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doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021213
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Optimal control of fish-feeding in a three-dimensional calm freshwater pond considering environmental concern

H. W. J. Lee 1, , Kar Hung Wong 2,, and  Y. C. E. Lee 1,

1. 

Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
2. 

School of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

* Corresponding author: Kar Hung Wong

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by AIMS, LLC. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).

Received  June 2021 Revised  September 2021 Early access December 2021

This paper describes the optimal fish-feeding in a three-dimensional calm freshwater pond based on the concentrations of seven water quality variables. A certain number of baby fishes are inserted into the pond simultaneously. They are then taken out of the pond simultaneously for harvest after having gone through a feeding program. This feeding program creates additional loads of water quality variables in the pond, which becomes pollutants. Thus, an optimal fish-feeding problem is formulated to maximize the final weight of the fishes, subject to the restrictions that the fishes are not under-fed and over-fed and the concentrations of the pollutants created by the fish-feeding program are not too large. A computational scheme using the finite element Galerkin scheme for the three-dimensional cubic domain and the control parameterization method is developed for solving the problem. Finally, a numerical example is solved.

Keywords: Optimal Control of Fish Feeding, Three-Dimensional Calm Water Pond, Fishes' Health, Environmental Protection, Water Quality Variables, Source, Input Pollution Load, Chemical Process, Galerkin Scheme, Control Parametrization.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 49M15, 65M60; Secondary: 35Q92.
Citation: H. W. J. Lee, Kar Hung Wong, Y. C. E. Lee. Optimal control of fish-feeding in a three-dimensional calm freshwater pond considering environmental concern. Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021213
References:
[1]

V. S. Amundsen and T. C. Osmundsen, Sustainability indicators for salmon aquaculture, Data Brief, 20 (2018), 20-29.  doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.07.043.

[2]

F. A. Bohnes and A. Laurent, Environmental impacts of existing and future aquaculture production: Comparison of technologies and feed options in singapore, Aquaculture, 532 (2021), 736001.  doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736001.

[3]

C. B. C. K. Cerbule, P. Senff and I. K. Stolz, Towards environmental sustainability in marine finfish aquaculture, Frontier in Marine Science, 2021.

[4]

R. A. Falconer and M. Hartnett, Mathematical modeling of flow, pesticide and nutrient transport for fish-farm planning and management, Ocean Coastal Management, 19 (1993), 37-57. 

[5]

M. Kumlu and M. Aktas, Optimal feeding rates for european sea bass dicentrarchus labrax L. reared in seawater and freshwater, Aquaculture, 231 (2004), 501-515. 

[6]

GERSAMP, Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes food and agriculture, IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP joint group of experts on the scientific aspects of marine pollution, GESAMP Rep Stud., (1996), 57.

[7]

S. Goyal, D. Ott, J. Liebscher, J. Dautz, H. O. Gutzeit, D. Schmidt and R. Reuss, Sustainability analysis of fish feed derived from aquatic plant and insect, Sustainability, 13 (2021), 7371.  doi: 10.3390/su13137371.

[8]

H. W. J. Lee, C. K. Chan, K. Yau, K. H. Wong and C. Myburgh, Control parametrization and finite element method for controlling multi-species reactive transport in a circular Pool, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 9 (2013), 505-524.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2013.9.505.

[9]

Q. Lin, R. Loxton and K. L. Teo, The control parametrization method for nonlinear optimal control: A survey, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 10 (2014), 275-309.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2014.10.275.

[10]

J. L. Lions, Optimal Control of Systems Governed by Partial Differential Equation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1971.

[11]

C. Liu, Z. Gong, E. Feng and H. Yin, Optimal switching control of a fed-batch fermentation process, J. Global Optim., 52 (2012), 265-280.  doi: 10.1007/s10898-011-9663-8.

[12]

A. I. Stamou, M. Karamanoli, N. Vasiliadou, E. Douka, A. Bergamasco and L. Genovese, Mathematical modelling of the interactions between aquacultures and the sea environment, Desalination, 248 (2009), 826-835. 

[13]

K. L. Teo, C. J. Goh and K. H. Wong, A Unified Computational Approach to Optimal Control Problems, Longman Scientific and Technical, 1991.

[14]

K. H. Wong, L. S. Jennings and F. Benyah, Control parametrization method for free planning time optimal control problems with time-delayed argument, Nonlinear Anal., 47 (2001), 5679-5689.  doi: 10.1016/S0362-546X(01)00669-1.

[15]

K. H. Wong, H. W. J. Lee and C. K. Chan, Control parametrization and finite element method for controlling multi-species reactive transport in a rectangular diffuser unit, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 150 (2011), 118-141.  doi: 10.1007/s10957-011-9826-2.

[16]

K. H. Wong, H. W. J. Lee, C. K. Chan and C. Myburgh, Control parametrization and finite element method for controlling multi-species reactive transport in an underground tunnel, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 157 (2013), 168-187.  doi: 10.1007/s10957-012-0148-9.

[17]

D. Wu, Y. Bai and C. Yu, A new computational approach for optimal control problems with multiple time-delay, Automatica, 101 (2019), 388-395.  doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2018.12.036.

[18]

R. S. S. Wu, The environmental impact of marine fish culture: Towards a sustainable future, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31 (1995), 159-166.  doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(95)00100-2.

[19]

R. S. S. Wu, P. K. S. Shin, D. W. MacKay, M. Mollowney and D. Johnson, Management of marine fish farming in the sub-tropical environment: A modelling approach, Aquaculture, 174 (1999), 279-298.  doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00024-1.

[20]

Z. S. Wu and K. L. Teo, Optimal control problems involving second boundary value problems of parabolic type, SIAM J. Control Optim., 21 (1983), 729-756.  doi: 10.1137/0321045.

[21]

F. Yang, K. L. Teo, R. Loxton, V. Rehbock, B. Li, C. Yu and L. Jennings, Visual MISER: An efficient user-friendly visual program for solving optimal control problems, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 12 (2016), 781-810.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2016.12.781.

[22]

C. Yu, Q. Lin, R. Loxton, K. L. Teo and G. Wang, A hybrid time-scaling transformation for time-delay optimal control problems, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 169 (2016), 867-901.  doi: 10.1007/s10957-015-0783-z.

[23]

X. Zeng, T. C. Rasmussen, M. B. Beck, A. K. Parker and Z. Lin, A biogeochemical model for metabolism and nutrient cycling in a southeastern piedmont impoundment, Environmental Modelling and Software, 21 (2006), 1073-1095.  doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.05.009.

show all references

References:
[1]

V. S. Amundsen and T. C. Osmundsen, Sustainability indicators for salmon aquaculture, Data Brief, 20 (2018), 20-29.  doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.07.043.

[2]

F. A. Bohnes and A. Laurent, Environmental impacts of existing and future aquaculture production: Comparison of technologies and feed options in singapore, Aquaculture, 532 (2021), 736001.  doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736001.

[3]

C. B. C. K. Cerbule, P. Senff and I. K. Stolz, Towards environmental sustainability in marine finfish aquaculture, Frontier in Marine Science, 2021.

[4]

R. A. Falconer and M. Hartnett, Mathematical modeling of flow, pesticide and nutrient transport for fish-farm planning and management, Ocean Coastal Management, 19 (1993), 37-57. 

[5]

M. Kumlu and M. Aktas, Optimal feeding rates for european sea bass dicentrarchus labrax L. reared in seawater and freshwater, Aquaculture, 231 (2004), 501-515. 

[6]

GERSAMP, Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes food and agriculture, IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP joint group of experts on the scientific aspects of marine pollution, GESAMP Rep Stud., (1996), 57.

[7]

S. Goyal, D. Ott, J. Liebscher, J. Dautz, H. O. Gutzeit, D. Schmidt and R. Reuss, Sustainability analysis of fish feed derived from aquatic plant and insect, Sustainability, 13 (2021), 7371.  doi: 10.3390/su13137371.

[8]

H. W. J. Lee, C. K. Chan, K. Yau, K. H. Wong and C. Myburgh, Control parametrization and finite element method for controlling multi-species reactive transport in a circular Pool, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 9 (2013), 505-524.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2013.9.505.

[9]

Q. Lin, R. Loxton and K. L. Teo, The control parametrization method for nonlinear optimal control: A survey, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 10 (2014), 275-309.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2014.10.275.

[10]

J. L. Lions, Optimal Control of Systems Governed by Partial Differential Equation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1971.

[11]

C. Liu, Z. Gong, E. Feng and H. Yin, Optimal switching control of a fed-batch fermentation process, J. Global Optim., 52 (2012), 265-280.  doi: 10.1007/s10898-011-9663-8.

[12]

A. I. Stamou, M. Karamanoli, N. Vasiliadou, E. Douka, A. Bergamasco and L. Genovese, Mathematical modelling of the interactions between aquacultures and the sea environment, Desalination, 248 (2009), 826-835. 

[13]

K. L. Teo, C. J. Goh and K. H. Wong, A Unified Computational Approach to Optimal Control Problems, Longman Scientific and Technical, 1991.

[14]

K. H. Wong, L. S. Jennings and F. Benyah, Control parametrization method for free planning time optimal control problems with time-delayed argument, Nonlinear Anal., 47 (2001), 5679-5689.  doi: 10.1016/S0362-546X(01)00669-1.

[15]

K. H. Wong, H. W. J. Lee and C. K. Chan, Control parametrization and finite element method for controlling multi-species reactive transport in a rectangular diffuser unit, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 150 (2011), 118-141.  doi: 10.1007/s10957-011-9826-2.

[16]

K. H. Wong, H. W. J. Lee, C. K. Chan and C. Myburgh, Control parametrization and finite element method for controlling multi-species reactive transport in an underground tunnel, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 157 (2013), 168-187.  doi: 10.1007/s10957-012-0148-9.

[17]

D. Wu, Y. Bai and C. Yu, A new computational approach for optimal control problems with multiple time-delay, Automatica, 101 (2019), 388-395.  doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2018.12.036.

[18]

R. S. S. Wu, The environmental impact of marine fish culture: Towards a sustainable future, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31 (1995), 159-166.  doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(95)00100-2.

[19]

R. S. S. Wu, P. K. S. Shin, D. W. MacKay, M. Mollowney and D. Johnson, Management of marine fish farming in the sub-tropical environment: A modelling approach, Aquaculture, 174 (1999), 279-298.  doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00024-1.

[20]

Z. S. Wu and K. L. Teo, Optimal control problems involving second boundary value problems of parabolic type, SIAM J. Control Optim., 21 (1983), 729-756.  doi: 10.1137/0321045.

[21]

F. Yang, K. L. Teo, R. Loxton, V. Rehbock, B. Li, C. Yu and L. Jennings, Visual MISER: An efficient user-friendly visual program for solving optimal control problems, J. Ind. Manag. Optim., 12 (2016), 781-810.  doi: 10.3934/jimo.2016.12.781.

[22]

C. Yu, Q. Lin, R. Loxton, K. L. Teo and G. Wang, A hybrid time-scaling transformation for time-delay optimal control problems, J. Optim. Theory Appl., 169 (2016), 867-901.  doi: 10.1007/s10957-015-0783-z.

[23]

X. Zeng, T. C. Rasmussen, M. B. Beck, A. K. Parker and Z. Lin, A biogeochemical model for metabolism and nutrient cycling in a southeastern piedmont impoundment, Environmental Modelling and Software, 21 (2006), 1073-1095.  doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.05.009.

Figure 1.  Boundary conditions of the water pollution model
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Figure 2.  The Front Part of the Fish Pond
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Figure 3.  The global node point of the fish pond
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Figure 4.  Instantaneous average concentration in the No-Fish-Feeding Water Pollution (NFFWP) sub-model

(a) Phytoplankton (PHY) (b) Organic Nitrogen (NOR) (c) Ammonia (NAM) (d) Nitrates (NIT) (e) Organic Phosphorous (POR) (f) Inorganic Phosphorous (PIN) (g) Suspended Solid (SS)

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Figure 5.  Comparison of the instantaneous average concentration between the NFFWP sub-model, the FFWP sub-model with $ u(t) = 1.25 $ for all $ t\in[180, 550] $, and the FFWP sub-model with $ u(t) = 1.5 $ for all $ t\in[180, 550] $

(a) Organic Nitrogen (NOR) (b) Ammonia (NAM) (c) Nitrates (NIT) (d)Organic Phosphorous(POR) (e)Inorganic Phosphorous(PIN) (f)Suspended Solid(SS) (The purple and the brown curve in Figure 5(e) almost coincide with each other.)

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Figure 6.  The instantaneous optimal control (i.e. the instantaneous optimal fishes' feeding rate)
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Figure 7.  Comparison of the instantaneous average concentration between the NFFWP sub-model and the FFWP sub-model obtained by using the optimal control $ u^*(t) $

(a) Ammonia (NAM) (b) Nitrates (NIT) (c) Inorganic Phosphorous (PIN) (In Figure 7(a)-Figure 7(c), the black curves represent the instantaneous concentrations of the water quality variables of the No-Fish-Feeding Water Pollution (NFFWP) sub-model, and the brown curves represent the instantaneous Fish-Feeding Water Pollution (FFWP) sub-model obtained by using the optimal control $ u^*(t) $.)

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Table 1.  Weight of the fishes at the final time
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Table 2.  Maximum concentration at various places of the pond in the fish-feeding water pollution (FFWP) model obtained by using optimal fish-feeding rate
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Table A1.  Processes described in the Three-Dimensional Water Pollution Model and their equations
D. Decay of PHY $ \left(D_{1}\right) $ with releases of NOR $ \left(D_{2}\right) $, POR $ \left(D_{5}\right) $, and SS $ \left(D_{7}\right). $
$ D_{1} = k_{d 1} \times X_{P H Y}, D_{2} = k_{d 2} \times X_{P H Y}, D_{5} = k_{d 5} \times X_{P H Y}, D_{7} = k_{d 7} \times X_{P H Y}, $
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{d 1} = -k_{d}, k_{d 2} = 0.1761 \times k_{d}, k_{d 5} = 0.1761 \times k_{d}, k_{d 7} = 0.379 \times k_{d}, $
(ⅱ) $ k_{d} $ is a parameter whose value is given in Table 2.
G. Photosynthesis (Growth of PHY, $ G_1 $), with uptakes of NAM ($ G_3 $), NIT($ G_4 $), and PIN($ G_6 $).
$ G_1 = k_{g1}(t)\times X_{PHY} $, $ G_3 = k_{g3}(t)\times X_{PHY} $, $ G_4 = k_{g4}(t)\times X_{PHY} $, $ G_6 = k_{g6}(t)\times X_{PHY} $,
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{g 1}(t) = k_{g \max }(t) \times e f(L(t)) \times[ $ $ e f(N)+e f(P)] $
is the growth rate of PHY; $ k_{g \max }(t) = k_{g \max 20} \times 1.047^{Tenp(t)-20} $
is the effect of the temperature on the growth of PHY at temperature $ Temp(t){ }^{\circ} C $, where $ Temp(t) $ is the water temperature in at time $ t $ given by $ Temp(t) = Temp_{\min }+\frac{\left(Temp_{\max }-Temp_{\min }\right)}{2}\left(1-\cos \frac{360(t-76)}{365} \times \frac{\pi}{180}\right) $,
with $ Tem p_{\min } = 13.7 $ and $ Tem p_{\max } = 25.9 $;
$ e f $$ (L(t)) = \frac{L(t)}{L_{S}} \exp \left(1-\frac{L(t)}{L_{S}}\right) $ is the effect of light on the growth rate of PHY, where $ L(t) $ is the incident solar radiation (expressed in cal/$ \text{cm}^{2} $) given by
$ L(t) = L_{\min }+\frac{\left(L_{\max }-L_{\min }\right)}{2}\left(1-\cos \frac{(t-15) \times 360}{365} \times \frac{\pi}{180}\right) $
with $ L_{\min } = 120 \mathrm{cal} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} $, and $ L_{\max } = 192 \mathrm{cal} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} $;
$ ef $$ (N) $ is the effect of nutrients due to the uptake of NAM and NIT,
$ ef $$ (P) $ is the effect of nutrients due to the uptake of PIN; their average values are given in Table $A2$; $ k_{g \max 20} $ and $ L_{S} $ are parameters, whose values are given in Table A2,
(ⅱ) $ k_{g 3}(t) = -0.1761 \times P_{N A M} \times k_{g 1}(t) $,
$ k_{g 4}(t) = -0.1761 \times\left(1-P_{N A M}\right) k_{g 1}(t) $, $ k_{g 6}(t) = -0.1761 \times k_{g 1}(t) $,
$ P_{N A M} $ is the preference term for NAM whose approximated value is also given in Table A2.
A. Adsorption of NAM $ \left(A_{3}\right) $ and PIN $ \left(A_{6}\right) $.
$ A_{3} = k_{A 3} \times X_{S S}, \ A_{6} = k_{A 6} \times X_{S S}, $
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{A 3} = -\frac{S V_{S S}}{H} \times a_{NAM}, k_{A 6} = -\frac{S V_{S S}}{H} \times a_{P I N} $,
(ⅱ) $ S V_{S S}, a_{N A M}, H, a_{P I N} $ are parameters whose values are given in Table 2.
Set. Settling of PHY $ \left(S_{1}\right) $, NOR $ \left(S_{2}\right) $, POR $ \left(S_{5}\right) $, and SS $ \left(S_{7}\right) $
$ \begin{align*} &Set_{1} = k_{S e t 1} \times X_{P H Y}, \ Set_{2} = k_{S e t 2} \times X_{N O R}, \ \quad Set_{5} = k_{S e t 5} \times X_{P O R}, \\ &Set_{7} = k_{Set7} \times X_{S S}, \end{align*}$
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{Set1} = -\frac{S V_{P H Y}}{H}, \ k_{Set2} = -\frac{S V_{N O R}}{H}\left(1-C_{N O R}\right) $, $ k_{Set5} = -\frac{S V_{P O R}}{H}\left(1-C_{P O R}\right), \ k_{Set7} = -\frac{S V_{S S}}{H}, $
(ii) $ S V_{P H Y}, \ S V_{S S}, \ S V_{N O R}, \ S V_{P O R}, \ C_{N O R}, \ C_{P O R} $ and $ H $ are parameters whose values are given in Table 2.
Am. Ammonification - Mineralization of NOR $ A m_{2} = k_{A m 2}(t) \times X_{N O R}, A m_{3} = k_{A m 3}(t) \times X_{N O R} $ where
(ⅰ) $ k_{A m 2}(t) = -k_{N min }(t) \times c_{N O R}, k_{A m 3}(t) = k_{N min }(t) \times c_{N O R} $,
(ⅱ) $ k_{N min }(t) = k_{N min } \times 1.047^{Temp(t)-20} $
is the saturation constant for Nitrogen mineralization at $ Temp(t){ }^{o} C $, where the formula for $ Temp(t) $ is as given in the Photosynthesis process,
(ⅲ) $ c_{N O R} $ is a parameter whose value is given in Table 2.
N. Nitrification $ \left(N i t_{3}\right. $ and $ \left.N i t_{4}\right) $.
$N i t_{3} = k_{N i t 3}(t) \times X_{N A M}, N i t_{4} = k_{N i t 4}(t) \times X_{N A M}, $
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{N i t 3}(t) = -k_{N i t}(t), k_{N i t 4}(t) = k_{N i t}(t), $
(ⅱ) $ k_{N i t}(t) = k_{N i t 20} \times 1.047^{Temp(t)-20} $ is the nitrification rate at $ Temp(t)^{o} C $, where the formula for $ Temp(t) $ is as given in the Photosynthesis process.
(ⅲ) $ k_{N i t 20} $ is a parameter whose value is given in Table A2.
R. Endogenous respiration of PHY $ \left(R_{1}\right) $ with the release of NOR $ \left(R_{2}\right) $, NAM $ \left(R_{3}\right) $, POR $ \left(R_{5}\right) $ and $ \operatorname{PIN}\left(R_{6}\right) $.
$ \begin{align*} &R_{1} = k_{r 1}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \ R_{2} = k_{r 2}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \ R_{3} = k_{r 3}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \\ &R_{5} = k_{r 5}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \ R_{6} = k_{r 6}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \end{align*} $
where
$ \text {(ⅰ) } k_{r 1}(t) = -k_{r}(t), \\ k_{r 2}(t) = 0.1761 \times f_{N O R} \times k_{r}(t), \\ k_{r 3}(t) = 0.1761 \times\left(1-f_{N O R}\right)\times k_{r}(t)\\ k_{r 5}(t) = 0.1761 \times f_{P O R} \times k_{r}(t), \\ k_{r 6}(t) = 0.1761 \times\left(1-f_{P O R}\right) \times k_{r}(t), $
(ⅱ) $ k_{r}(t) = k_{r 20} \times 1.047^{Temp(t)-20} $ is the respiration rate at $ Temp(t)^{o} C, $
where the formula for $ Temp(t) $ is as given in the Photosynthesis process,
(ⅲ) $k_{r 20}, f_{N O R} $ are parameters whose values are given in Table 2.
P. Mineralization of POR $ \left(P_{5}\right. $ and $ \left.P_{6}\right) $.
$Min_{5} = k_{Min 5}(t) \times X_{P O R}, M i n_{6} = k_{Min6}(t) \times X_{P O R} $
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{min 5}(t) = -k_{P min }(t) \times c_{P O R}, k_{Min 6}(t) = k_{P min }(t) \times c_{P O R} $,
(ⅱ) $ k_{P min } = k_{P min 20} \times 1.047^{Temp(t)-20} $
is the mineralization rate of $ \mathrm{NOR} $ at $ Temp(t)^{o} C $, where the formula for $ Temp(t) $ is as given in the Photosynthesis process,
(ⅲ) $ c_{P O R} $ is a parameter whose value is given in Table A2.
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D. Decay of PHY $ \left(D_{1}\right) $ with releases of NOR $ \left(D_{2}\right) $, POR $ \left(D_{5}\right) $, and SS $ \left(D_{7}\right). $
$ D_{1} = k_{d 1} \times X_{P H Y}, D_{2} = k_{d 2} \times X_{P H Y}, D_{5} = k_{d 5} \times X_{P H Y}, D_{7} = k_{d 7} \times X_{P H Y}, $
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{d 1} = -k_{d}, k_{d 2} = 0.1761 \times k_{d}, k_{d 5} = 0.1761 \times k_{d}, k_{d 7} = 0.379 \times k_{d}, $
(ⅱ) $ k_{d} $ is a parameter whose value is given in Table 2.
G. Photosynthesis (Growth of PHY, $ G_1 $), with uptakes of NAM ($ G_3 $), NIT($ G_4 $), and PIN($ G_6 $).
$ G_1 = k_{g1}(t)\times X_{PHY} $, $ G_3 = k_{g3}(t)\times X_{PHY} $, $ G_4 = k_{g4}(t)\times X_{PHY} $, $ G_6 = k_{g6}(t)\times X_{PHY} $,
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{g 1}(t) = k_{g \max }(t) \times e f(L(t)) \times[ $ $ e f(N)+e f(P)] $
is the growth rate of PHY; $ k_{g \max }(t) = k_{g \max 20} \times 1.047^{Tenp(t)-20} $
is the effect of the temperature on the growth of PHY at temperature $ Temp(t){ }^{\circ} C $, where $ Temp(t) $ is the water temperature in at time $ t $ given by $ Temp(t) = Temp_{\min }+\frac{\left(Temp_{\max }-Temp_{\min }\right)}{2}\left(1-\cos \frac{360(t-76)}{365} \times \frac{\pi}{180}\right) $,
with $ Tem p_{\min } = 13.7 $ and $ Tem p_{\max } = 25.9 $;
$ e f $$ (L(t)) = \frac{L(t)}{L_{S}} \exp \left(1-\frac{L(t)}{L_{S}}\right) $ is the effect of light on the growth rate of PHY, where $ L(t) $ is the incident solar radiation (expressed in cal/$ \text{cm}^{2} $) given by
$ L(t) = L_{\min }+\frac{\left(L_{\max }-L_{\min }\right)}{2}\left(1-\cos \frac{(t-15) \times 360}{365} \times \frac{\pi}{180}\right) $
with $ L_{\min } = 120 \mathrm{cal} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} $, and $ L_{\max } = 192 \mathrm{cal} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} $;
$ ef $$ (N) $ is the effect of nutrients due to the uptake of NAM and NIT,
$ ef $$ (P) $ is the effect of nutrients due to the uptake of PIN; their average values are given in Table $A2$; $ k_{g \max 20} $ and $ L_{S} $ are parameters, whose values are given in Table A2,
(ⅱ) $ k_{g 3}(t) = -0.1761 \times P_{N A M} \times k_{g 1}(t) $,
$ k_{g 4}(t) = -0.1761 \times\left(1-P_{N A M}\right) k_{g 1}(t) $, $ k_{g 6}(t) = -0.1761 \times k_{g 1}(t) $,
$ P_{N A M} $ is the preference term for NAM whose approximated value is also given in Table A2.
A. Adsorption of NAM $ \left(A_{3}\right) $ and PIN $ \left(A_{6}\right) $.
$ A_{3} = k_{A 3} \times X_{S S}, \ A_{6} = k_{A 6} \times X_{S S}, $
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{A 3} = -\frac{S V_{S S}}{H} \times a_{NAM}, k_{A 6} = -\frac{S V_{S S}}{H} \times a_{P I N} $,
(ⅱ) $ S V_{S S}, a_{N A M}, H, a_{P I N} $ are parameters whose values are given in Table 2.
Set. Settling of PHY $ \left(S_{1}\right) $, NOR $ \left(S_{2}\right) $, POR $ \left(S_{5}\right) $, and SS $ \left(S_{7}\right) $
$ \begin{align*} &Set_{1} = k_{S e t 1} \times X_{P H Y}, \ Set_{2} = k_{S e t 2} \times X_{N O R}, \ \quad Set_{5} = k_{S e t 5} \times X_{P O R}, \\ &Set_{7} = k_{Set7} \times X_{S S}, \end{align*}$
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{Set1} = -\frac{S V_{P H Y}}{H}, \ k_{Set2} = -\frac{S V_{N O R}}{H}\left(1-C_{N O R}\right) $, $ k_{Set5} = -\frac{S V_{P O R}}{H}\left(1-C_{P O R}\right), \ k_{Set7} = -\frac{S V_{S S}}{H}, $
(ii) $ S V_{P H Y}, \ S V_{S S}, \ S V_{N O R}, \ S V_{P O R}, \ C_{N O R}, \ C_{P O R} $ and $ H $ are parameters whose values are given in Table 2.
Am. Ammonification - Mineralization of NOR $ A m_{2} = k_{A m 2}(t) \times X_{N O R}, A m_{3} = k_{A m 3}(t) \times X_{N O R} $ where
(ⅰ) $ k_{A m 2}(t) = -k_{N min }(t) \times c_{N O R}, k_{A m 3}(t) = k_{N min }(t) \times c_{N O R} $,
(ⅱ) $ k_{N min }(t) = k_{N min } \times 1.047^{Temp(t)-20} $
is the saturation constant for Nitrogen mineralization at $ Temp(t){ }^{o} C $, where the formula for $ Temp(t) $ is as given in the Photosynthesis process,
(ⅲ) $ c_{N O R} $ is a parameter whose value is given in Table 2.
N. Nitrification $ \left(N i t_{3}\right. $ and $ \left.N i t_{4}\right) $.
$N i t_{3} = k_{N i t 3}(t) \times X_{N A M}, N i t_{4} = k_{N i t 4}(t) \times X_{N A M}, $
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{N i t 3}(t) = -k_{N i t}(t), k_{N i t 4}(t) = k_{N i t}(t), $
(ⅱ) $ k_{N i t}(t) = k_{N i t 20} \times 1.047^{Temp(t)-20} $ is the nitrification rate at $ Temp(t)^{o} C $, where the formula for $ Temp(t) $ is as given in the Photosynthesis process.
(ⅲ) $ k_{N i t 20} $ is a parameter whose value is given in Table A2.
R. Endogenous respiration of PHY $ \left(R_{1}\right) $ with the release of NOR $ \left(R_{2}\right) $, NAM $ \left(R_{3}\right) $, POR $ \left(R_{5}\right) $ and $ \operatorname{PIN}\left(R_{6}\right) $.
$ \begin{align*} &R_{1} = k_{r 1}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \ R_{2} = k_{r 2}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \ R_{3} = k_{r 3}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \\ &R_{5} = k_{r 5}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \ R_{6} = k_{r 6}(t) \times X_{P H Y}, \end{align*} $
where
$ \text {(ⅰ) } k_{r 1}(t) = -k_{r}(t), \\ k_{r 2}(t) = 0.1761 \times f_{N O R} \times k_{r}(t), \\ k_{r 3}(t) = 0.1761 \times\left(1-f_{N O R}\right)\times k_{r}(t)\\ k_{r 5}(t) = 0.1761 \times f_{P O R} \times k_{r}(t), \\ k_{r 6}(t) = 0.1761 \times\left(1-f_{P O R}\right) \times k_{r}(t), $
(ⅱ) $ k_{r}(t) = k_{r 20} \times 1.047^{Temp(t)-20} $ is the respiration rate at $ Temp(t)^{o} C, $
where the formula for $ Temp(t) $ is as given in the Photosynthesis process,
(ⅲ) $k_{r 20}, f_{N O R} $ are parameters whose values are given in Table 2.
P. Mineralization of POR $ \left(P_{5}\right. $ and $ \left.P_{6}\right) $.
$Min_{5} = k_{Min 5}(t) \times X_{P O R}, M i n_{6} = k_{Min6}(t) \times X_{P O R} $
where
(ⅰ) $ k_{min 5}(t) = -k_{P min }(t) \times c_{P O R}, k_{Min 6}(t) = k_{P min }(t) \times c_{P O R} $,
(ⅱ) $ k_{P min } = k_{P min 20} \times 1.047^{Temp(t)-20} $
is the mineralization rate of $ \mathrm{NOR} $ at $ Temp(t)^{o} C $, where the formula for $ Temp(t) $ is as given in the Photosynthesis process,
(ⅲ) $ c_{P O R} $ is a parameter whose value is given in Table A2.
Table A2.  Parameters of the three-dimensional water pollution model and their values
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