ J_7 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $
    $ J_8 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $
    $ (j, l)\in A $ $ J_{l=1} $ $ J_2 $ $ J_3 $ $ J_4 $ $ J_5 $ $ J_6 $ $ J_7 $ $ J_8 $
    $ J_1 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $
    $ J_2 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $
    $ J_3 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $
    $ J_4 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $
    $ M_3 $ $ J_5 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $
    $ J_6 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $
    $ J_7 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $
    $ J_8 $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 5.  The availability of $ Y_{il} $s

    $ J_1 $ $ J_2 $ $ J_3 $ $ J_4 $ $ J_5 $ $ J_6 $ $ J_7 $ $ J_8 $
    $ M_1 $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $
    $ M_2 $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $
    $ M_3 $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $ $ \star $
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 6.  Results of the first test problem

    Job $ S_{ikjl} $ $ CS_l $ $ C_l $ $ T_{il} $ $ T_l $ $ X_{ikjl}=1 $
    $ 1 $ $ 0 $ $ 0 $ $ 0 $ $ 0 $ $ 0 $ $ X_{1213} $
    $ 2 $ $ 1.2 $ $ 10 $ $ 14 $ $ 4 $ $ 1 $ $ X_{1228} $
    $ 3 $ $ 1.2 $ $ 6 $ $ 8 $ $ 2 $ $ 0 $ $ X_{1232} $
    $ 4 $ $ 2.4 $ $ 17 $ $ 25 $ $ 8 $ $ 10 $ $ X_{2217} $
    $ 5 $ $ 1.2 $ $ 2 $ $ 6 $ $ 4 $ $ 0 $ $ X_{2274} $
    $ 6 $ $ 3.6 $ $ 14 $ $ 16 $ $ 2 $ $ 0 $ $ X_{3215} $
    $ 7 $ $ 1.2 $ $ 4 $ $ 14 $ $ 6 $ $ 0 $ $ X_{3256} $
    $ 8 $ $ 2.4 $ $ 20 $ $ 24 $ $ 4 $ $ 6 $
    $ F=0.6\star f_1+0.4\star f_2=39+448=487 $
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 7.  Test problems used to validate the quality of solutions

    Test Problem $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 4 $ $ 5 $ $ 6 $ $ 7 $ $ 8 $ $ 9 $ $ 10 $
    $ (n, m, w) $ $ (4, 2, 2) $ $ (5, 3, 2) $ $ (5, 2, 2) $ $ (6, 3, 2) $ $ (6, 2, 2) $ $ (6, 2, 2) $ $ (7, 2, 2) $ $ (7, 2, 3) $ $ (7, 2, 3) $ $ (8, 2, 2) $
    with constraints
    without constraints
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 8.  Input data for test problems

    Parameter Generating function
    Jobs processing time $ T_{il}\sim U[5\;\;15] $
    Jobs delivery time $ D_j\sim [20\;\;40] $
    Setup times $ S_{ijl}\sim [1\;\;7] $
    Jobs tardiness penalties $ \beta_j\sim [1\;\;10] $
    Worker's skill $ \pi_k\sim rand (0.5, 1.5) $
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 9.  Levels of the controller parameters

    Algorithm Parameter Levels
    MOTS $ Tabu_{list} $ $ 2, \;4, \;6 $
    $ N_{new} $ $ 10, \;20, \;40 $
    $ max_{it} $ $ 30, \;50, \;70 $
    MOSA $ max_{it} $ $ 100, \;200, \;300 $
    $ Sub_{it} $ $ 20, \;25, \;30 $
    $ T_0 $ $ 60, \;100, \;150 $
    $ \alpha $ $ 0.93, \;0.95, \;0.99 $
    Hybrid $ Tabu_{list} $ $ 2, \;4, \;5 $
    $ max_{it} $ $ 70, \;150, \;200 $
    $ Sub_{it} $ $ 20, \;25, \;30 $
    $ T_0 $ $ 80, \;100, \;150 $
    $ \alpha $ $ 0.93, \;0.95, \;0.99 $
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 10.  Ranking of factors (based on $ SN $ ratios and mean of responses) and their best values for each algorithm

    Algorithm Parameter Rank ($ S/N $ ratios) Rank (Means) Best value
    MOTS $ Tabu_{list} $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 4 $
    $ N_{new} $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 40 $
    $ max_{it} $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 70 $
    MOSA $ max_{it} $ $ 1 $ $ 1 $ $ 200 $
    $ Sub_{it} $ $ 2 $ $ 2 $ $ 25 $
    $ T_0 $ $ 4 $ $ 4 $ $ 100 $
    $ \alpha $ $ 3 $ $ 3 $ $ 0.93 $
    Hybrid $ Tabu_{list} $ $ 1 $ $ 2 $ $ 5 $
    $ max_{it} $ $ 3 $ $ 1 $ $ 70 $
    $ Sub_{it} $ $ 2 $ $ 3 $ $ 25 $
    $ T_0 $ $ 4 $ $ 4 $ $ 150 $
    $ \alpha $ $ 5 $ $ 5 $ $ 0.93 $
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 11.  Computational results for the problems of all sizes: MOTS & MOSA

    Problem $ (n, m, w) $ Obj. functions MOTS MOSA
    P1* P2 P3 P4 P1 P2 P3
    $ (8, 2, 2) $ f1 710 826 1661 1968
    f2 4853 4769 4769 4769
    $ (8, 3, 2) $ f1 856 898 1550
    f2 3656 4418 4418
    $ (10, 3, 2) $ f1 1063 1433
    f2 3662 4880
    $ (10, 3, 3) $ f1 731 4762
    f2 3065 3438
    $ (10, 4, 2) $ f1 983 1252 6937 6937
    f2 5719 5314 2055 2229
    $ (12, 3, 2) $ f1 1460 3990
    f2 6532 5869
    $ (12, 3, 3) $ f1 681 815 3837
    f2 6358 5880 5557
    $ (12, 4, 2) $ f1 1207 1233 5487
    f2 6445 6184 5399
    $ (15, 4, 3) $ f1 480 527 924 4346 4560
    f2 10760 10542 10092 9807 9807
    $ (15, 6, 3) $ f1 2156 2176 2196 2579 5527
    f2 9484 9224 8963 8703 9475
    $ (20, 4, 3) $ f1 6317 13816
    f2 6943 9658
    $ (20, 6, 5) $ f1 2894 3466 3719 11392 12469
    f2 8410 7044 6702 9826 9826
    $ (25, 4, 3) $ f1 12610 20565
    f2 7749 12725
    $ (25, 6, 5) $ f1 3715 16032 16037
    f2 8823 11685 11685
    $ (30, 8, 4) $ f1 4133 4560 19549 21010 22219
    f2 14096 13584 15081 15081 15081
    $ (30, 10, 6) $ f1 3190 3444 3961 23057 25436
    f2 13499 12942 12632 14132 14132
    $ (40, 10, 6) $ f1 8993 9944 38190 40236
    f2 17455 17182 21838 21838
    $ (40, 12, 8) $ f1 6334 6421 7055 44881 31799
    f2 18491 18383 18187 19731 19731
    $ (50, 12, 8) $ f1 13801 14655 73855 78444 80185
    f2 19918 19450 19905 19905 19905
    $ (50, 15, 10) $ f1 11484 13550 47375 51987 59331
    f2 22310 21220 26906 26906 26906
    $ P_z, (z = 1, 2, …, Z) $ denotes the $ z $th pareto solution.
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 12.  Computational results for the problems of all sizes: The proposed hybrid

    Problem $ (n, m, w) $ Obj. functions Hybrid
    P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11
    $ (8, 2, 2) $ f1 1524 1553 1617
    f2 5191 5107 5022
    $ (8, 3, 2) $ f1 1216 1400 1624 1961
    f2 4266 4266 4113 3961
    $ (10, 3, 2) $ f1 989 1405 1677 1711 1791 1867 1870 1896
    f2 6097 5793 5793 5488 5184 5184 4880 4575
    $ (10, 3, 3) $ f1 2443 2586 2671 2695 2702 2704
    f2 3295 3295 3208 3152 3152 3065
    $ (10, 4, 2) $ f1 858 1047 1196 1330 1452 1601
    f2 6531 6531 6328 6125 5922 5719
    $ (12, 3, 2) $ f1 2106 2400 2491 2841 2946
    f2 7526 7195 6863 6532 6201
    $ (12, 3, 3) $ f1 1428 2331 2669 2690 3088 3109 3258 3279 3334 3438
    f2 8268 7790 7313 7046 6835 6568 6358 6091 5880 5613
    $ (12, 4, 2) $ f1 3812 3829
    f2 6707 6184
    $ (15, 4, 3) $ f1 2871 3015 3589 3610 3617 3618 3619
    f2 1080 1080 1078 1077 1074 1054 1052
    $ (15, 6, 3) $ f1 2100 2313 2576 2600
    f2 9739 9739 9484 9483
    $ (20, 4, 3) $ f1 6887 6979 7519
    f2 11292 10078 9755
    $ (20, 6, 5) $ f1 5712 7395 7406 7445 9537 9551 9718 9740 10162 10176 10365
    f2 9718 9718 9587 9518 9518 9386 9309 9253 9044 8782 8779
    $ (25, 4, 3) $ f1 11769 11826 12126 13470 17244 17665
    f2 10769 10769 10598 10598 10598 10237
    $ (25, 6, 5) $ f1 5851 6530 6679 6684 8501 8534 8715 9107 9122
    f2 10561 10561 10389 10266 10240 10117 10114 10114 9991
    $ (30, 8, 4) $ f1 13183 13805 13942 14068 15660 16033 17741 17785
    f2 16567 16411 16391 16211 16191 16010 15498 15142
    $ (30, 10, 6) $ f1 10899 10951 10968 13811 17298 18530 18552
    f2 15173 15031 14762 14762 14566 14084 13899
    $ (40, 10, 6) $ f1 21130 22146 23254
    f2 25930 25229 24604
    $ (40, 12, 8) $ f1 18544 18551 20567 20619 20629 21045
    f2 21022 20914 20914 20910 20866 20866
    $ (50, 12, 8) $ f1 47230 47348 60202 62672
    f2 23776 23729 23456 21764
    $ (50, 15, 10) $ f1 18791 23480 26830 28710 28254 29460
    f2 28995 28995 28637 28376 28302 28202
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 13.  Hypervolume indicator for the problems of all sizes

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 14.  Comparisons results for the problems of all sizes

     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 15.  One-way ANOVA for all test problems (between groups)

    Metric Problem size Sum of Squares df Mean Square F. Sig.
    S-metric Small 8758922.903 2 4379461.452 5.519 0.012
    Medium 8.541E7 2 4.271E7 3.688 0.050
    Large 1.348E9 2 6.739E8 6.716 0.008
    NP Small 130.083 2 65.042 24.500 0.000
    Medium 81.333 2 40.667 7.562 0.005
    Large 42.333 2 21.167 15.744 0.000
    MID Small 6748717.583 2 3374358.792 2.312 0.124
    Medium 1.932E8 2 9.662E7 4.538 0.029
    Large 2.856E9 2 1.428E9 11.064 0.001
    DM Small 8430960.250 2 4215480.125 10.568 0.001
    Medium 7.217E7 2 3.608E7 7.737 0.005
    Large 1.954E8 2 9.768E7 5.840 0.013
    SNS Small 122196.583 2 61098.292 5.399 0.013
    Medium 1.564E7 2 7817526.167 2.349 0.130
    Large 1.236E7 2 6179340.222 0.094 0.911
    Time Small 20371.750 2 10185.875 21.221 0.000
    Medium 43694.111 2 21847.056 6.425 0.010
    Large 177652.111 2 88826.056 10.736 0.001
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    Table 16.  Results of post-hoc comparisons

    Small Medium Large
    Metrics Order of best performances Significant difference Order of best performances Significant difference Order of best performances Significant difference
    S-metric MOTS-Hybrid-MOSA MOTS-MOSA MOTS-Hybrid-MOSA MOTS-MOSA MOTS-Hybrid-MOSA MOTS-MOSA
    NPS Hybrid-MOTS-MOSA Hybrid-MOSA, Hybrid-MOTS Hybrid-MOTS-MOSA - Hybrid-MOSA-MOTS Hybrid-MOSA, Hybrid-MOTS
    MID Hybrid-MOTS-MOSA - MOTS-Hybrid-MOSA MOTS-MOSA MOTS-Hybrid-MOSA MOTS-MOSA
    DM Hybrid-MOTS-MOSA Hybrid-MOSA, Hybrid-MOTS Hybrid-MOTS-MOSA - Hybrid-MOSA-MOTS Hybrid-MOTS
    SNS Hybrid-MOTS-MOSA Hybrid-MOSA Hybrid-MOTS-MOSA - Hybrid-MOSA-MOTS -
    Time Hybrid-MOSA-MOTS Hybrid-MOSA, Hybrid-MOTS Hybrid-MOSA-MOTS Hybrid-MOTS Hybrid-MOSA-MOTS Hybrid-MOSA, Hybrid-MOTS
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
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