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2013, 10(1): 103-120. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2013.10.103

Parameter space exploration within dynamic simulations of signaling networks

Cristina De Ambrosi 1, , Annalisa Barla 1, , Lorenzo Tortolina 1, , Nicoletta Castagnino 2, , Raffaele Pesenti 3, , Alessandro Verri 1, , Alberto Ballestrero 4, , Franco Patrone 4, and  Silvio Parodi 4,

1. 

DIBRIS Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, Università degli Studi di Genova - Via Balbi, 5 - 16126 Genova, Italy, Italy, Italy, Italy
2. 

DIBRIS Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, Università degli Studi di Genova - Via Balbi, 5 - 16126 Genov, Italy
3. 

DiMa - Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari - Dorsoduro 3246 - 30123 Venezia, Italy
4. 

Di.M.I - Department of Internal Medicine, A.O.U. IRCCS San Martino IST, Italy, Italy, Italy

Received  April 2012 Revised  July 2012 Published  December 2012

We started offering an introduction to very basic aspects of molecular biology, for the reader coming from computer sciences, information technology, mathematics. Similarly we offered a minimum of information about pathways and networks in graph theory, for a reader coming from the bio-medical sector. At the crossover about the two different types of expertise, we offered some definition about Systems Biology. The core of the article deals with a Molecular Interaction Map (MIM), a network of biochemical interactions involved in a small signaling-network sub-region relevant in breast cancer. We explored robustness/sensitivity to random perturbations. It turns out that our MIM is a non-isomorphic directed graph. For non physiological directions of propagation of the signal the network is quite resistant to perturbations. The opposite happens for biologically significant directions of signal propagation. In these cases we can have no signal attenuation, and even signal amplification. Signal propagation along a given pathway is highly unidirectional, with the exception of signal-feedbacks, that again have a specific biological role and significance. In conclusion, even a relatively small network like our present MIM reveals the preponderance of specific biological functions over unspecific isomorphic behaviors. This is perhaps the consequence of hundreds of millions of years of biological evolution.
Keywords: parameter space exploration., dynamic simulations, Molecular Interaction Maps, Systems biology, signaling networks.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 92C42; Secondary: 92C4.
Citation: Cristina De Ambrosi, Annalisa Barla, Lorenzo Tortolina, Nicoletta Castagnino, Raffaele Pesenti, Alessandro Verri, Alberto Ballestrero, Franco Patrone, Silvio Parodi. Parameter space exploration within dynamic simulations of signaling networks. Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering, 2013, 10 (1) : 103-120. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2013.10.103
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J. Kendrew, "The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology," Blackwell Science Ltd. Reprinted, 1995

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N. Trun and T. Trempy, "Fundamental Bacterial Genetics," Blackwell Publishing Company, 2004.

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T. Ideker, T. Galitski and L. Hood, A new approach to decoding life: Systems biology, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet., 2 (2001), 343-372.

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B. N. Kholodenko, Cell-signalling dynamics in time and space, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 7 (2006), 165-176.

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N. Borisov, E. Aksamitiene, A. Kiyatkin, S. Legewie, J. Berkhout, T. Maiwald, N. P. Kaimachnikov, J. Timmer, J. B. Hoek and B. N. Kholodenko, Systems-level interactions between insulin-EGF networks amplify mitogenic signaling, Mol Syst Biol., 5 (2009), 256.

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L. Tortolina, N. Castagnino, C. De Ambrosi, E. Moran, F. Patrone, A. Ballestrero and S. Parodi, A multi-scale approach to colorectal cancer: From a biochemical-interaction signaling network level, to multi-cellular dynamics of malignant transformation. Interplay with mutations and onco-protein inhibitor drugs, Current Cancer Drug Target (CCDT), 12 (2012), 339-355.

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D. Segré, D. Vitkup and G. M. Church, Analysis of optimality in natural and perturbed metabolic networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 99 (2002), 15112-15117.

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D. Segré, A. Deluna, G. M. Church and R. Kishony, Modular epistasis in yeast metabolism, Nat Genet., 37 (2005), 77-83.

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W. Materi and D. S. Wishart, Computational systems biology in drug discovery and development: methods and applications, Drug Discov Today, 12 (2007), 295-303.

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T. Sjöblom, S. Jones, L. D. Wood, D. W. Parsons, J. Lin, T. D. Barber, D. Mandelker, R. J. Leary, J. Ptak, N. Silliman, S. Szabo, P. Buckhaults, C. Farrell, P. Meeh, S. D. Markowitz, J. Willis, D. Dawson, J. K. Willson, A. F. Gazdar, J. Hartigan, L. Wu, C. Liu, G. Parmigiani, B. H. Park, K. E. Bachman, N. Papadopoulos, B. Vogelstein, K. W. Kinzler and V. E. Velculescu, The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers, Science, 314 (2006), 268-274.

[18]

L. D. Wood, D. W. Parsons, S. Jones, J. Lin, T. Sjöblom, R. J. Leary, D. Shen, S. M. Boca, T. Barber, J. Ptak, N. Silliman, S. Szabo, Z. Dezso, V. Ustyanksky, T. Nikolskaya, Y. Nikolsky, R. Karchin, P. A. Wilson, J. S. Kaminker, Z. Zhang, R. Croshaw, J. Willis, D. Dawson, M. Shipitsin, J. K Willson, S. Sukumar, K. Polyak, B. H. Park, C. L. Pethiyagoda, P. V. Pant, D. G. Ballinger, A. B. Sparks, J. Hartigan, D. R. Smith, E. Suh, N. Papadopoulos, P. Buckhaults, S. D. Markowitz, G. Parmigiani, K. W. Kinzler, V. E. Velculescu and B. Vogelstein, The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectal cancers, Science, 318 (2007), 1108-1113.

[19]

C. H. Yeang, F. McCormick and A. Levine, Combinatorial patterns of somatic gene mutations in cancer, FASEB J., 22 (2008), 2605-2622.

[20]

M. I. Aladjem, S. Pasa, S. Parodi, J. N. Weinstein, Y. Pommier and K. W.Kohn, Molecular interaction maps-a diagrammatic graphical language for bioregulatory networks, Sci STKE., 222 (2004), pe8.

[21]

K. W. Kohn, M. I. Aladjem, J. N. Weinstein and Y. Pommier, Molecular interaction maps of bioregulatory networks: A general rubric for systems biology, Mol. Biol. Cell, 17 (2006), 1-13.

[22]

K. W. Kohn, M. I. Aladjem, S. Kim, J. N. Weinstein and Y. Pommier, Depicting combinatorial complexity with the molecular interaction map notation, Mol Syst Biol., 2 (2006), 51.

[23]

A. Luna, E. I. Karac, M. Sunshine, L. Chang, R. Nussinov, M. I. Aladjem and K. W. Kohn, A formal MIM specification and tools for the common exchange of MIM diagrams: An XML-Based format, an API, and a validation method, BMC Bioinformatics, 12 (2011), 167.

[24]

D. Joyner, M. Van Nguyen and N. Cohen, "Algorithmic Graph Theory," Version 0.5 2010 November 30.

[25]

a, GLOBOCAN project, , (). 

[26]

G. A. Colditz, S. E. Hankinson, D. J. Hunter, W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, C. Hennekens, B. Rosner and F. E. Speizer, The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, N Engl J Med., 332 (1995), 1589-1593.

[27]

a, COSMIC 2012: Catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer,, , (). 

[28]

M. Mukherji, L. M. Brill, S. B. Ficarro, G. M. Hampton and P. G. Schultz, A phosphoproteomic analysis of the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, Biochemistry, 45 (2006), 15529-15540.

[29]

N. R. Leslie and C. P. Downes, PTEN function: how normal cells control it and tumour cells lose it, Biochem. J., 382 (2004), 1-11.

[30]

E. Tokunaga, E. Oki, Y. Kimura, T. Yamanaka, A. Egashira, K. Nishida, T. Koga, M. Morita, Y. Kakeji and Y. Maehara, Coexistence of the loss of heterozygosity at the PTEN locus and HER2 overexpression enhances the Akt activity thus leading to a negative progesterone receptor expression in breast carcinoma, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 101 (2007), 249-257.

[31]

N. Castagnino, L. Tortolina, A. Balbi, R. Pesenti, R. Montagna, A. Ballestrero, D. Soncini, A. Nencioni and S. Parodi, Dynamic simulations of pathways downstream of ERBB-family, including mutations and treatments: Concordance with experimental results, Current Cancer Drug Targets (CCDT), 10 (2010), 737-757.

[32]

B. N. Kholodenko, J. B. Hoek and H. V. Westerhoff, Why cytoplasmic signalling proteins should be recruited to cell membranes, Trends Cell Biol., 10 (2000), 173-178.

[33]

J. Wolf, S. Dronov, F. Tobin and I. Goryanin, The impact of the regulatory design on the response of epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signal transduction towards oncogenic mutations, FEBS J., 274 (2007), 5505-5517.

[34]

B. N. Kholodenko, O. V. Demin, G. Moehren and J. B. Hoek, Quantification of short term signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor, J Biol. Chem., 274 (1999), 30169-30181.

[35]

N. I. Markevich, G. Moehren, O. V. Demin, A. Kiyatkin, J. B. Hoek and B. N. Kholodenko, Signal processing at the Ras circuit: what shapes Ras activation patterns?, Syst Biol (Stevenage), 1 2004, 104-113.

[36]

A. Kiyatkin, E. Aksamitiene, N. I. Markevich, N. M. Borisov, J. B. Hoek and B. N. Kholodenko, Scaffolding protein Grb2-associated binder 1 sustains epidermal growth factor-induced mitogenic and survival signaling by multiple positive feedback loops, J. Biol. Chem., 281 (2006), 19925-19938.

[37]

M. R. Birtwistle, M. Hatakeyama, N. Yumoto, B. A. Ogunnaike, J. B. Hoek and B. N. Kholodenko, Ligand-dependent responses of the ErbB signaling network: experimental and modeling analyses, Mol. Syst. Biol., 3 (2007), e144.

[38]

W. W. Chen, B. Schoeberl, P. J. Jasper, M. Niepel, U. B. Nielsen, D. A. Lauffenburger and P. K. Sorger, Input-output behavior of ErbB signaling pathways as revealed by a mass action model trained against dynamic data, Mol. Syst. Biol., 5 (2009), e239.

[39]

T. Nakakuki, M. R. Birtwistle, Y. Saeki, N. Yumoto, K. Ide, T. Nagashima, L. Brusch, B. A. Ogunnaike, M. Okada-Hatakeyama and B. N. Kholodenko, Ligand-specific c-Fos expression emerges from the spatiotemporal control of ErbB network dynamics, Cell., 141 (2010), 884-896.

[40]

G. Ernst and G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II: Stiff and Differential- Algebraic Problems," Springer-Verlag, 1996.

[41]

J. J. Tyson, B. Novak, G. G.M. Odell, K. Chen and C. D. Thron, Chemical kinetic theory: understanding cell-cycle regulation, Trends Biochem. Sci., 21 (1996), 89-96.

[42]

S. S. Ng, T. Mahmoudi, E. Danenberg, I. Bejaoui, W. de Lau, H. C. Korswagen, M. Schutte and H. Clevers, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling does not activate the Wnt cascade, J Biol Chem., 284 (2009), 35308-35313.

[43]

D. Voskas, L. S. Ling and J. R. Woodgett, Does GSK-3 provide a shortcut for PI3K activation of Wnt signalling?, F1000 Biol Rep., 2 (2010), 82.

show all references

References:
[1]

J. Kendrew, "The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology," Blackwell Science Ltd. Reprinted, 1995

[2]

N. Trun and T. Trempy, "Fundamental Bacterial Genetics," Blackwell Publishing Company, 2004.

[3]

T. Ideker, T. Galitski and L. Hood, A new approach to decoding life: Systems biology, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet., 2 (2001), 343-372.

[4]

H. Kitano, Computational systems biology, Nature, 420 (2002), 206-210.

[5]

L. Hood, Systems biology: Integrating technology, biology, and computation, Mech Ageing Dev., 124 (2003), 9-16.

[6]

M. Cassman, Systems biology: International research and development, World Technology Evaluation Center. SpringerLink, Chapter I, (2007), 1-13.

[7]

F. J. Bruggeman and H. V. Westerhoff, The nature of systems biology, Trends Microbiol., 15 (2007), 45-50.

[8]

N. Barkai and S. Leibler, Robustness in simple biochemical networks, Nature, 387 (1997), 913-917.

[9]

B. N. Kholodenko, Cell-signalling dynamics in time and space, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 7 (2006), 165-176.

[10]

N. Borisov, E. Aksamitiene, A. Kiyatkin, S. Legewie, J. Berkhout, T. Maiwald, N. P. Kaimachnikov, J. Timmer, J. B. Hoek and B. N. Kholodenko, Systems-level interactions between insulin-EGF networks amplify mitogenic signaling, Mol Syst Biol., 5 (2009), 256.

[11]

L. Tortolina, N. Castagnino, C. De Ambrosi, E. Moran, F. Patrone, A. Ballestrero and S. Parodi, A multi-scale approach to colorectal cancer: From a biochemical-interaction signaling network level, to multi-cellular dynamics of malignant transformation. Interplay with mutations and onco-protein inhibitor drugs, Current Cancer Drug Target (CCDT), 12 (2012), 339-355.

[12]

D. Segré, D. Vitkup and G. M. Church, Analysis of optimality in natural and perturbed metabolic networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 99 (2002), 15112-15117.

[13]

D. Segré, A. Deluna, G. M. Church and R. Kishony, Modular epistasis in yeast metabolism, Nat Genet., 37 (2005), 77-83.

[14]

W. Materi and D. S. Wishart, Computational systems biology in drug discovery and development: methods and applications, Drug Discov Today, 12 (2007), 295-303.

[15]

D. T. Gillespie, Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions, J. Phys.Chem., 81 (1977), 2340-2361.

[16]

D. J. Wilkinson, Stochastic modelling for quantitative description of heterogeneous biological systems, Nat Rev Genet., 10 (2009), 122-33.

[17]

T. Sjöblom, S. Jones, L. D. Wood, D. W. Parsons, J. Lin, T. D. Barber, D. Mandelker, R. J. Leary, J. Ptak, N. Silliman, S. Szabo, P. Buckhaults, C. Farrell, P. Meeh, S. D. Markowitz, J. Willis, D. Dawson, J. K. Willson, A. F. Gazdar, J. Hartigan, L. Wu, C. Liu, G. Parmigiani, B. H. Park, K. E. Bachman, N. Papadopoulos, B. Vogelstein, K. W. Kinzler and V. E. Velculescu, The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers, Science, 314 (2006), 268-274.

[18]

L. D. Wood, D. W. Parsons, S. Jones, J. Lin, T. Sjöblom, R. J. Leary, D. Shen, S. M. Boca, T. Barber, J. Ptak, N. Silliman, S. Szabo, Z. Dezso, V. Ustyanksky, T. Nikolskaya, Y. Nikolsky, R. Karchin, P. A. Wilson, J. S. Kaminker, Z. Zhang, R. Croshaw, J. Willis, D. Dawson, M. Shipitsin, J. K Willson, S. Sukumar, K. Polyak, B. H. Park, C. L. Pethiyagoda, P. V. Pant, D. G. Ballinger, A. B. Sparks, J. Hartigan, D. R. Smith, E. Suh, N. Papadopoulos, P. Buckhaults, S. D. Markowitz, G. Parmigiani, K. W. Kinzler, V. E. Velculescu and B. Vogelstein, The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectal cancers, Science, 318 (2007), 1108-1113.

[19]

C. H. Yeang, F. McCormick and A. Levine, Combinatorial patterns of somatic gene mutations in cancer, FASEB J., 22 (2008), 2605-2622.

[20]

M. I. Aladjem, S. Pasa, S. Parodi, J. N. Weinstein, Y. Pommier and K. W.Kohn, Molecular interaction maps-a diagrammatic graphical language for bioregulatory networks, Sci STKE., 222 (2004), pe8.

[21]

K. W. Kohn, M. I. Aladjem, J. N. Weinstein and Y. Pommier, Molecular interaction maps of bioregulatory networks: A general rubric for systems biology, Mol. Biol. Cell, 17 (2006), 1-13.

[22]

K. W. Kohn, M. I. Aladjem, S. Kim, J. N. Weinstein and Y. Pommier, Depicting combinatorial complexity with the molecular interaction map notation, Mol Syst Biol., 2 (2006), 51.

[23]

A. Luna, E. I. Karac, M. Sunshine, L. Chang, R. Nussinov, M. I. Aladjem and K. W. Kohn, A formal MIM specification and tools for the common exchange of MIM diagrams: An XML-Based format, an API, and a validation method, BMC Bioinformatics, 12 (2011), 167.

[24]

D. Joyner, M. Van Nguyen and N. Cohen, "Algorithmic Graph Theory," Version 0.5 2010 November 30.

[25]

a, GLOBOCAN project, , (). 

[26]

G. A. Colditz, S. E. Hankinson, D. J. Hunter, W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, C. Hennekens, B. Rosner and F. E. Speizer, The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, N Engl J Med., 332 (1995), 1589-1593.

[27]

a, COSMIC 2012: Catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer,, , (). 

[28]

M. Mukherji, L. M. Brill, S. B. Ficarro, G. M. Hampton and P. G. Schultz, A phosphoproteomic analysis of the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, Biochemistry, 45 (2006), 15529-15540.

[29]

N. R. Leslie and C. P. Downes, PTEN function: how normal cells control it and tumour cells lose it, Biochem. J., 382 (2004), 1-11.

[30]

E. Tokunaga, E. Oki, Y. Kimura, T. Yamanaka, A. Egashira, K. Nishida, T. Koga, M. Morita, Y. Kakeji and Y. Maehara, Coexistence of the loss of heterozygosity at the PTEN locus and HER2 overexpression enhances the Akt activity thus leading to a negative progesterone receptor expression in breast carcinoma, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 101 (2007), 249-257.

[31]

N. Castagnino, L. Tortolina, A. Balbi, R. Pesenti, R. Montagna, A. Ballestrero, D. Soncini, A. Nencioni and S. Parodi, Dynamic simulations of pathways downstream of ERBB-family, including mutations and treatments: Concordance with experimental results, Current Cancer Drug Targets (CCDT), 10 (2010), 737-757.

[32]

B. N. Kholodenko, J. B. Hoek and H. V. Westerhoff, Why cytoplasmic signalling proteins should be recruited to cell membranes, Trends Cell Biol., 10 (2000), 173-178.

[33]

J. Wolf, S. Dronov, F. Tobin and I. Goryanin, The impact of the regulatory design on the response of epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signal transduction towards oncogenic mutations, FEBS J., 274 (2007), 5505-5517.

[34]

B. N. Kholodenko, O. V. Demin, G. Moehren and J. B. Hoek, Quantification of short term signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor, J Biol. Chem., 274 (1999), 30169-30181.

[35]

N. I. Markevich, G. Moehren, O. V. Demin, A. Kiyatkin, J. B. Hoek and B. N. Kholodenko, Signal processing at the Ras circuit: what shapes Ras activation patterns?, Syst Biol (Stevenage), 1 2004, 104-113.

[36]

A. Kiyatkin, E. Aksamitiene, N. I. Markevich, N. M. Borisov, J. B. Hoek and B. N. Kholodenko, Scaffolding protein Grb2-associated binder 1 sustains epidermal growth factor-induced mitogenic and survival signaling by multiple positive feedback loops, J. Biol. Chem., 281 (2006), 19925-19938.

[37]

M. R. Birtwistle, M. Hatakeyama, N. Yumoto, B. A. Ogunnaike, J. B. Hoek and B. N. Kholodenko, Ligand-dependent responses of the ErbB signaling network: experimental and modeling analyses, Mol. Syst. Biol., 3 (2007), e144.

[38]

W. W. Chen, B. Schoeberl, P. J. Jasper, M. Niepel, U. B. Nielsen, D. A. Lauffenburger and P. K. Sorger, Input-output behavior of ErbB signaling pathways as revealed by a mass action model trained against dynamic data, Mol. Syst. Biol., 5 (2009), e239.

[39]

T. Nakakuki, M. R. Birtwistle, Y. Saeki, N. Yumoto, K. Ide, T. Nagashima, L. Brusch, B. A. Ogunnaike, M. Okada-Hatakeyama and B. N. Kholodenko, Ligand-specific c-Fos expression emerges from the spatiotemporal control of ErbB network dynamics, Cell., 141 (2010), 884-896.

[40]

G. Ernst and G. Wanner, "Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II: Stiff and Differential- Algebraic Problems," Springer-Verlag, 1996.

[41]

J. J. Tyson, B. Novak, G. G.M. Odell, K. Chen and C. D. Thron, Chemical kinetic theory: understanding cell-cycle regulation, Trends Biochem. Sci., 21 (1996), 89-96.

[42]

S. S. Ng, T. Mahmoudi, E. Danenberg, I. Bejaoui, W. de Lau, H. C. Korswagen, M. Schutte and H. Clevers, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling does not activate the Wnt cascade, J Biol Chem., 284 (2009), 35308-35313.

[43]

D. Voskas, L. S. Ling and J. R. Woodgett, Does GSK-3 provide a shortcut for PI3K activation of Wnt signalling?, F1000 Biol Rep., 2 (2010), 82.

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