Mathematical theory and numerical methods for Bose-Einstein condensation

Weizhu Bao; Yongyong Cai

doi:10.3934/krm.2013.6.1

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March 2013, 6(1): 1-135. doi: 10.3934/krm.2013.6.1

Mathematical theory and numerical methods for Bose-Einstein condensation

Weizhu Bao ^1, and Yongyong Cai ^2,

1.	Department of Mathematics and Center for Computational Science and, Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076, Singapore
2.	Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076; and Beijing Computational Science, Research Center, Beijing 100084, China

Received September 2012 Revised October 2012 Published December 2012

Abstract
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In this paper, we mainly review recent results on mathematical theory and numerical methods for Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), based on the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE). Starting from the simplest case with one-component BEC of the weakly interacting bosons, we study the reduction of GPE to lower dimensions, the ground states of BEC including the existence and uniqueness as well as nonexistence results, and the dynamics of GPE including dynamical laws, well-posedness of the Cauchy problem as well as the finite time blow-up. To compute the ground state, the gradient flow with discrete normalization (or imaginary time) method is reviewed and various full discretization methods are presented and compared. To simulate the dynamics, both finite difference methods and time splitting spectral methods are reviewed, and their error estimates are briefly outlined. When the GPE has symmetric properties, we show how to simplify the numerical methods. Then we compare two widely used scalings, i.e. physical scaling (commonly used) and semiclassical scaling, for BEC in strong repulsive interaction regime (Thomas-Fermi regime), and discuss semiclassical limits of the GPE. Extensions of these results for one-component BEC are then carried out for rotating BEC by GPE with an angular momentum rotation, dipolar BEC by GPE with long range dipole-dipole interaction, and two-component BEC by coupled GPEs. Finally, as a perspective, we show briefly the mathematical models for spin-1 BEC, Bogoliubov excitation and BEC at finite temperature.

Keywords: ground state, dynamics, quantized vortex, error estimate., Bose-Einstein condensation, numerical method, Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 34C29, 35P30, 35Q55, 46E35, 65M06, 65M15, 65M70, 70F1.

Citation: Weizhu Bao, Yongyong Cai. Mathematical theory and numerical methods for Bose-Einstein condensation. Kinetic & Related Models, 2013, 6 (1) : 1-135. doi: 10.3934/krm.2013.6.1

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