A kinetic theory approach to model pedestrian dynamics in bounded domains with obstacles

Figure 1.  (A) Dependence of the dimensionless velocity modulus $ v $ on the dimensionless density $ \rho $ for different values of the parameter $ \alpha $, which represents the quality of the environment. (B) Sketch of computational domain $ \Omega $ with exit $ E $ and a pedestrian located at $ {\boldsymbol{x}} $, moving with direction $ \theta_h $. The pedestrian should choose direction $ {\boldsymbol u}_E $ to reach the exit, while direction $ {\boldsymbol u}_W $ is to avoid collision with the wall. The distances form the exit and from the wall are $ d_E $ and $ d_W $, respectively

Figure 2.  Definition of $ {\boldsymbol u}_W $ and $ {\boldsymbol u}_E $ with respect to the effective area

Figure 3.  Evacuation process of 46 pedestrians grouped into two clusters with opposite initial directions $ \theta_3 $ and $ \theta_7 $ using the medium mesh and $ \Delta t_{medium} $ for time $ t = 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 10.5, 13.5 $ s. The color refers to density

Figure 4.  (A) Number of pedestrians inside the room over time computed with six different combinations of mesh and time step. For ease of comparison, (B) shows only the curves in (A) obtained with simultaneous refinements of mesh and time step

Figure 5.  Computed evacuation time from the room with one exit versus the exit size: (A) our results and (B) results from [1]

Figure 6.  Computational domain corresponding to the experimental set-up in [40] and initial density and direction (i.e., $ \theta_1 $) for the experiment with 138 pedestrians

Figure 7.  Computed (A) mean density $ D_{V} $ and (B) mean flow rate $ F_{V} $ as defined in (15), and measured (C) mean density and (D) mean flow rate from [40]

Figure 8.  (A) Different velocity moduli under consideration and (B) corresponding number of pedestrians in the room versus time for the 138 pedestrian case

Figure 9.  Density (top) and velocity magnitude with selected velocity vectors (bottom) for the evacuation process of 138 pedestrians with the purple (left), orange (middle), and blue (right) velocity moduli at time $ t = 15 $ s

Figure 10.  (A) Widths of exit 2 under consideration and corresponding width ratios and (B) evacuation time versus width ratios for two different scenarios

Figure 11.  Computational domain with effective area for (A) an obstacle placed in the middle of the room, towards the exit, and (B) two obstacles placed symmetrically with respect to the exit

Figure 12.  Configuration 1 with $ \alpha = 1 $ in the effective area: computed density for $ t $ = 0, 3, 6, 7.5, 9, 13.5 s. The small square within the effective area represents the real obstacle

Figure 13.  Configuration 1 with $ \alpha = 0 $ in the effective area: computed density for $ t $ = 0, 3, 6, 7.5, 9, 13.5 s. The small rectangle within the effective area represents the real obstacle

Figure 14.  Configuration 2 with $ \alpha = 1 $ in the effective area: computed density for $ t $ = 0, 3, 6, 7.5, 10.5, 13.5 s. The small square within the effective area represents the real obstacle

Figure 15.  Configuration 2 with $ \alpha = 0 $ in the effective area: computed density for $ t $ = 0, 3, 6, 7.5, 10.5, 13.5 s s. The small rectangle within the effective area represents the real obstacle

Figure 16.  Evacuation times for the room with no obstacles ($ \alpha = 1 $ everywhere in the domain), for room with one and two obstacles with $ \alpha = 1 $ and $ \alpha = 0 $ in the effective area

Figure 17.  The movement process of 98 pedestrians grouped into four clusters with opposite initial direction $ \theta_1 $ and $ \theta_5 $ in the periodic corridor for $ t = 0, 4.2, 12.3, 19.8, 33.9, 50.7, 72.3 $ s, respectively

Figure 18.  The movement process of 188 pedestrians grouped into four clusters with initial opposite direction $ \theta_1 $ and $ \theta_5 $ in the periodic corridor for $ t = 0, 4.5, 12.6, 19.8, 33.9, 50.7, 89.7 $ s, respectively